CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR 



REPORT 



OF THE 

ISSIONERS FROM CONNECTICOT 



OF THE 



ColumWan Exhibition of 1893 

AT CHICAGO. 



EEPORT OF THE WORK OF THE BOARD OP LADY MANAGERS 

Of Connecticut 



PUBLICATION COMMITTEE 

Morris W. Seymour 
Leverett Brainard 
George H. Day 
Kate B. Knight 



HARTFORD, CONN.: 
Press of The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company 
1898 
V . 



53241 




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Ill 



I]N"TEODUOTOEY -NOTE 



The connection of the writer with the Connecticut Board 
of World's Fair Managers as Executive Secretary will explain 
why he was asked b;^' the Publication Committee to prepare a 
history of Connecticut at the World's Fair, and to make it 
such a record as could be adopted by them as an official report. 

The committee considerately allow^ed a wide latitude in the 
formulation of the report, as will readily be seen, and if 
portions of it do not seem to be strictly germane to the subject, 
reference being made especially to features in Chapter XIY, 
they may, nevertheless, possibly prove of sufficient interest to 
the general reader to justify their appearance in connection 
with it. The '^ Forecast of America's future greatness " (page 
169), was written several months before the occurrence of the 
tragic event in the harbor of Havana that precipitated the con- 
flict between the United States and Spain, the first part of this 
volume having been completed before the close of 1897; con- 
sequently the reader is reminded of the fact that the map of 
the world has been undergoing important and suggestive 
changes while the volume has been in process of preparation. 

Gratefully acknowledging the marked consideration shown 
him by members of the Board of Managers and Lady Managers 
during his long connection with them as executive officer, and 
especially to the Publication Committee during the prepara- 
tion of his portion of this record, and, finally, hoping it may 
find its way to indulgent readers, it is respectfully submitted. 

J. H. VAILL. 

WmsTED, October, 1898. 



COE'TES'TS. 

Part I. 



CHAPTEE I. 

Sketch of the Inception of the World's Columhian Exposition of 1893 — 
Causes resulting in the Selection of Chicago as its Site — Congres- 
sional Legislation providing for Appointment of National Commis- 
sioners, etc. — Personnel of the Connecticut National Commission, 
with Portraits, 9 

CHAPTEE II. 

Deadlock between the two Branches of General Assembly results in 
failure to secure Appropriation — Preliminary Steps taken by leading 
citizens of the State to secure, upon non-partisan Basis, proper 
Representation at the Exposition — Report of Meeting at Capitol, 
February 22, 1892, resulting in formation of Connecticut Boards of 
World's Fair Managers and Lady Managers — Composition of the 
two Boards, with Portraits 16 



CHAPTEE in. 

Organization of the Board of Managers — Appointment of Board of Lady 
Managers — Election of Executive Officers — Preliminary Work of 
Building Committee — Selection of Design for State Building — Visit 
of Building Committee to Jackson Park — Award of Contract for 
State Building to Tracy Bros., 39 

CHAPTEE lY. 

Participation of Connecticut at the dedication of the Exposition in 
October, 1892 — Roster of Military Escort to the Governor and Official 
Boards — Connecticut in the World's Fair Parade at Chicago, etc. , . 34 

CHAPTEE Y. 

The Connecticut State Building — Work of the Building and House Fur- 
nishing Committees — Embellishment of the Edifice — Its Dedication 
on Opening Day and Use as Headquarters for Connecticut Visitors 
during the Exposition — Final Disposition of the Building — Plans 
for its Preservation as a Permanent Memorial of the World's Fair — 
Report of Chairman of Furnishing Committee, 44 



vi CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER VI. . 

Sketches from notable Connecticut visitors to the "City of the Lagoon:" 
Simeon E. Baldwin, LL.D., of the Supreme Court of Errors ; Joseph 
Anderson, D.D., pastor of the First Church of Waterbury ; and 
Charles Dudley Warner, L.H.D., D.C.L., of Hartford, in which are 
given their varied impressions of the Exposition, 58 



CHAPTER YIL 

Observance of Connecticut Day — Official Delegation from the Nutmeg 
State — Reception by Governor Morris — Distinguished Invited Guests 
— Report of Formal Exercises, 73 



CHAPTER YIII. 

Connecticut Collective Exhibits in Departments of Education, Agricul- 
ture, Forestry, Minerals, Dairy Products, Live Stock, Leaf Tobacco, 
and Colonial Relics, 86 



CHAPTER IX. 

Review of Notable Connecticut Exhibits, with Illustrations — Yankee In- 
ventions — Silverware — Watches and Clocks — Machinery — Thread 

— Bicycles — Carriages — Fine Arts — Live-stock — Butter and Cheese 

— Large variety of Woods — Curious Antiques, 100 



CHAPTER X. 

Work of Executive Department — Canvass of State for Solicitation of Ex- 
hibits — Causes of Withdrawal of Applications and of Non-acceptance 
of Allotments of Space — Outline of Work during the Exposition, etc., 

115 



CHAPTER XI. 

Awards to Connecticut Exhibitors — List of Exhibits not Intended for 
Competition — List of Intending Exhibitors who Failed to Accept Al- 
lotment of Space, 126 

CHAPTER XII. 

Statement of Reinbursement of Subscribers to Original Appropriation — 
Conservatism of the Board of Managers in its Expenditures — Treas- 
urer's Account and Summary of Expenses, 140 



CONTENTS. Vii 

CHAPTER XIII. 

Personnel of Boards of Managers and Lady Managers — Manner in which 
Selection of Managers was Made — Official Tributes to Members of 
the Board Who Died While in Office, 145 



CHAPTER XIY. 

RETROSPECTIVE GLANCES AT THE EXPOSITION IN 
GENERAL. 

Apologetic — Statistical — Connecticut Visitors to the Exposition — Will 
Another Equally Wonderful Exposition Be Seen ? — Marvelous Ad- 
vancement Achieved Since the Centennial of 1876 — Who Can Guess 
What Science and Invention Will Do for the Future ? — Will Man 
Always Eat in Order to Live ? — An Incentive for Connecticut Students 
toward Solving Mysterious Problems — Is Longevity One of the 
Lost Arts ? — Will Aerial Navigation be Possible in Another Hun- 
dred Years? — Forecast of America's Greatness — Brief Duration of 
the Exposition Regretted — The Chicago Society of Sons of Con- 
necticut — Connecticut Souvenir Badge — Connecticut at the World's 
Congress — Extracts from Bulletins to Connecticut Newspapers, 151 



Part II. — "Women's Work. 



CHAPTER XY. 



Methods and Resume of Work — Organization — By-Laws — Circulars — 
Exhibits — Inventions — Decorations — Statistics — Literature — The 
Harriet Beecher Stowe Collection — The Board Work — The Connecti- 
cut House, 249 



CHAPTER XYI. 

The Connecticut House — Furnishing Committee in Charge — Plan of 
Work — Scheme of Decoration — List of Articles Lent, .... 258 



CHAPTER XYII. 

The Connecticut Room — Contributions for — Work in — Miss E. B. 
Sheldon Complimented — How Decorated, 273 



viii CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XYIII. 

Literature — Product of One Hundred and Fifty Women of Connecticut — 
Compiling of the State Volume — List of Titles — Names of Contribu- 
tors — Sent to State Libraries — Acknowledgments, 280 



CHAPTER XIX. 

The Harriet Beecher Stowe Collection — Forty -two Translations of Uncle 
Tom's Cabin — Quotations from Introduction — Letters of George 
Bullen and Thomas Watts — List of Editions and Translations, . 293 



CHAPTER XX. 

Exhibits and Inventions of Women — Names and Addresses with Titles of 
Invention, . 324 



CHAPTER XXL 

Statistical and Industrial Conditions — Relations of Women to Labor — 
Individual Canvass of Manufacturing Interests — Canvassing under 
Difficulties — Material Secured — " Sustained Enthusiasm " — Circular 
Issued — Extracts from Circular — Women's Organizations — Facts 
Secured from, 331 



CHAPTER XXII. 

Financial Work of the Board — ' ' Nothing so fallacious as figures, except 
facts" — Itemized Account Submitted — U. S. Congress appropriates 
for Women's exclusive use — Bills paid without question — Simplicity 
of the Work — Absolute Harmony — Stock in Woman's Dormitory 
Association disposed of, 361 



REPORT 



OF THE 



BOAED OF WORLD'S FAIE MAS" AGERS 



To the G-eneral Assembly of the State of Connecticut : 

As a concluding dntv, the Board appointed by the State 
of Connecticut " to secure a due representation and display at 
the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893/' held in the city 
of Chicago, the undersigned has the honor to transmit here- 
with the final report of its doings and of the part taken by 
the State of Connecticut in such exhibition. 

We avail ourselves of this opportunity to acknowledge the 
valuable co-operation and assistance of the Connecticut mem- 
bers of the United States World's Columbian Commission, ex 
officio members of this Board, and also of the voluntary associa- 
tion which inaugurated this work under the name of " The 
Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut," and of the 
Board of Lady Managers, vdthout whose assistance the work 
of this Board could not have been so satisfactorily accom- 
plished. 

We would also pay a tribute to the memory of those mem- 
bers of the Board who have deceased, to whose generous and 
painstaking labors much of the success of the exhibit of our 
State was due. 

Too high commendation cannot be given Mr. Joseph H. 
Vaill, who has been indefatigable in the discharge of his 
duties as secretary, and to whom the preparation of an im- 
portant part of this work has been entrusted. 

It was universally conceded that no State excelled Con- 
necticut in the exhibit made by her, showing the high char- 



X REPORT. 

acter of tlie work done by the women of oiir State. For this 
higli praise we were largely indebted to Mrs. George H. 
Knight of Lakeville, Connecticnt, by whom the report of this 
part of the work has been prepared. Yonr committee are re- 
strained from expressing their high appreciation of this 
part of the work, lest it do violence to the modesty of one 
of its own members, but leave the report to speak for itself. 
We, cannot, however, refrain from congratulating ourselves 
and the State at large that both the work itself and the report 
"upon it fell into such intelligent and painstaking hands. 

The expenses incurred by the Board in the performance 
of its duties appear in the report of the Treasurer as sub- 
mitted from time to time to the Comptroller of the State. 

All of which is respectfully submitted by the undersigned, 
as a Committee especially appointed for that purpose. 

Dated at Hartford, this 1st day of October, 1898. 
MOEEIS W. SEYMOUE, 

For the Committee. 







m 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



CHAPTEE I. 



Sketch of the Inception of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 — 
Causes resulting in the Selection of Chicago as its Site — Congres- 
sional Legislation providing for Appointment of National Commis- 
sioners, etc. — Personnel of the Connecticut National Commission, 
with Portraits. 

If there were ever a time when the question should have 
been raised as to whom highest honors are due for the discovery 
of this western world, it seems now to have passed. Common 
consent has settled the question and Columbus must be recog- 
nized as entitled to such credit as may be due for the enterprise 
he exhibited in his quest of a shore far out beyond Europe's 
western horizon. Before the wheels of time bring around an- 
other '92, there will have been ample time, perhaps, for the de- 
scendants of Norsemen and Welshmen or other claimants to 
establish their titles to priority in the line of world discovery. 
If it is a fact that in the year 1000 Leif Erickson landed upon 
what is now known as Martha's Vineyard, and reveled among 
the wild grapes he found there, as tradition says, his claim as 
the original, authentic discoverer should be established by the 
Scandinavians, so that when the year of our Lord 2000 breaks 
on the eastern horizon, a millennial event worthy the occasion 
may be celebrated, and a meritorious name restored to its right- 
ful place as a brilliant leaf among the pages of history. 

For the historian of to-day there appears no other course 
except to consider Columbus entitled, by courtesy at least, to 
the chief honors as the Discoverer of America, though why he 
failed to secure the name of Columbia for the land he dis- 
covered can be expLnined only on the hypothesis of modesty. 
2 



10 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Thougli we confess ourselves Americans, we liave done well to 
acknowledge oiir greater indebtedness to the illnstrions Genoan 
rather than to his Plorentine snccessor, whose name the new 
world bears. 

It is perhaps not to be wondered at that there was no dem- 
onstration in this country in 1792, in commemoration of the 
300th anniversary of the landing of Colnmbus. The da^^ of 
marvelous advancement in the application of steam, electricity, 
and the mechanic arts had hardly dawned. Enlton, Stephen- 
son, Whitney, Goodyear, Morse, Ericsson, Gray, Bell, Edison, 
and Hoe were then nnknoT\Ti names. Though 300 years 
had elapsed since the gTeat mariner first knelt upon occi- 
dental soil, the almost boundless territory to the westward of 
the Atlantic states might have been fittingly lettered upon 
the map as unexplored regions. There were yet forty years to 
wait for railways, fifty years for ocean steamers and telegraph,, 
seventy-five for perfecting presses, and eighty-five for the tele- 
phone. These, and seemingly all other needful or possible ac- 
cessories, were in readiness in 1892 to render se:r\dce in illustra- 
tion of the extent to which intelligence had made further dis- 
coveries and development through four hundred years. 

The project of holding a World's Fair by which to com- 
memorate the 400th anniversary of the landing of Columbus 
was inaugurated with more or less definiteness in 1884, and the 
honor of being its original projector has several claimants. In 
a letter to the Chicago Times of February 16, 1882, Dr. A. 
W. Harlan, a Chicago dentist, first proposed that city as the 
location of a Columbian World's Eair, but his letter appears to 
have had little effect except as an anesthetic, for not only was 
Chicago quiet for about two years, but there was no other 
well-defined movement until 1884, when another Chicagoan, 
Dr. Charles W. Zaremba, claims to have issued a circular in 
which he invited the foreign ministers in Washington to con- 
fer with reference to this event. Dr. Zaremba asserts that he 
received flattering replies to his circular from oflicial represent- 
atives of Turkey, ]\[exico, Brazil, and Chili, and that the same 
year President Diaz of Mexico and his ministers, with whom 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. H 

lie had a personal audience, expressed their gratitude for his 
originating the idea of an international Columbian Exposition, 
and making it known to representatives of other governments. 

It is proper in this connection to record the fact that in 
1884 the secretary of the board of trade at Washington, D. C, 
Alexander D. Anderson, outlined his ideas upon the subject of 
a Columbian World's Fair in the 'New York Herald, and to this 
gentleman, evidently, is due no small share of the credit of pro- 
moting the movement. At a public meeting held in that city 
February 25, 1886, Mr. Anderson presented the subject in 
detail, whereupon committees were appointed, headquarters 
established, and a vigorous campaign inaugurated. During 
the following April the memorial of the committee was pre- 
sented to the United States Senate by Mr. Gorman of Mary- 
land, which, with its accompaning diagrams, was published in 
the Congressional Record. 

With this presentation of the enterprise for Congressional 
consideration an important step forward was taken — transfer- 
ing the movement from local limits to that of a national board 
of promotion. The governors of forty states, who were noti- 
fied of the enterprise, pledged their co-operation, as also did 
mayors of the principal cities throughout the country, to 
which was added the endorsement of many boards of trade and 
similar organizations. The movement which had been inau- 
gurated in Washington was designed to secure the location of 
the Exposition in that city, and in June, 1888, the Committee 
on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives unanimous- 
ly reported in favor of the project, designating Washington as 
the place at which it should be held. 

The report of the committee referred to above evidently 
resulted in awakening Chicago to a realization of the situa- 
tion, for within a month after the Congressional action which 
had pronounced in favor of holding the Exposition at the na- 
tional capital, her leading citizens were called together " to dis- 
cuss the advisability of holding a World's Fair in Chicago in 
1892, and the best means to employ to carry such a project into, 
execution." The movement was spasmodic, however, and not: 



12 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

until a year later (July, 1889), was action taken by tke people 
of that city which was determined and effective. At this time 
the Paris Exposition was in successful operation, and the peo- 
ple of Chicago were again ardent mth zeal in their desire 
to capture the location for the World's Columbian Exposition. 
This final movement on the part of Chicago was inaugu- 
rated by Mayor Cregier in a message to the city council, by 
w^hom he was authorized to appoint a committee of its citizens 
to outline the preliminary work necessary to secure the Exposi- 
tion for Chicago. The committee, numbering nearly three 
hundred of the foremost men of the city, first formulated a 
•series of resolutions setting forth Chicago's peculiar advan- 
tages as a location for the Exposition, which were telegraphed 
over the countiw. The next important step was the securing 
of subscriptions in aid of the project, which in April, 1890, 
exceeded the simi of -Qrve millions of dollars. 

The next stage in the proceedings was the action of Congress 
in determining the site for the Exposition, the special claim- 
ants for the honor being Chicago, ISTew York, St. Louis, and 
Washington. In December, 1889, Senator CuUom of Illi- 
nois introduced a bill entitled " An Act to provide for the hold- 
ing of a World's Exposition of the arts and industries, in com- 
memoration of the four-hundredth anniversary of the discovery 
of America." The bill provided that thirty days after its 
adoption the President should appoint Exposition commission- 
ers, nominated by the governors of different states and terri- 
tories; that the governor of the state chosen as the site of the 
Exposition should, with the mayor of the city, nominate one 
hundred commissioners from among the subscribers of the 
stock of the Exposition company, to be formed for the purpose 
of promoting the Exposition project, upon the express con- 
dition that the state designated should raise a reserve fund of 
$5,000,000 in cash or equivalent bonds; that the President 
should also appoint eight commissioners-at-large, and two from 
the District of Columbia as representatives of the Federal gov- 
ernment; that the commission so formed should be officially 
entitled '^ The United States Columbian Commission," and 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 13 

that the body should meet in the capital city on call of the Sec- 
retary of State, and receive subscriptions to the reserve fund 
to the amount of fifteen million dollars, each share to be limited 
to $10. It was further provided that so soon as the bill should 
have received the executive sanction, the President should 
make proclamation of the location selected for holding the 
Exposition, and invite the nations of the world to participate 
in it. A similar bill was introduced in the House of Kepre- 
sentatives. 

Shortly after the introduction of the bill referred to, Sen- 
ator Vest oifered an amendment to the Senate bill, directing 
that the Exposition be held in the city of St. Louis. At this 
stage of proceedings the entire subject was referred to an ap- 
propriate committee, and pending final action of Congress in 
determining the site, the rival cities pressed their claims upon 
senators and members of the House. In January, '1890, the 
Senate committee on the Exposition heard arguments from 
delegates representing the several contestants. 

In the House of Representatives the question of location 
claimed the attention of its members to no small degree, Chi- 
cago being the favorite from the outset. A special committee 
of nine was appointed ^^ to have charge of all bills in relation 
to a celebration of the four-hundredth anniversary of the dis- 
covery of America." At length, on the 24th of February, 
1890, the day arrived which had been designated as the date 
for the decision of the House upon the question named. In the 
eight ballots required to arrive at a verdict, Chicago was imi- 
formly in the lead, with 'New York, St. Louis, and Washing- 
ton following in the order named, the votes of four ballots 
being given as examples : 

First Tliird Fiftli Eighth 

Chicago, 115 127 140 157 

:N"ew York, 70 92 110 107 

St. Louis, 61 53 38 25 

Washington, 58 34 24 18 

The eighth ballot determined the question of location so 
far as the House was concerned, and the concurrence of the 



>f Individuals 


Ae:greu:ate 


16 


$1,000,000 


74 


1,218,780 


858 


1,631,750 


6,006 


1,145,730 


22,420 


471,090 



14 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Senate was secured in the following April, and on the 28th of 
that month the engrossed copy of the bill was signed by Presi- 
dent Harrison. It had been stipulated by Congressional pro- 
vision that a minimum of five millions of dollars must be sub- 
scribed by persons in good financial standing in consideration of 
location, and in this connection it is interesting to exhibit the 
statement of the sources from which Chicago obtained its guar- 
antee fund of $5,467,350, subscribed by 29,374 individuals, as 
showm by the following schedule : 

Amounts taken ]^ 

Fifty thousand dollars and upward. 
Ten to fifty thousand, 
One to ten thousand, 
One hundred to one thousand, 
Ten to one hundred. 

The original intention of holding the Exposition in 1892 
was subsequently changed. In view of the magnitude of the 
undertaking a full year's additional time for preparation was 
allowed. Congressional action required, however, that the 
dedication ceremonies must be held in October, 1892, thus 
officially inaugurating the commemorative occasion four hun- 
dred years from the self-same month in which Columbus set 
foot upon the new world. 

The first official connection Connecticut had with the 
memorable event was the nomination, by Governor Bulkeley, 
of two commissioners and the same number of alternates as its 
representatives upon the national board of " The World's 
Columbian Commission," an organization formed in com- 
pliance with Congressional action and designed to stand as the 
representative of the general government in securing fulfill- 
ment of stipulations upon which its appropriation of money 
in support of the enterprise was based. The nominations by 
the governor for these positions were as follows: Commis- 
sioners, Leverett Brainard of Hartford, and Thomas M. Wal- 
ler of I^ew London ; alternates, Charles F. Brooker of Torring- 
ton, and Charles R. Baldwin of Waterbury. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1^ 

The act of Congress creating the Columbian Commission 
required the appointment of a I^ational Board of Lady Man- 
agers, to be appointed by the Commission, and whose duties 
were to be prescribed by it. The representatives of Connecti- 
cut on this Board were Miss Frances S. Ives of 'New Haven, 
and Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker of Hartford; alternates, 
Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman of Stevenson, and Mrs. Virginia T. 
Smith of Hartford. 



CHAPTEK II. 

Deadlock between the two Branches of General Assembly results in 
failure to secure Appropriation — Preliminary Steps taken by leading 
citizens of the State to secure, upon non-partisan Basis,' proper 
Representation at the Exposition — Report of Meeting at Capitol, 
February 22, 1892, resulting in formation of Connecticut Boards of 
World's Fair Managers and Lady Managers— Composition of the 
two Boards, with Portraits. 

"Why Coniiecticiit was late in taking official action with 
reference to participation in the World's Fair is easily ex- 
plained. Briefly stated, the delay and inaction were the result 
of a " deadlock " between the Senate and House of Represen- 
tatives of the Legislature. The Senate was Democratic, and 
the House was Republican. The two branches could not agree 
— or would not, — the point of disagreement being certain 
claims and counter-claims as to the result of the state election 
in I^ovember, 1890. The Democrats claimed the election of 
Judge Luzon B. Morris as governor upon the " face of the re- 
turns " ; the counter-claim set up by the Republicans was that 
by the counting of certain votes which, it was asserted, had 
been illegally thrown out. General Samuel E. Merwin would 
have had a majority sufficient to elect him. The matter was 
further entangled by referring the question to the courts for 
adjudication. Meanw^hile the gubernatorial chair was kept by 
Governor Morgan G. Bulkeley, upon the plea that it was his 
constitutional right and duty to occupy the executive office 
until his successor was duly inaugurated. So strenuously were 
partisan lines held during the session of the General Assembly 
that no appropriations of any character were passed by the 
joint action of its two branches, lest such action might be re- 
garded as tacit acknowledgment of the legality of the existing 
status. 

The first public movement taking cognizance of the subject 
of State action with reference to the AVorld's Lair, was at 




NATIONAL COMMISSIONERS, ALTERNATES, AND PRESIDENTS OF THE STATE BOARD 
FOR CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 17 

the annual meeting of the State Board of Trade, held in Hart- 
ford, January 21, 1891, with the Hon. James D. Dewell of 
^ew Haven, president of the board, occupying the chair. 
During that meeting the following resolution, submitted by 
the 'New Haven Chamber of Commerce, was presented and 
discussed: 

Resolved — That it is the sense of the Connecticut State 
Board of Trade that the legislature of this state should, as 
soon as practicable, pass the necessary laws for the appointment 
of a state commission, whose duty it shall be to perfect arrange- 
ments for such display at the Columbian World's Fair in Chi- 
cago in 1893 as shall fitly celebrate and show the history, in- 
dustry, ingenuity, enterprise, and progress of this state. 

Professor Brewer of Yale University urged that the sug- 
gestions of the resolution should be carried out with regard to 
agricultural interests as well as manufactures. He asserted that 
the importance of this industry in Connecticut is often over- 
looked; that there had been no decline here in the number of 
persons employed, or the number of acres tilled ; that while no 
crop stands out prominently, the output is varied and enor- 
mous, and that the value of productions per acre is larger than 
in Illinois, Indiana, or Ohio. An amendment to the resolu- 
tion was offered by the Hon. Leverett Brainard, that an appro- 
priation be asked for by the State for the purpose indicated, 
and the resolution was passed as amended. President Dewell 
was authorized to appoint a committee, to whom the subject be 
referred for further consideration. The following gentlemen 
were named as such committee: Leverett Brainard of Hart- 
ford, ]Sr. D. Sperry of New Haven, J. H. Yaill of Winsted, F. 
B. Bice of Waterbury, and John Hopson, Jr., of Xew Loudon. 

The next public agitation of the subject of Connecticut par- 
ticipation at the World's Fair occurred at the annual meeting 
of the State Board of Trade, held in Waterbury January 20, 
1892. " The World's Fair Commission of Connecticut " was 
one of the themes named in the programme for discussion. The 
Hon. ^. D. Sperry of i^ew Haven said the business of the 
committee to whom the subject had been referred, was to go 



18 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

before the legislature and ask for a certain appropriation, which 
would put Connecticut interests on a footing with the indus- 
trial exhibits of other states. He remarked that the national 
commissioners for Connecticut were extremely anxious that 
the State have an exhibit at the fair. Connecticut alone, of all 
the states, was tbe only one against which a word could be said. 
The position of the commissioners was humiliating, and that 
of the State also. Its manufacturers and business men had for- 
mulated no scheme, but were eagerly looking to the legisla- 
ture in the hope that it would, for a few minutes, put aside 
its differences, and appropriate a certain sum to carry on the 
work. It seemed to Mr. Sperry that the State Board of Trade 
ought to have non-partisan influence enough to go to the legisla- 
ture and induce the two houses to come together for five min- 
u.tes and pass a World's Tair appropriation. Supplementing 
his remarks, Mr. Speny offered a resolution to the effect that 
the State Board of Trade was of the opinion that the legislature 
should take action on the matter of an appropriation, $25,000 
being named, and that a committee of one from each board be 
appointed to aid the commissioners from Connecticut to secure 
the accomplishment of such a result. 

The discussion that followed Mr. Sperry 's presentation of 
the matter was mainly upon the question of the amount of the 
appropriation. Eichard O. Cheney of Manchester advocated 
$50,000 ; E. J. Hill of ¥orwalk raised it to $100,000, and made 
an able argument why such a sum should be appropriated. 
Francis B. Cooley of Hartford thought it would be a mistake 
to ask for more than $50,000, as there were many rural legisla- 
tors who would object to a large sum, but who would vote for 
the amount named. Mr. Cheney's amendment, making the 
amount to be appropriated $50,000, was accepted by Mr. 
Sperry, and the resolution was passed as amended. 

Upon motion of i^athan Easterbrook, Jr., of New Haven, 
it was voted that the resolution be telegraphed to the presiding 
oflicei's of the Senate and House of Representatives, which was 
done. The dispatch to the Senate was similar to that of the 
House, of which the following is a copy: 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 19 

Waterbiiiy, January 20, 1892. 
To tlie Hon. A. AV. Paige, 

Speaker of the House of Kepresentatives, Hartford: 

The Connecticut State Board of Trade have unanimously 
adopted the following preamble and resolutions, and have or- 
dered the same transmitted to the Speaker of the House, \yith. 
the request that it be laid before the House, and a hearing be 
given to a committee from this Board. 

The State Board of Trade, meeting this day in the city of 
Waterburj, are of the decided opinion that the present legisla- 
ture now in session should take immediate action to have Con- 
necticut duly represented at the Columbian Exposition, to be 
held in the city of Chicago in 1893, and to that end we would 
urge upon the legislature to make sufficient appropriation, say 
to the amount of at least fifty thousand dollars, that the indus- 
trial interests of this state may at Chicago be put upon a foot- 
ing with other states in relation to this great international en- 
terprise, therefore 

Resolved — That in the opinion of this Board of Trade the 
legislature of this state should immediately appropriate fifty 
thousand dollars, to be used in the interests of our state at Chi- 
cago. 

Resolved — That a committee of one from each board of 
trade be nominated to aid in any way the commissioners from 
this state to have Connecticut duly represented, and the sum 
above named duly appropriated by our legislature to meet the 
accomplishment of the above named. 

T. A. Barnes, Secretary. 
James D. Dewell, President. 

A dispatch was soon received from the president pro tern. 
of the Senate, the Hon. David M. Bead, in response to the 
above telegram, announcing that the House adjourned for 
lack of a quorum, but that the Senate would confer with the 
committee when practicable. 

The people of Connecticut soon came to the conclusion 
that it was useless to expect legislative action relative to the 
World's Pair, and that if the state had proper representation 
there, it must be secured through other agencies than its Gen- 
eral Assembly. It should be remembered, however, that the 
failure of the legislature to make an appropriation was wholly 
due to a dead-lock between its two branches rather than in- 



20 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

disposition to aid the enterprise. 'No question was raised as to 
the desirability of having the State properly represented at the 
great Exposition, bnt it was thought that if the Senate united 
with the House of Representatives in the passage of a joint 
resolution appropriating money for any purpose, it might vio- 
late the self-imposed underst-anding, which would be a disas- 
trous precedent to the dead-locking branch in the eye of the 
people or the courts. 

Having fully arrived at the conclusion that the people of 
the state must take hold of the matter in a non-partisan way, 
the press generally promptly advocated such action. The pop- 
ular sentiment was reflected in an editorial in the Hartford 
C our ant in its issue of February 1, 1892, from which an ex- 
tract is here given: , 

'^ The Chicago fair will be the greatest event of the kind 
the people of this earth have ever witnessed. It will be the 
wonderful nineteenth century on exhibition to itself. The 
people of the liveliest city that the sun shines on are full of 
zeal and enthusiasm in planning for it, and their contagious in- 
terest has spread wherever people read. To exhibit there is an 
opportunity such as can in the nature of things have few, 
if any equals. . . . It is time to do something. The 
boards of trade throughout the State should take the matter 
up without delay. The great manufacturers should plan to- 
gether. Some sort of scheme for united effort should be im- 
dertaken that the next legislature can assume, if we ever elect 
another working body. It is time to organize and do some- 
thing. If we don't, where will Connecticut be ? Right here, 
when everything and everybody else will be at Chicago." 

The next step in the proceedings was taken by the Connec- 
ticut Board of l^ational "World's Fair Commissioners, which in 
conformity to CongTessional enactment had been appointed in 
1890. The following letter appeared in many of the news- 
papers of the State: 

Hartford, Conn., Feb. 4, 1892. 

To His Excellency, Morgan G. Bulkeley, 
Governor of Connecticut. 
Sir: The undersigned, commissioners of the World's Co- 
lumbian Exposition and members of the Ladies' Board of the 
Columbian Commission for Connecticut, respectfully suggest, 




I 




S X. 



LADY MANAGERS AND ALTERNATES OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 21 

ill view of the possibility of the failure of the General Assembly 
to make in due time an appropriation of money to aid in organ- 
izing an adequate and creditable exposition of the arts and in- 
dustries of Connecticut at the Exposition of 1893, that you 
should, in your official capacity as the legally recognized high- 
est authority in the state, extend a non-partisan invitation to 
representative citizens in different parts of the commonwealth 
to meet at some suitable place in Hartford at an early day to 
consider the expediency of asking a popular subscription to be 
used as a legislative appropriation would be, and to recommend 
an application to the General Assembly to make an appropria- 
tion for the reimbursement of those who assist in such popular 
subscription. 

Leverett Brainard, Commissioner, 
Charles F. Brooker, Alternate, 
Thomas M. Waller, Commissioner, 
Charles R. Baldwin, Alternate, 
Frances S. Ives, Commissioner, 
Amelia B. Hinman, Alternate, 
Isabella B. Hooker, Commissioner, 
Virginia T. Smith, Alternate. 

Acceding to the suggestion of the national commissioners 
contained in the foregoing communication, four days later 
Governor Bulkeley issued the following letter, which was sent 
to boards of trade, prominent manufacturers, and leading cit- 
izens throughout the state: 
State of Connecticut, Executive Department. 

Hartford, February 8, 1892. 
To the People of the State of Connecticut: 

Owing to the failure of the General Assembly to make pro- 
vision for the representation of this state at the " Columbian 
Exposition of 1892,'' and at the earnest request of the Com- 
missioners and Ladies' Board of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion, and of the representatives of varied industrial interests 
of this state, and to the end that Connecticut, which for nearly 
a century has been foremost in the development of the inven- 
tive, educational, manufacturing, and industrial genius of her 
people, may participate in this Exposition, intended to illus- 
trate the growth and development of the country in the four 
centuries since the discovery of America by Christopher Co- 
lumbus, I most cordially invite all persons interested, and es- 
pecially a representative from each organized industry, boards 



22 CONNECTICUT AT THE WOULD'S FAIR. 

of trade, manufacturing firm or corporation, educational and 
agricultural society and institution, to meet in convention in 
the hall of the House of Representatives, in the Capitol, at 
Hartford, on Monday, the 2 2d day of February, at 11 o'clock 
a. m., for the appointment of a commission to organize and 
provide for an adequate and creditable exhibition of the arts 
and industries of Connecticut, and to consider the expediency 
of raising by popular subscription a sum sufficient to defray 
the expenses of such a commission, to be used in the same man- 
ner as a legislative appropriation would be; application to be 
made to the General Assembly for an appropriation for the 
reimbursement of those who join in such subscription. 

MORaA:^ G. BULKELEY, Governor. 

The effect of Governor Bulkeley's letter was to stimulate 
prompt action in behalf of the suggestion for a popular sub- 
scription, especially on the part of boards of trade. The Hart- 
ford Board of Trade held a meeting February 17th, to consider 
the subject, the following-named gentlemen taking part in the 
discussion: Jeremiah M. Allen, George A. Fairfield, Jud- 
son H. Root, Mayor Henry C. D wight, John M. Fairfield, 
Charles Flopkins Clark, and General "William H. Bulkeley. 

A resolution introduced by General Bulkeley was 
passed to the effect '^ that the Board of Trade of Hartford ap- 
point a committee of ten to represent its various interests at the 
meeting of February 2 2d, and that said committee have au- 
thority to pledge one-fifth of sum needed, not exceeding $50,- 
000." The committee named consisted of William H. 
Bulkeley, Alfred E. Burr, Francis A. Pratt, Alvan P. Hyde, 
Charles Hopkins Clark, George H. Day, Charles E. Gross, 
Charles M. Beach, Edward H. Sears, John Addison Porter, 
and Mayor Henry C. Dwight, ex officio. Five of the com- 
mittee were Republicans, and five Democrats. 

The response of the people of Connecticut to the invita- 
tion of Governor Bulkeley to meet at the Capitol on the 2 2d 
day of February, indicates that there was no lack of interest 
in the question of having Connecticut adequately and credit- 
ably represented at the World's Fair, nor any lack of money 
for the enterprise by way of popular subscription. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 2:3 

The convention was called to order by Governor Bulkeley, 

and the following officers were chosen : 

President — Ex-Govemor Thomas M. Waller of i^ew London. 
Vice-Presidents. 

Hartford County — Alfred E. Burr, Hartford; Henry E. Rus- 
sell, 'New Britain. 

^ew Haven County — George F. Holcomb, I^ew Haven; Sam- 
uel P. Williams, Waterbury. 

'New London County — Edward T. Brown, ^ew London; Frank 
A. Mitchell, Norwich. 

Fairfield County — Oscar I. Jones, Westport; David M. Read, 
Bridgeport. 

Windham County — George A. Hammond, Putnam; Edward 
Milner, Plainfield. 

Litchfield County — Lyman W. Coe, Torrin^ton; Samuel S. 
Newton, Winchester. 

Middlesex County — D. Ward l^orthrop, Middletown; George 
M. Clark, Haddam. 

Tolland County — George Sykes, Rockville; Wilbur B. Fos- 
ter, Rockville. 

Secretaries — George M. Harmon, 'New Haven; Richard O. 
Cheney, Manchester. 

General William H. Bulkeley offered for the consideration 
of the convention the following preamble and resolution : 

To provide for the Collection, Arrangement, and Display of 
the Products of the State of Connecticut at the World's 
Colimibian Exposition of 1893, and to secure the neces- 
sary money therefor. 
WJiereaSy The Congress of the United States has provided, by 
an Act approved April 25, 1890, for celebrating the four 
hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America by 
Christopher Columbus, by holding an international exhi- 
bition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the iDroducts 
of the soil, mine, and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the 
State of Hlinois, in the year 1893 ; and 
Whereas, It is of great importance that the natural resources, 
industrial development, and general progress of the State 
of Connecticut should be fully and creditably displayed 
to the world at said exposition, therefore 
Resolved, That for the purpose of exhibiting the resources, 
products, and general development of the State of Connecti- 
cut at the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893. a Com- 
mission is hereby constituted, to be desigiiated the Board of 
World's Fair Managers of Connecticut, which shall consist 



24 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

of sixteen citizens, two from each county, selected equally 
from the two leading political parties, and there shall be 
selected in like manner sixteen alternates, who shall assume 
and perform the duties of said Managers when requested by 
them so to do. The said managers to be organized, and con- 
tinue their duties as hereinafter provided. The officers of 
this Convention shall constitute a committee to recommend to 
the Governor suitable persons for appointment as members of 
the said Board of Managers, and said Board shall meet for or- 
ganization at such time as the Governor of the State may ap- 
point, and organize by the election of a president, a vice-presi- 
dent, a secretary, a treasurer, and other assistants as may be 
needed. The treasurer of said Board shall give a bond in the 
sum of $5,000, with two sureties, to be approved by the Gov- 
ernor, for the proper performance of his duties. The said 
Board shall have charge of the financial management of the 
funds hereinafter provided for, and direct as to their expendi- 
ture, and shall make report of its receipts and ex]3enditures 
from time to time to the Governor, and at any time upon his 
written request. Five members of said Board shall constitute 
a quorum for the transaction of business. The Board shall 
have power to make rules and regulations for its own govern- 
ment, provided such rules and regulations shall not conflict 
with the regulations adopted under the Act of CongTess for 
the government of said World's Columbian Exposition. Any 
member of said Board may be removed at any time by the 
Governor for cause. Any vacancy which may occur in the 
membership of said board shall be filled by the Governor. 

The members of said Board appointed under this resolu- 
tion shall not be entitled to any compensation for their ser- 
vices except their actual expenses, authorized by the Board. 

The Board of World's Fair managers is authorized and 
directed to appoint an Executive Commissioner, a Secretary, 
and such other assistants as they may need, outside of their 
own commission, and to fix their salaries, which shall be pay- 
able monthly out of the appropriation hereinafter made, and 
said Executive Commissioner shall be authorized and required 
to assume and exercise, subject to the supervision of said Board, 
all such executive powers and functions as may be necessary to 
secure a complete and creditable display of the interests of the 
State at the '' World's Columbian Exposition of 1892 "; and, 
as the executive agent of said Board, the Executive Commis- 
sioner shall have personal charge of the solicitation, collection, 
transportation, arrangement, and exhibition of such objects. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 25 

sent by individual citizens of the state as may be by them placed 
in his charge. He shall make a report to the Board monthly, 
and shall hold oflB.ce at the pleasure of the Board. 

The World's Columbian Commissioners and the Board of 
Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commission from 
the State of Connecticut, and their respective alternates, shall 
be ex officio members of the Board of World's Fair Managers 
for the State of Connecticut. 

The said Board of World's Fair Managers shall recom- 
mend to the Governor, for his appointment, sixteen Lady Man- 
agers, to be selected two from each county; also in like man- 
ner sixteen alternates to the Board of Lady Managers. It shall 
be the duty of said Board of Lady Managers to secure desirable 
exhibits of woman's work in the arts, industries, and manufac- 
tured products of this State. 

To carry out the provisions of this resolution, and to make 
provision for the erection, furnishing, and care of a suitable 
building for use as headquarters at Chicago, for the conven- 
ience and comfort of the citizens of the State who may visit 
the Exhibition, it is deemed advisable that the sum of $50,- 
000 be contributed, and to that end, we, the subscribers, hereby 
agree to contribute towards the said fund the sum set opposite 
our respective names, payable to the Treasurer of said Board 
of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut, one-half the ajnount 
to be payable on demand, and the other half at such time or 
times as the said Board of Managers may require, provided the 
General Assembly of the State shall not in the meantime make 
appropriation therefor. The subscription to be valid and bind- 
ing only when and after the sum of $25,000 shall have been 
subscribed, and it is further conditioned that application shall 
be made to the Legislature of the State by the Board asking 
for a reimbursement for the expenditure made, together with 
the interest thereon, and if the Legislature shall at some fu- 
ture time make such reimbursement, the said money shall be 
paid by said Board to the several subscribers according to the 
amount of their payments. 

The Hon. James D. Dewell moved the adoption of the 
resolution on behalf of the E'ew Haven Chamber of Com- 
merce, the motion was seconded by Thomas R. Pickering of 
Portland, and after somewhat prolonged discussion it was 
unanimously adopted. 

The following is a brief transcript of the desultory dis- 



26 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

cussion whicli occurred during the convention, which was in 
actual session one hour and thirty minutes by the clock. 

J. M. Allen, president of the Hartford Board of Trade, 
said the Board had taken hold of the question mtli absolute 
unanimity, believing that the great industries of Hartford 
and the entire state should be suitably represented at the 
World's Fair, Connecticut is a great bee-hive, and its pro- 
ducts should be properly shown to the world. The subscrip- 
tions called for are intended to tide over the crisis until the 
Legislature can do something. He believed the subscribers 
would all be reimbursed. 

The Hon. David M. Bead, president pro tempore of the 
Senate, and president of the Bead Carpet Company of Bridge- 
port, said it was necessary that Connecticut should be fully 
represented, and he believed the people were ready to re- 
spond to the call in the resolution. 

Frofessor William H. Brewer of Yale Hniversity spoke 
of the material and mechanical progress of the state. He 
favored the resolution, and believed the Connecticut exhibit 
would be an honor to the state. 

Bresident Charles B. Clark of the ITew York, New Haven 
& Hartford railroad said he was glad to hear the favorable 
talk, and hoped the talk would not be all. He proposed that 
the meeting proceed to receive subscriptions, and named $5,- 
000 from that road, which subscription was authorized by the 
board of directors at its meeting of the Saturday previous, 
upon motion of a director who was not a citizen of Connecti- 
cut. 

The Hon. James D. Dewell of New Haven said he Avas au- 
thorized by the New Haven Chamber of Commerce to sub- 
scribe one-fifth of the amount needed ($10,000). 

General Bulkeley pledged the same amount ($10,000) on 
behalf of the Hartford Board of Trade. 

Senator Bead followed with a pledge of $5,000 from the 
Bridgeport Board of Trade. 

General Stephen W. Kellogg of Waterbury said he was 
not authorized by his city to make a subscription, but he was 
sure Waterbury would do its share. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 27 

Other subscriptions quickly followed: Edward Milner 
of Moosup, $1,000; Senator Wilbnr B. Foster of Kockville, on 
behalf of four firms in that city, $1,000; Henry Gay of Win- 
sted, on behalf of the Winsted Board of Trade, $1,000; Thomas 
K. Pickering of Portland, $1,000; Hon. Lyman "W. Coe of 
Torrington, on behalf of the manufacturers of that town, $1,- 
000; Colonel Prank W. Cheney, on behalf of the Cheney Silk 
Works of South Manchester, $5,000; L. B. Plimpton, on be- 
half of the Plimpton Manufacturing Company of Hartford, 
$1,000; John L. Houston, for the Hartford Carpet Company 
of Thompsonville, $1,000; G-overnor Mor^^an G. Bulkeley, 
individual subscription, $2,500; Willimantic Linen Company, 
Willimantic, $4,500, pledged by General Lucius A. Barbour; 

C. E. Billings, for the Billings & Spencer Company of Hart- 
ford, $1,000; Hon. Leverett Brainard, Hartford, $1,000, and 
the Putnam Business Men's Association, $250, making an 
aggregate of $51,250." 

The Hon. Henry C. Robinson of Hartford was called 
upon by the presiding officer, and made a brief speech on the 
honorable part Connecticut had always taken in the history of 
the nation, and he felt sure that it would not be found want- 
ing at the World's Pair. 

On motion of Governor Bulkeley, the board of managers 
to be appointed were instructed to receive additional sub- 
scriptions, and to apportion the $50,000 pr^o rata. 

The Chair also called upon Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker, 
as one of the lady managers of Connecticut, to speak. She 
spoke encouragingly of the work being done for the fair. 
Lieutenant-Governor Merwin also spoke in favor of the pro- 
ject. 

Governor Bulkeley offered a motion, which was passed, 
that the subscription list be kept open two weeks, to the end 
that it might be made more popular, and upon motion of James 

D. Dewell it was voted that J. M. Allen, president of the 
Hartford Board of Trade, be authorized to receive additional 
subscriptions. 

* A full liet of subscribers will be found in the appendix. 



28 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 

The officers of the convention, having been empowered 
by the resolution to make nominations to the governor for 
the board of managers, met in the governor's room after 
its adjournment, and took the following action: 

Voted, That when this committee adjourn, it be to Mon- 
day, March 7, at 12 o'clock, noon, in the Governor's room, and 
that the members from each county recommend to the com- 
mittee suitable persons for appointment as members and al- 
ternates of the Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecti- 

vCUt. 

In due time nominations were made of members of the 
IBoard of Managers, and of their respective alternates, as fol- 
lows : 

Hartford County: Charles M. Jarvis, East Berlin, and 
George H. Day, Hartford; alternates, John L. Houston, En- 
field, and Jeffery O. Phelps, Simsbury. 

New Haven County: John E. Earle,* 'New Haven, and S. 
W. Kellogg, Waterbury; alternates, Guernsey S. Parsons, 
"Waterbury, and T. Attwater Barnes, 'New Haven. 

New London County: Frank A. Mitchell, iN'orwich, and 
Edward T. Brown, New London; alternates, John Hopson, Jr., 
New London, and Asa Backus, l^orwich. 

Windham County: Eugene S. Boss, Willimantic, and 
Charles S. L. Marlor, Brooklyn; alternates, George A. Ham- 
mond, Putnam, and Edward MuUan, Putnam. 

Litchfield County: Milo B. Richardson, Lime Pock, and 
Pufus E. Holmes, West Winsted; alternates, Merritt Heming- 
way, Waterto^vn, and George A. Stoughton, Thomaston. 

Fairfield County: David M. Pead, Bridgeport, and Os- 
car I. Jones, Westport; alternates, John S. Seymour, Nor- 
walk, and Franklin M. Paymond, Westport. 

Middlesex County: Thomas P. Pickering, Portland, and 
Clinton B. Davis, Higganum; alternates, W. A. Brothwell, 
Chester, and E. K. Hubbard, Middletown. 

Tolland County: George Sykes, Pockville, and W. B. 
Foster, Pockville; alternates, George E. Keeney, Somers, and 
W. H. Yeomans, Columbia. 

* George F. Holcomb of New Haven succeeded Mr. Earle, whose death occurred in 
December, 1892. 




^^"^^ARDrBROWi^ 



[K AM ITCH -^ 



MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CHAPTEK III. 

Organization of the Board of Managers — Appointment of Board of Lady 
Managers — Election of Executive Officers — Preliminary Work of 
Building Committee — Selection of Design for State Building — Visit 
of Building Committee to Jackson Park — Award of Contract for 
State Building to Tracy Bros. 

The nominations for the Board of Managers having been 
cinlj confirmed by Governor Biilkeley, its members were form- 
ally notified of their appointment and requested to meet in the 
Senate Chamber of the Capitol in Hartford on the 30th of 
March for organization. Mr. Read was called to the chair 
and Mr. Foster ofiiciated as clerk. Ofiicers of the Board were 
elected as follows: 

President — The Governor of the State, ex officio. 

Yice-Presidents — David M. Bead and Engene S. Boss. 

Treasurer — John E. Earle. 

Secretary — Wilbur S. Foster. 

Executive Committee — David M. Bead, Charles M. 
Jarvis, John E. Earle, Frank A. Mitchell, Charles S. L. Mar- 
lor, Rufus E. Holmes, George Sykes, and Clinton B. Davis. 

Among the duties of the Executive Committee, as specified 
by resolutions, were these : To have in charge the active work 
of the Board; to determine the general scope of work to be 
performed; the supervision of disbursement of funds for all 
purposes; the recommendation of proper persons as execu- 
tive officers; and the procuring of plans aiid estimates for a 
State Building to be erected on the Exposition grounds at 
Chicago. 

A vote passed by the Board at its initial meeting provided 
for the payment of actual expenses incun-ed by its mem- 
bers while attending to their official duties. This constituted 
the only remuneration for ser^^ce rendered by members of the 
Board of Managers from the time of their appointment to the 



30 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

time of tlie final meeting of the Board, January 30, 1894, a 
period of twenty-two months. 

At the first meeting of the Board it was voted to recom- 
mend to the Governor for appointment sixteen ladies to con- 
stitute the Board of Lady Managers ; also sixteen alternates — 
two managers and two alternates from each county. The 
nominations were duly confirmed by the Governor as follows : 

Hartford County — Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Hartford, 
and Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford; alternates, Mrs. E. H. Sears, 
Hartford, and Mrs. H. D. Smith, Plantsville. 

^ew Haven County — Mrs. Franklin Parrel, Ansonia, 
and Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, Xew Haven; alternates, Mrs. 
D. B. Hamilton, Waterbury, and Mrs. Alton Parrel, Ansonia. 

^ew London County — Miss Anne PI. Chappell, Xew 
London, and Mrs. Henry C. Morgan, Colchester; alternates, 
Mrs. George P. Lathrop, IS^ew London, and Miss Mary Apple- 
ton Aiken, ISTorwich. 

Pairfield County — Mrs. P. T. Barnum, Bridgeport, and 
Miss Edith Jones, Westport; alternates, Mrs. J. G. Gregory, 
^orwalk, and Miss Clara M. Hurlbut, Westport. 

Windham County — ]\Iiss Harriett E. Brainard, AYilliman- 
tic, and Mrs. E. T^ Whitmore, Putnam; alternates. Miss 
Josephine W. Bingham, Windham, and Miss May L. Bradford, 
Brooklyn. 

Tolland County — Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford, and Mrs. 
A. K. Goodrich, Yemon; alternates, Mrs. A. P. Hammond, 
Eock^dlle, and Miss Charlotte E. Skinner, Kockville. 

Middlesex County — Miss Clemontine D. Clark, Higga- 
num, and Mrs. Welthea A. Hammond, Portland; alternates, 
Miss Gertrude M. Turner, Chester, and Mrs. Leora C. Wilkins, 
Portland. 

Litchfield County — Mrs. George H. Knight, Lake^ille, 
and Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Winsted; alternates, Mrs. George 
H. Stoughton, Thomaston, and Mrs. John A. Buckingham, 
"Watertown. 

The Board of Lady Managers organized by the choice of 
Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley as president, and Mrs. George H. 
Knight as secretary. [Upon the resignation of Mrs. Bulke- 
ley, Mrs. Knight was elected president in January, 1893, con- 
tinuing to fill the office of secretary as well until the close of 
the Pair.] 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 31 

The f oUo^^dng-iiamed ladies were appointed meml>ers o£ the 
Board of Managers, but resigned their position within a few 
months after appointment, to wit: Miss Elizabeth T. 
Ripley, ^N'orwich, succeeded by Mrs. H. C. Morgan; Miss 
Elizabeth P. Wilcox, Berlin, succeeded by Mrs. Edward H. 
Sears; Mrs. Thomas Wallace, Jr., Ansonia, succeeded by Mrs. 
Alton Farrel; Miss Mary M. Grosvenor, Pomfret, succeeded 
by Miss Josephine W. Bingham; Mrs. Frank E. Hull, South 
Coventry, succeeded by Miss Charlotte E. Skinner; and Mrs. 
Charles G. B. Yinal, Middletown, succeeded by Mrs. Leora 
C. Wilkins. 

At the second meeting of the Board of Managers, held on 
the 19th of April, George H. Woods, of Hartford, was ap- 
pointed Executive Manager, at a salary of $200 per month, and 
J. H. Yaill, of Winsted, Executive Secretary, at a salary of 
$100 per month; the resolutions under w^hich they were ap- 
pointed pro^dding for additional payment of " actual expenses 
while traveling," and specifying further that their appoint- 
ments might be canceled and their salaries cease '^ whenever 
in the opinion of the Executive Committee the best interests 
of the State should so require." At the meeting at which the 
above-named appointments were made the further appoint- 
ment was made of Morris W. Seymour of Bridgeport as the 
attorney of the Board. 

Among the earlier steps taken by the Executive Committee 
was the appointment of a Building Committee, consisting of 
Messrs. Read, Jar^ds, and Earle, who were instructed to adver- 
tise for " preliminary plans " for a State Building, '' to cost 
about $10,000." In accordance ^\dth their instructions the 
Building Committee advertised in several of the leading news- 
papers of the state for plans, and, in due time, received de- 
signs, accompanied by plans and specifications from the fol- 
lowing named architects : Warren R. Briggs and Joseph W. 
Northrop of Bridgeport; George Keller of Hartford; George 
Cole of ^ew London; and David Brown of Xew Haven. The 
design submitted by Mr. Briggs received the ajoproval of the 
Executive Committee, and was adopted by the Board of 



32 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Managers. The next step in the same direction was advertis- 
ing for bids for the erection of the building, the following 
being received: 

Henry Bernritter & Co., Chicago, . . . $7,800 

Tracy Brothers, Waterbnry, . . . . 9,870 

A. W. Burritt & Co., Waterbnry, . . . 13,425 

Grace & Hyde, Chicago, .... 16,650 

T. E. Larkins & Sons' Co., :New Haven, . . 17,025 

C. A. Keynolds, IS^orwalk, . ... 18,373 

The proposal of Tracy Brothers was accepted, theirs being 
the lowest bid made by parties of established reputation and 
of well-known financial standing. The contract with these 
parties stipulated that at the close of the Exposition the owner- 
ship of the building should revert to the builders, who should 
assume all responsibility and expense of its removal from 
the Exposition grounds. It was further stipulated that the 
building should be completed by the first of October, 1892. 
It was also decided, by resolution passed by the Board of 
Managers at its meeting of April 19th, that the Building Com- 
mittee should be limited to an expenditure not exceeding 
$15,000 " for building complete, including furniture.'' A 
House Eurnishing Committee was appointed by the Board of 
Lady Managers to act with the Building Committee, and to 
have charge of the furnishing and decorating of the State 
Building. This committee consisted of Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, 
Mrs. Eranklin Farrel, and Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, Mrs. 
Farrel being appointed in place of Mrs. P. T. Barnum, who 
declined the appointment. 

The first representatives of the Board of Managers to 
visit the Exposition grounds at Jackson Park, were the mem- 
bers of the Building Committee, Messrs. Bead, Jarvis, and 
Earle, accompanied by Executive Manager Woods. Their 
principal errands to Jackson Park were to submit to the Direc- 
tor-General and the Chief of the Bureau of Construction for 
their approval the plans and specifications of the State Build- 
ing; to examine the site set apart for it by the Exposition 





— ^ip_h:k£a.^-^- - 




MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 33 

authorities, and to make provision for filling and grading the 
plot assigned to the State of Connecticut. Upon their return, 
Mr. Read, chairman of the committee, reported to the Board 
of Managers at their meeting, held at the Capitol May 17th, 
that the design and plans adopted for the State Building had 
been duly approved by the Director-General, that the site for 
the building was very satisfactory, and that Charles S. Frost, 
a Chicago architect of excellent reputation, had been engaged 
by them to superintend the construction of the building. 
These preliminary steps having been duly approved by the 
Board of Managers, the Building Committee was instructed to 
enter into contract with Messrs. Tracy Brothers, requiring of 
them an acceptable bond for its faithful performance. 



CHAPTER IV. 

Participation of Connecticut at the dedication of the Exposition iu 
October, 1892 — Roster of Military Escort to the Governor and Offi- 
cial Boards — Connecticut in the World's Fair Parade at Chicago, etc. 

The first moYement by the Board of Managers in the 
direction of Connecticut's participation in the dedication cere- 
monies of the Exposition was made at its meeting of July 6th. 
It was then voted that the Board attend the dedication exerci- 
ses to be held in October. At the same meeting it was deter- 
mined that the Eirst Company of the Governor's Eoot Guards 
should be invited to accompany the delegation as military es- 
cort, and an appropriation of $2,500 was made therefor from 
the funds of the Board. The president of the Board was 
empowered to appoint a committee of three of its members, 
which should make all necessary arrangements for the trip, 
including transportation and hotel accommodations at Chicago, 
of which committee the president of the Board was the chair- 
man. Thus constituted, the committee consisted of Governor 
Bulkeley and Messrs. Marlor, Mitchell, and Davis. 

The first official record of the work of the committee ap- 
pears in the minutes of a meeting of the Board held September 
8th, recorded as follows: '^ Governor Bulkeley reported that 
full arrangements to take the Board of Managers to Chicago 
in October had not been made, but he would see that every- 
thing should be ready in ample time." 

The days originally designated for the dedication exercises 
were the 11th, 12th, and 13th of October, coiTesponding to 
the time when Col ambus set foot on San Salvador. Owing, 
however, to the fact that a grand naval parade had been 
planned to take place in ISTew York at that time, in which it was 
desired that not only the President of the United States and his 
Cabinet, but distinguished representatives of foreign govern- 
ments should participate, the dedication ceremonies at the 
Exposition had been deferred until October 21st, 2 2d, and 23d. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 35 

On tlie lltli of October orders were issued from the Adju- 
tant-GeneraFs office, at Hartford, for the Oovemor's Staff to 
report to the Adjutant-General at 9 A.M. October 18th, " fully 
uniformed and equipped for duty, upon the occasion of the 
dedication of the World's Columbian Building's at Chicago." 
At same time similar orders were issued by Major E. Henry 
Hyde, commandant of the First Company of Governor's Foot 
Guards. The hour named found the Board of Managers, 
the Board of Lady Managers, and the military escort assembled 
at the Hnion railroad station in Hartford, prepared for de- 
parture for Chicago. 

The Staff of Governor Bulkelev was constituted as fol- 
lows: Adjutant-General, Brig.-Gen. Andrew H. Embler; 
Quartermaster-General, Brig.-Gen. William B. Rudd; Sur- 
geon-General, Brig.-Gen. Henry Hungerford; Commissary- 
General, Brig.-Gen. Eugene S. Boss; Paymaster-General, 
Brig.-Gen. Wallace T. Fenn; Asst. Adjutant-General, Colonel 
Wm. H. Tubbs ; Asst. Quartermaster-General, Colonel Henry 
C. Morgan; Aids-de-Camp, Colonels Wm. C. Skinner, James 
Y. Fairman, Wm. E. A. Bulkeley, Frank T. Maxwell, and W. 
H. C. Bowen. Accompanying the Staff were the Governor's 
Executive Secretary, Austin Brainard, Samuel A. Eddy, Clerk 
of the House of Representatives, and Andrew F. Gates, Assis- 
tant Clerk. 

The special train which conveyed the excursionists to 
Chicago consisted of ten palace cars and one baggage car, the 
train being tastefully decorated with national and state colors. 
It was designated by the railway officials as the " Connecticut 
Special." The schedule for the train was as follows : Leave 
Hartford at 9.20 A. M., Springfield at 10.20, Albany at 2.30 
P. M., Buffalo at 10 P. M., and arrive in Chicago at 4 P. M. 
the following day. 

The Board of ]\[anagers was represented by the following: 
Governor Morgan G. Bulkeley, George H. Hay, Charles S. 
L. Marlor, Rufus E. Holmes, Oscar I. Jones, George Sykes, 
Wilbur B. Foster, George A. Hammond, and W. A. Brothwell. 
Accompan^-ing were Warren A. Briggs, architect of the Con- 



36 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



necticut Building at Jackson Park; George H. Woods, Execu- 
tive Manager; and J. H. Yaill, Executive Secretary. 

The following members of tke Board of Lady Managers 
joined the excursion party: Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Mrs. 
P. H. Ingalls, Mrs. Eranklin Earrel, Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, 
Miss Anne H. Chappell, Mrs. Henry C. Morgan, Miss Edith 
Jones, Miss Harriett E. Brainard, Mrs. Edward T. Whitmore, 
Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Mrs. Clemontine 
D. Clark-Hubbard, Mrs. Welthea A. Hammond, Mrs. George 
H. Knight, Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Miss May Bradford, Mrs. 
Alton Parrel, and Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman of the Connecticut 
National Commission. 

Accompanying the party were the following invited 
guests: Colonel Albert A. Pope of Boston, Hon. William 
Waldo Hyde and wife, Colonel George Pope and Dr. P. H. 
Ingalls of Hartford, Hon. Seneca 0. Griswold of Windsor, 
Dr. George H. Knight of Lakeville, Mrs. George Sykes of 
Rockville, Mrs. R. E. Holmes of Winsted, Eranklin Parrel of 
Ansonia, Cyril Johnson of Stafford, C. R. Brothwell of Ches- 
ter, Alembert O. Crosby of Glastonbury, Addison Pitkin of 
East Hartford, Miss Bertha E. Hammond of Putnam, and 
Warren W. Foster of ^^Tew York. 

The Governor's Foot Guards, accompanying the party as 
military escort, was constituted as shown by the following 
roster : 

COMPANY OFFICERS. 

Major Commanding. 

Captain and First Lieutenant. 



E. Henry Hyde, Jr 
William S. Dwyer, 
Henry Bryant, 
Albert A. Bill, 
Robert R. Pease, 
Fred R. Bill, . 



W. A. M. Wainwright, 
M. M. Johnson, 
Joseph J. Poole, 
Leander Hall, . 
E. D. Bobbins, 
Henry Osborn, 
Fayette C. Clark, 
Charles E. Shelton, 



Second Lieutenant. 
Third Lieutenant. 
Fourth Lieutenant. 



Surgeon. 

Assistant Suroeon. 
Lnspector Rifle Practice. 
Acting Quartermaster. 
Acting Judge Advocate. 
Acting Paymaster. 
Acting Commissary. 
Acting Signal Officer. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



37 



NON-COMMISSIONED STAFF. 



James W. Hirst, 
Edson Sessions, 
Thomas R. Shannon, 
Gr. Wilhams McClimie, 
Theodore H. Goodrich, 
Eugene H. Richmond, 
William H. Foster, 
Ralph W. Williamson, 
Alfred C. Deming, . 
Warren L. Forbes, . 
Irwin N. Tibbals, . 



Sergeant-Major. 
Quartermaster-Sergeant 
Hospital Steward. 
Ordnance- Sergeant. 
Signal- Sergeant . 
Commissary- Sergeant. 
Asst. Commissary 
Color -Sergeant. 
Color-Sergeant. 
Color -Corporal. 
Color -Corporal. 



SERGEANTS. 



George Hayes, 
William F. Williams, 
James E. Williams, 
George E. Cox, 



Alfred E. Snow, 
William A. Canty, 
Harry Prutting, 
William H. Wilson. 



CORPORALS. 



DeGray F. Crozier, 
Wilson L. Fenn, 
Fred J. Dole, 
Alfred O. Warner, 



William Melrose, 
Henry S. Ellsworth, 
Elbert J. Andrews, 
Theodore W. Laiman. 



PRIVATES. 



Alexander, Edward W. 
Allen, James C. S. 
Bardol, Edward A. 
Barrett, George F. 
Beers, Robert C. 
Belcher, Warren J. 
Berry, Thomas A. 
Blake, John F. 
Bonner, John D. 
Bottelle, Charles W. 
Brainard, Fred L. 
Brooks, Albert H. 
Bubser, Fidel 
Burr, Fred W. 
Bullard, Arthur H. 
Conkey, D. Frank 
Cook, Harris J. 
Cook, Joseph L. 
Cook, Charles S. 
Coombs, Thomas J. 
Cornell, George A. 



Clapp, Joseph B. 
Dobler, John F. 
Doty, Samuel C. 
Doty, Alfred E. 
Dowden, Thomas B. 
Dwyer, Benjamin R. 
Evans, William L. 
Fenner, Alexander E. 
Flagg, Frank S. 
Forbes, Frederick H. 
Gorton, Joseph C. 
Graham, Alfred S. 
Hall, Charles W. 
Halliday, Ernest C. 
Hanmer, Charles C. 
Harmon, Fred 
Hawley, Lewis F. 
Hayden, Henry R., Jr, 
Horan, Patrick J. 
Johnson, Ethel E. 
Johnson, George L. 



38 



CONNECTICUT AT THE AYORLD'S FAIR. 



Jones, Rollin C. 
Judd, Fred E. 
Kemmerer, John R. 
Kilbourne, Joseph A. 
Kingston, Raymond L. 
Lang, Archer W. 
Lathrop, William H., Jr. 
Lewis, T. Jarvis 
Lipsey, Robert G. 
Lloyd, William B. 
Miller, Charles B. 
Milliken, Nathaniel H. 
Moran, John F. B. 
Naedle, Gus J. A. 
Newton, Burton L. 
Newton, Frank E. 
Nevers, Robert E. 
Nichols, CD. 
Oakes, Thomas 
Parsons, George A. 
Penfield, George S. 
Perry, Edwin L. 
Phillips, Edward B. 
Pollard, Frederick 



Potter, Marcus A. 
Pratt, James C. 
Quinn, Lewis C. 
Quintard, Herbert A. 
Ray, Frank E. 
Robinson, George E. 
Shumaker, Charles 
Shaffer, Charles 0. 
Sloan, John, Jr. 
Smead, George H. 
Spalding, James A.. Jr. 
Speath, Anthony H. 
Stedman, Charles E. 
Stanton, Chester 
Tefft, Stephen A. 
Tennyson, James E. 
Thomas, Albert L. 
Waldorf, Clarence C. 
Warner, Frank A. 
Williams, Gros^ H. 
Wilson, George H. 
Worcester, Charles W. 
Wright, Henry E. 
Young, Frank S. 



Accompanying tlie military escort was Colt's Band of 
Hartford, thirty pieces, W. M. Eedfield, leader. 

The progress of the ^' Connecticut Special " on its way to 
Chicago, and a brief summary of the notable events occurring 
there were telegraphed to the Hartford C our ant by the execu- 
tive secretary of the Board of Managers, and are reproduced 
here: 

Buffalo, Oct. 18. — The Connecticut delegation to the 
World's Fair dedicatory exercises arrived here at 10.10 P. M., 
after a pleasant day's ride. J^othing has occurred to mar the 
enjoyment of the trip. Columbus may have attained more 
fame than any of us, but we are having a better time than he 
did. Dr. Ingalls is master of ceremonies, and Dr. Knight is 
musical director. 

Chicago, Oct. 20. — The grand ci^dc parade set down in 
the dedication calendar as the special feature of the first of the 
three days' celebration is over, and, though there may not 
have been fully one hundred thousand men in line, there were 
enough, for it took three hours to see them all pass. It was 




MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 39 

a very creditable display, and Chicago is in ^'ood humor to- 
night over her success. The most interesting- feature was the 
Procession of the GovernorSj in which Connecticut held her 
own. Governor Bulkeley and his Staff w^ere superbly 
mounted, while most of the governors and their staffs rode in 
carriages, and some of them in not very elegant turnouts. The 
Foot Guards and Colt's Band also easily carried off first honors 
in their line. The most marked demonstration of the day 
was the personal ovation to Governor McKinley, and the most 
suggestive object-lesson was the battalion of Indian students 
from the Carlisle School. They were dressed in military 
unif onn, and borne upon their bayonets were samples of their 
work as shoemakers, blacksmiths, harness-makers, and at other 
trades. The applause which greeted their appearance plainly 
meant that these dusky youths are worth more to educate into 
useful citizens than as food for regular army powder. 

Chicago, Oct. 21. — The himdred thousand people, more 
or less, vrho attended the dedicatory exercises to-day are tired 
to-night. Tens of thousands of them sat more than ^ve hours 
in order to see Mr. Depew speak, for but few, comparatively, 
could hear a word he said. There were some impressive feat- 
ures, such as the great multitude, whom no man could number, 
suggestive of the hundred and forty and four thousand in the 
vision of John. Xo grand-stand, probably, was ever before so 
heavily loaded down with dignitaries as that of to-day, but it 
sustained them vT.thout accident. It contained members of 
diplomatic corps from all the principal powers of the globe, 
and nothing less than governors, supreme court justices, major- 
generals, and cabinet ofiicers coimted much in the big crowd. 
The Connecticut delegation were well supplied with special 
tickets to ceremonies through the efficiency of Mrs. Bulkeley 
and Executive Manager AYoods. Chicago is happy again to- 
night, and is illiuninating three of her parks with a fine dis- 
play of fireworks, ^e start on our homeward jouiTiey Satur- 
day night at 10 o'clock. 

Xo recital of the events of the excursion of the Connecti- 
cut delegation to Chicago in October, 1892, is as likely to con- 
form to the requisite characteristics of history as one told at 
the time when the occun-ences were fresh in mind, and it may, 
therefore, be pardonable to borrow from the files of the Hart- 
ford C our ant, for the conclusion of this chapter, some extracts 
from a sketch ^antten then. 



40 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

TPIE TRIP TO CHICAGO — ITS PLEASURES AND INCIDENTS. 

" It seems a little hard that the man who did such a good 
thing as to discover this coimtry should have had such a rough 
time of it. If he had been content to wait until our day, he 
might easily have interested an English syndicate in his 
scheme . . . and how much more comfortable it would 
have been for Columbus to come over in a modern ^ ocean 
greyhound.' 

" How pleasant to cross the country in a Wagner vestibuled 
train rather than by the slow coaches of former days! It is, 
much nicer it is to go across the country in a Wagner vesti- 
buled train than by the slow coaches of former days. It is, 
perhaps, better to ride horseback than go afoot, and stage- 
coaches, canal boats, and prairie schooners were thought to be 
all right on a western trip sixty or seventy years ago. The 
advancement has been so gradual that we of to-day find it 
difficult to realize what a marvelous change there has been 
in transportation methods, unless we are able to go back in 
personal recollection about fifty years, for that time about 
covers the existence of the New York Central road. 

^^ I cannot characterize a modern vestibuled railroad outfit 
more tersely nor more comprehensively than to call it a Kodak 
train. All the passenger has to do is to touch the button, 
the porter does the rest. 

^^ The Connecticut delegation to the dedication ceremonies 
at the World's Fair at Chicago last week made their roimd 
trip on one of these superbly equipped trains. 

" The party consisted of Governor Bulkeley and staff, the 
Governor's Foot Guard (112 men). Major E. Henry Hyde, Jr., 
commanding; Colt's Band, thirty pieces, W. M. Bedfield, 
leader; the Connecticut Board of World's Eair Managers; the 
Board of Lady Managers, and a few invited quests. 

'^ The start was made from Hartford at 9.20 on the morning 
of October 18th, and in just thirty hours the train of eleven 
cars halted at the Van Buren Street station in Chicago, only 
twenty minutes behind schedule time. . . . The Michi- 
gan Central and Boston & Albany roads were both represented 
on this train; General Passenger Agent Hanson of the latter 
road accompanying the party from Hartford to Pittsfield, 
while the traveling passenger agent of the Michigan Central, 
Mr. Carscadin, looked after the welfare of the train from 
Hartford to Chicago, and back to Buffalo. When he left the 
train the sentiment of appreciation was so stron,2: that it sought 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 41 

expression in cheers for the man who had spent so many hours 
of watchful care for the welfare of his charge. Resolutions 
were also passed to the same general tenor, which were ordered 
to be engrossed, and to bear the signatures of Governor Bulke- 
ley, Major Hyde, and the president of the Board of Lady 
Managers. Four hundred years hence the Carscadin family 
will probably be treasuring this engrossed testimonial, and 
some future Ignatius Donnelly will probably try to solve the 
question as to the origin of that family name, perhaps arriving 
at the conclusion that he was the inventor of railway cars. 

^^ And wdiile railways are under discussion, it may interest 
some Connecticut readers of this letter to hear about a couple 
of straight pieces of railway track our party discovered on their 
trip. They are on the Michigan Central line between Buffalo 
and Detroit, the first one of sixty miles, as straight as a lead 
pencil, and then, after a slight curve, another stretch of fifty 
miles, which is as straight as the cockney said he was when he 
was young — straight as a harrow. Lost time can be pretty 
safely made uid on a track like that. 

^^ I will not dwell on the events in Chicago, of which the 
papers have been so full. The Connecticut party was com- 
fortably quartered and entertained at the monster Auditorium 
Hotel, which I overheard one fellow telling another, as they 
were strolling through its corridors, was the finest hotel in the 
world. Most of our party lived high during their sojourn 
there, their rooms being on the eighth floor! If there is a 
garret to the Auditorium Hotel it must be down in the cellar, 
for the dining-room is clear up in the top of the house, ten 
stories above the pavement. 

'^ The civic parade of the 20th was chiefly interesting to 
the Connecticut delegation for the opportunity it afforded of 
setting off the Connecticut contingent to good advantage. 
It was agreed at all points that Governor Bulkeley sat his horse 
more superbly than any other of the governors in the procession 
of states. So, too, the Governor's Foot Guard and Colt's Band 
were not outshone by any other similar organizations. You 
may have heard about this before; never mind, it will bear 
repeating, and it is worth repeating when it is known that 
it was the general verdict of impartial observers from every- 
where. 

^^ About the dedication exercises I will not say a word ; 
by this time everybody has been overloaded mth the story. 
Or, at least, just a word. The two most impressive features, 



42 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

said a Connecticut spectator to me, were the music and tlie 
people, and I fully agree with him. . . . 

'' The Connecticut building is practically completed, but 
the finishing touches will not be put on until spring. These 
touches will include the antique furnishing, which mil be 
provided by the Board of Lady Managers. The plumbing is 
completed, and is of a superior kind. It is all silver plated, 
was made in Connecticut, put up by Connecticut workmen, 
and is approved by all Connecticut visitors who see it. 

^^ When next year comes I msh it might be the good for- 
tune of every Connecticut man, woman, and child to visit 
the great Exposition. They can't all go, but no one who can 
go should fail of seeing it. It will not be repeated in our day, 
and these terms are, perhaps, not too large for it: The Crown- 
ing Glory of the IsTineteenth Century. The last da}^ of our 
stay in Chicago was mainly devoted to a stroll through the 
Exposition grounds by the Connecticut visitors, and from the 
foretaste they had that day they will be all the more eager 
to see the wonderful Fair when it is in complete running order 
next year. 

" The wind-up of dedication week found the Connecti- 
cut party very willing to start homeward, and so, at 10 o'clock 
Saturday night, we were on a move in our comfortable quarters 
in the Wagner cars. Sunday afternoon we spent a couple of 
hours at Niagara Ealls, where we read the " sermons in stones " 
and listened to the impressive diapason tones which came up 
from the caverns below the mighty waterfall. 

^' We had no chaplain aboard nor any contribution-box, so 
that the nearest we could come to a religious observance of 
the day was to hold a praise service in the evening. It lasted 
from Buffalo to Rochester, and the hymns we sang were just 
about what might have been expected. Here is a list of them 
as far as memory serves me: ^ ^N'earer, my God, to Thee,*" 
^ Rock of Ages, cleft for me,' ^ Jerusalem, the Golden,' ^ Abide 
with me, fast falls the eventide,' ^ The Shining Shore,' ^ Sun 
of my Soul,' ^ All hail the power of Jesus' N'ame,' ^ Blest be 
the tie that binds,' ' Roll, Jordan, Roll,' ' Mary and Martha 
have just gone along,' ^ How firm a foundation.' 

^' Here we are, home again, gliding down the valley of the 
Connecticut River. The run from Springfield to Hartford 
was devoted to getting ready for disembarkation, to farewells, 
and to the passage of resolutions. There were some people 
on the train who had done more than the rest to make the trip 
an enjoyable one. There was no lack anywhere of courteous 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 43 

attention, but on the part of a few there was a ^Teat deal, and 
to them came the graceful and grateful acknowledg-ment at 
the end. The special recipients of these honors were Governor 
and Mrs. Bulkelej and Dr. Ingalls. These were respectively 
the presidents of the two Boards and the acting commissary — 
the man who prescribed three meals per day for his patients 
and who saw to it that they had them. 

" My last paragraph must chronicle the only sad event of 
the entire trip, and nothing of its kind could have been worse. 
One of the lady managers left her elegant plumed hat in the 
upper berth of her section, and the porter shut it up there! 
As for looks, an elephant might as well have lain on it over 
night.'' 



CHAPTER Y. 

The Connecticut State Building — Work of the Building and House Fur- 
nishing Committees — Embellishment of the Edifice — Its Dedication 
on Opening Day and Use as Headquarters for Connecticut Visitors 
■during the Exposition — Final Disposition of the Building — Plans 
iorits Preservation as a Permanent Memorial of the World's Fair — 
Heport of Chairman of Furnishing Committee. 

The state buildings erected on Jackson Park to serve as 
headquarters for people of the several states during the Colum- 
bian Exposition varied widely in their types of architecture, 
each having an individuality of its own. In some instances 
they were copies of well-known historic structures. Cali- 
fornia reproduced the old Mission Church at San Diego; 
Florida built a miniature of old Fort Marion; Virginia made a 
copy of ^^ Mount Yemon," the home of Washington; Xew 
Jersey patterned after Washington's headquarters at Morris- 
town; the front of Pennsylvania's building was a reproduction 
of the front of Independence Hall; and Massachusetts copied 
the form of the old John Hancock house in Boston. A French 
design was adopted by Arkansas, and a Spanish model was 
followed by Colorado. In keeping with the pioneer life of 
her people, Idaho erected a thi^ee-story log-oabin, to which 
Swiss balconies were inharmoniously added, which cost, not- 
withstanding its rude general appearance, $30,000. Regard- 
ing herself the host at the Exposition, Illinois chose for a 
model for her state building what might have been imagined 
to be a rejDroduction of her capitol, so broad were its founda- 
tions and so stately its dome. 

The Connecticut State Building was not a reproduction of 
any former edifice. It was designed to represent a type of 
structure that was in great favor among well-to-do people in 
this state in colonial times, of which some still remain. As 



CONNECTICUT AT TFIE WORLD'S FAIR. 45 

before stated, its designer was Warren K. Brig^s of Bridgeport, 
his design being accepted by the Board of Managers in pre- 
ference to those offered in competition by four other architects. 

By terms of contract with Tracy Brothers the building was 
to be completed by October 1, 1892, and it is but fair to re- 
cord the fact that the building was not only completed at the 
time named in the bond, but that the work was so well done 
that inspection of it resulted in securing for its builders 
various other contracts, from which handsome pecuniary pro- 
fits followed. The superb Tiffany Pavilion, in the Manu- 
factures and Liberal Arts' Building, occupied by the Tiffany 
Company, Gorham Company, and Tiffany Cut Glass Com- 
pany, Avas built by this firm of Connecticut contractors, for 
which they received about $28,000, and it is asserted that the 
contract was awarded to the Tracys in view of the fact that 
their work on the Connecticut Building had been done in 
such thorough and workmanlike manner. Members of the 
Building Committee made occasional trips to Chicago to in- 
spect the work of the contractors during the period of con- 
struction of the building, mainly relying, however, upon the 
efficiency of the supervising architect, C. S. Frost, and upon 
the good reputation of the contractors. 

The building still lacked interior embellishment, however, 
and during the winter and spring months following the Bipley 
Brothers of Hartford were engaged to decorate it. It had 
been determined to decorate the three rooms on the east side 
of the second story in honor of three of Connecticut's oldest 
towns — Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. To carry out 
this plan the walls of the Windsor room were stenciled in imita- 
tion of the paper on the walls of the guest chamber of the 
Oliver Ellsworth house in that town, and, in like manner, the 
walls in the Wethersfield room were decorated in imitation 
of the walls in a noted homestead in that town in which Wash- 
ington was entertained as a guest during the Revolutionary 
War. The walls of the Hartford room were stenciled with 
oak leaves, suggestive of the famous Charter Oak of Hartford's 
earlier history. • The walls of the two parlors were differently 



46 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

embellished, being covered mth rich silk tapestry, made by 
the Cheney Brothers of South Manchester, and presented to 
the furnishing committee by Colonel Frank W. Cheney of 
that firm. 

Further embellishment was given the building by antique 
furnishings, some from various dismantled Connecticut home- 
steads and some as loans from existing Connecticut homes. 
Of the former class were two ancient corner cupboards, which 
were so dextrously fitted into the corners of the dining-room 
as to give the appearance of being part of the original design. 
Another improvised attraction was the mantel in the rear 
parlor. Its original dwelling-place was the home of the late 
General William H. Russell of J^ew Haven; afterward it did 
duty in a former dining-room of Connecticut's distinguished 
son and author, Donald G. Mitchell, by whom it was loaned 
to the Committee. 

In addition to these more noteworthy features the Commit- 
tee secured many interesting loans which served to make the 
interior attractive and homelike, the various articles being of 
such character as to aid in carrying out the original design. 
The Windsor and Charter Oak rooms were furnished as ex- 
hibits representing guest chambers of Colonial days. There 
were highpost bedsteads, surmounted by canopies which pre- 
vented attacks from marauding bands of Revolutionary mos- 
quitoes ; and high, fluffy feather, beds covered with counter- 
panes wrought by gentle hands that rested from their labors 
long before the dawn of the present century; antique wash- 
stands, with washbowls and pitchers to match; old-fashioned 
chairs, in which people of a former generation could, possibly, 
have taken their ease; mirrors that, perchance, reflected the 
loveliness of many sl dame or maiden of the long-ago ; candle- 
sticks and snuffers that served good purpose before the advent 
of those sisters of light, camphene and kerosene, and ere the 
arc-angel of inventive genius had captured and unfolded the 
marvelous glow-worm lurking within the recesses of the 
mvsterious electric wire. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 47 

And tliere were andirons once the property of " Mother 
Bailey " (Anna Warner Bailey of Groton), noted for her 
patriotic sacrifice to the extent of surrenderino; her red-flannel 
petticoat for gun- wadding, when, in 1813, the gunners at 
Eort Trnnibnll, 'New London, successfully repelled the attack 
of the British fleet; and floors were covered with rag-carpets 
and circular rag-mats, suggestive of the " age of homespun '' ; 
the old Connecticut clock found a place in this exhibit, as also 
did the warming-pan of our grandfather's days. It is true 
that the electric lights with which these Colonial guest cham- 
bers were supplied seemed somewhat incongruous in their 
association with brass candlesticks, snuffers, and warming- 
pan, but thgy were available for service, even if they were long 
antedated by other features of the exhibit. 

The parlors were furnished with oldentime tables and chairs, 
old-fashioned lamps, and quaint crockery, writing-desks of 
antique design, mirrors, and what not. A spinnet of London 
make (1640) was loaned to the committee by Mr. Steinert of 
^ew Haven, and was one of the most notable attractions of 
the ladies' parlor. The dining-room, which was such for 
exhibition only, was well supplied by Connecticut loans, and 
their arrangement reflected much credit upon the House-Fur- 
nishing Committee. The collection of crockery, with which the 
corner cupboards, china-closet, and high shelves were embel- 
lished, represented almost an untold number of donors, and 
t]ie task of gathering them, and the additional task of return- 
ing them to their owners after the close of the Exhibition, can 
be more easily imagined than recounted here. The most 
conspicuous articles of dining-room furnishing — sideboard, 
china-closet, etc. — were loaned by Mrs. C. C. Munson of JN'ew 
Haven. 

The main hall, having a width of twenty-one feet and length 
of fifty-eight, afforded but little opportunity for embellishment 
other than pictures, etc., on the side walls. On one side was 
the fine portrait of General Israel Putnam, by Thompson, 
which was released from the Executive Chamber at the State 
Capitol by special permission. On the opposite side was a 



48 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 

large and fine oil painting of tlie old '' Charter Oak," by 
Brownell, lent by Mrs. Artlinr M. Dodge of Xew York, 
dangliter of tlie late ex-Governor Marshall Jewell of Hartford. 
In addition to these more notable features were many lesser 
attractions — portraits of distinguished sons and daughters 
of Connecticut, rare and interesting documents, etc., of 
Colonial days. 

In the upper hall and in the AYethersfield room were several 
upright show-cases, in which were arranged treasured and 
interesting heirlooms that had been handed down from sire 
to son and from mother to daughter for generations. There 
were high-heeled kid slippers, worn at weddings a hundred 
and fifty years ago, which led visitors to remark that there were 
extremes in fashion before our own day. There were rare 
laces made and worn in a long-gone-by day; ladies' fans of 
exquisite workmanship; quaint specimens of jewelry; rare old 
books, pamphlets, and letters; and, in short, hundreds of 
articles of rare interest which cannot be individually men- 
tioned. Each had a history which, unfolded, would make a 
book; and that they were of a character to interest sightseers 
generally was clear from the great number of visitors who 
lingered to give them careful inspection. 

The task of furnishing and embellishing the building being 
jointly under the supervision of the House-Building and 
House-Furnishing Committees, it is difiicult to ^tell where 
the Avork of one committee began and that of the other left off, 
so interwoven and harmonious were their labors. It was a 
laborious imdertaking for both committees, and their work 
made a suggestive picture. Women who could shine with 
resplendent lustre in social events demonstrated their ability 
to effectively direct the laying of carpets, the adjustment of 
curtain draperies, and the artistic display of bric-a-brac ; while 
men who could preside with ability over Senates might have 
been seen in shirt-sleeves superintending the hanging of 
pictures for the embellishment of the State's headquarters. 

Among the extra features of work required during the last 
few days before the opening of the Exposition was the laying 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 49 

of an oak inlaid lioor over tlie entire first story of tlie building, 
thereby rendering unnecessary tlie use of carpets, as originally 
designed. Tlie tens of thousands of visitors who roamed 
through the various rooms of the building during the Exposi- 
tion season of six months would have made a sorry sight of 
carpets ere it was over, and the change to hard-wood floors was 
fully justified. 

The janitor's ap^artments on the second story were adequately 
furnished with housekeeping outfit, and the quarters for the 
use of the Executive Manager and his family were made home- 
like and attractive. On the first floor the front room on the 
right was designed as office of the Executive Manager, and 
was furnished with such desks, tables, etc., as its use required. 
The front room on the left was devoted to post-office, registry 
desk, and reading-room, where flies of a great number of 
Connecticut newspapers were received daily for the use of 
Connecticut visitors to the Exposition. 

The finishing features in the line of embellishment of the 
building were not aesthetic in their character, but were de- 
cidedly suggestive. They consisted of fine water-color paint- 
ings of many of Connecticut's most prominent manufacturing 
establishments and their immediate surroundings. Taken 
together they made an attractive exhibit of the busy hives of 
industry by which Connecticut has attained world-wide fame 
for the variety and extent of her manufactures. The collec- 
tion represented but a small fraction of the State's notable 
industries, but there were enough to make a suggestive object 
lesson, indicating the source of her wealth, and, indeed, all 
that suitable wall-spaces could be found for, some of the paint- 
ings being quite large. The establishments thus represented 
were: The Stanley Rule and Level Company, Xew Britain; 
The !N^ew Haven Carriage Company and The Bigelow Com- 
pany, ^ew Haven; The Berlin Iron Bridge Company, East 
Berlin; The Coe Brass Manufacturing Company, Torrington; 
The Collins Company, Collinsville ; R. AVallace & Sons, Wal- 
lingford; Bridgeport Brass Company, Bridgeport; Derby 



50 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Silver Companv, Birmingliam ; ^ew En^-land Brownstone 
Company, Cromwell; The H. D. Smith Companv, Plantsville; 
A. r. A\"'illiams' Works, Bristol; The Gilbert & Bennett 
Manufacturing Company, Georgetown; The Connecticut 
Brownstone Company, Portland; The Union Manufacturing 
Company, Xorwalk; Kandolph & Clowes, Scoville Manufac- 
turing Company, Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Com- 
pany, Waterbury TTatch Company, and TaiTel Foundry and 
Machine Company, Waterbury; and The Pope Manufactur- 
ing Company, Hartford. 

The dedication exercises at the Connecticut Building on 
May 1, 1893, the opening day of tbe Exposition, were of a 
quiet and informal character, and were entirely devoid of dis- 
play. There were but few persons present, the attendance 
consisting principally of Governor Luzon B. Morris and bis 
Staff and a few members of tbe Connecticut Board of World's 
Fair Managers. A few brief addresses were made, the prin- 
cipal speakers being Governor Morris and Senator David M. 
Read, respectively president of the Board and chairman of 
its executive committee. The members of the Governor's 
Staff present were Brig.-Gen. Edward E. Bradleiy, Adjutant- 
General; Brig.-Gen. Jobn P. Harbison, Quartermaster-Gen- 
eral; Brig.-Gen. Patrick Cassidy, Surgeon-General; Brig.-Gen. 
William Jamieson, Comm.issary-General; Brig.-Gen. Henry 
A. Bishop, Paymaster-General; Colonel Jobn G. Healey, 
Asst. Adjutant-General; Colonel Everett L. Morse, Asst. 
Quartermaster-General; and Colonels H. Holton Wood, 
Charles S. Andrews, Louis F. Heublein, and Salmon A. Gran- 
ger, ^ids-de-camp. 

With the opening of the Exposition and of the Connecticut 
Building came also the opening of the " Connecticut Head- 
quarters Register," pro^T.ded by the Board of Managers for 
the registration of ^dsitors. It can hardly be expected that 
place will be found in this volume for recording the entire list 
of Connecticut visitors to the Exposition, of whom, from open- 
ing day to closing, there were upwards of twenty-six thousand. 
A transcription from the first page of the Register must suffice, 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 51 

and is perliaps admissible in view of the official relation with 
the State Building of those whose names appear there: 

STATE BOARD. 

Luzon B. Morris, New Haven, President, ex officio. 

Katharine B. Knight, Lakeville, Pres. Woman's Board. 

BUILDING COMMITTEE. 
David M. Read, Bridgeport, 1st Vtce-Pres. and Chairman. 

Chas. M. Jarvis, Berlin, 

Geo. H. Day, Hartford, Treasurer. 

Morris W. Seymour, Bridgeport, Attorney. 

HOUSE FURNISHING COMMITTEE. 

Katharine B. Knight, Lakeville, Ex officio. 

May Helen Beach Ingalls, Hartford, Chairman. 

Lillian C. Farrel, Ansonia, Vice-President. 

Lucy Parkman Trowbridge, New Haven, Treasurer. 

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 

J. H. Yaill, West Winsted, Executive Manager. 

Mrs. J. H. Vaill, West Winsted, Hostess. 

Mrs. Ida Stanley Goss, Chicago, Bureau of Information. 

William J. Foster, Rockville, Clerk. 

Theodore B. Vaill, West Winsted, Clerk. 

Etta Andrews, Norwalk, Postmistress. 

Marguerite Walshe, Chicago, Stenographer. 

Charles S. Kelsey, Lakeville, Janitor. 

Mrs. Charles S. Kelsey, Lakeville, Janitor's Assistant. 

The illumination of the Connecticut Building was entirely 
by incandescent lights, fixtures for them being loaned for the 
purpose by the Bradley & Hubbard Manufacturing Company 
of Meriden. The electric current was supplied by the Expo- 
sition company, the wiring of the building having been done 
by the latter company. 

All possible precaution was taken against the contingency 
of fire about the premises, Babcock fire-extinguishers being 
provided for both upper and lower halls, and in addition to 
these appliances hand-gTenades were distributed at various 
points about the edifice. Insurance rates ran high on Jackson 
Park during the Exposition season. ^Nevertheless the valuable 



52 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 

loans mtli wliich the building was supplied were protected by 
insurance policies, whereby in the event of loss their owners 
might be, to some extent, indemnified. Happily, watchful 
care kept the building and its valuable contents in good condi- 
tion to be restored to the owners at the close of the Exposition, 
and it is gratifying to be able to say that every article loaned 
to the House Purnishing Committee for the embellishment 
of the edifice was returned in as good condition as when it w^as 
received. 

By the terms of contract with the builders, the State Build- 
ing was to revert to their possession when its use was no longer 
required by the Board of Managers. During the progress of 
the Exposition several individuals made overtures looking 
towards its purchase, generally with the view of removing it 
bodily and re-establishing it as a private residence, but the 
obstacles in the way of removal seemed to make such a venture 
impracticable. Among those who contemplated purchase of 
the edifice was Huntington Wolcott Jackson of Chicago, a 
gentleman who had manifested much interest in it during the 
progress of the Exposition, mainly from the fact that he traced 
his lineage to honored names in Connecticut history — Major- 
G-eneral Jabez Huntington of I^orwich, and Major-General 
Oliver Wolcott of Litchfield — whose portraits formed part 
of the embellishment of the main hall of the Connecticut 
Building. The task of transporting the structure upon huge 
floats ten or fifteen miles up the lake shore to the site he had 
in view was not considered an easy one, however, even by 
Chicago building-movers, and the idea was at length given up 
as too hazardous a venture, especially in vdew of the possibilty 
of a severe lake storm during the progress of the undertaking. 

The first reference to the ultimate disposition of the build- 
ing which later on was carried out was made on the occasion of 
^' Connecticut Day " (October 11th). James D. Dewell of 
Xew Haven, now Lieutenant-Governor, was one of the guests 
at the reception held by Governor Morris. Addressing the 
Executive Manager, Mr. Dewell asked what disposition was to 
be made of the State Building after the Exposition closed. " I 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 53 

don't know what wdll be done with it," was the reply, " but it 
ought to be taken to Connecticut and preserved as a historic 
inemoriaL Possibly the suggestion was like the sowing of 
good seed, for during the following January Mr. Dewell was 
the means of organizing a syndicate composed of five gentle- 
men, he being of the number, who bought the building of its 
owners (the Tracy Brothers of Waterbury, who built it), and 
during the simimer of 1894 it was taken down by the carpen- 
ters who erected it, brought to Connecticut, and re-erected on 
a beautiful site near the shore of l^ew Haven harbor, about 
one mile to the w^estward of Savin Rock. 

The land upon which the building now stands, a lot five 
hundred feet square, was given to the syndicate by Wilson 
Wadingham of IN'ew York, a former resident of West Haven. 
The cost of removal and rebuilding of the edifice was about 
twenty thousand dollars, in addition to which several thousand 
dollars have been expended upon the premises in the direction 
of permanent improvements, including the building of a large 
reservoir, supplied with excellent water from never-failing 
springs with which the wooded hills in the rear of the premises 
abound. An electric railway, connecting 'New Haven with 
Woodmont, skirts the rear boundary of the grounds of the 
building, making it easily accessible from Xew Haven, from 
which it is about four miles distant. The edifice has been re- 
built in the most substantial manner, upon foundations de- 
signed to secure permanence for ages, and with the good care 
that is planned for it there seems no good reason why it may 
not continue to remain an interesting historic feature for cen- 
turies to come. 

In the summer of 1895 the gentlemen composing the syndi- 
cate of OAvners in\dted prominent citizens of Connecticut to 
meet at the World's Fair Building to consider the advisability 
of adopting some plan whereby the edifice might be made 
serviceable to the public as a permanent institution. At that 
meeting, at which about two hundred persons were present, 
a committee was appointed consisting of Nathan Easterbrook, 
Jr., chairman, D. A. Alden, the Rev. Dr. Joseph Anderson, 



54 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

William E. Chandler, Hobart L. Hotchkiss, H. Wales Lines, 
and the Rev. Dr. Watson L. Phillips, " to recommend some 
plan for utilizing the World's Fair Building for public and 
patriotic purposes, and securing its ownership to the people of 
Connecticut." In due time this committee presented a some- 
what elaborate report, and with reference to the uses to which 
the building should be put it suggested the following : 

1. That it be made the depository (1) of relics of Revolu- 
tionary, colonial, and pre-colonial times; (2) of souvenirs of the 
now historic World's Fair; (3) of a library of books and pamph- 
lets relating to Connecticut. 

2. That it be offered to the patriotic organizations of the 
State, such as the Sons and Daughters of the American Revo- 
lution, as a permanent headquarters and a regular place of 
meeting. 

3. That it be made the headquarters of a summer school 
devoted to American history (the term '' history " being used 
in its widest sense, including not only the record of national 
events, but the history of literature, art, science, and the like, 
and also archaeology, ethnology, genealogy, and certain de- 
partments of sociology). 

4. That it be used, all the year round, as ^^ a quiet and 
dignifieid club house " by those who, on a basis to be subse- 
quently indicated, shall secure the right so to use it. 

The committee also recommended a plan for securing its 
ownership to the people of Connecticut, which, briefly stated, 
proposed (1) the formation of the '^ Columbian League of Con- 
necticut," consisting of a self-perpetuating board of trustees, 
incorporated under the State law, to hold the Columbian 
Building and the valuables deposited in it as a sacred trust for 
the people of Connecticut forever; (2) that provision be made 
for an associate membership, to be secured by payment of a 
moderate membership fee (not annually, but once for all, or 
in two or three installments), entitling such associate mem- 
bers and their families the right to the use of the building for 
any or all of the purposes indicated, — the membership fees, 
together with the gifts of interested individuals, to constitute 



^ 




1^ 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 55 

a fund for the permanent endowment and support of tlie 
building. 

Tlie plan of the committee as here outlined was accepted by 
the members of the syndicate, who stood ready to transfer the 
property to the proposed ^^ Columbian League " at bare cost, 
but for various reasons the progress of the scheme has been 
unexpectedly delayed. The death of one member of the syn- 
dicate (Henry Sutton) may change the course of events Avith 
relation to the project. The survi^dng members of the syndi- 
cate of owners are James D. Dewell and L. Wheeler Beecher of 
IsTew Haven, Israel A. Kelsey of "West Haven, and Cornelius 
Tracy of Waterbury. 

The following report of the House Furnishing Committee 
was not originally intended for these pages, but it will prove 
interesting history, nevertheless: 

REPORT OF THE FURNISHING COMMITTEE OF THE 
WOMAN'S BOARD OF WORLD'S FAIR MANAGERS OF CONN. 

Madam President and Ladies 

Of the Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut : 

It gives me great pleasure to present to you my report, poor 
though it may be, of the work of the Furnishing Committee 
of this Board. As you all know, more than a year and a half 
ago, the gentlemen of the Building Committee asked our 
former President, Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, to appoint from 
our board a committee to work with them, and to do such part 
of the work of furnishing the Connecticut State Building 
as they might feel they did not wish to undertake. This com- 
pliment was extended to Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Miss Lucy P. 
Trowbridge, and myself. After some discussion it was de- 
cided by the Committee that, as Connecticut was prominent 
in Colonial history, and as the plan adopted for the building 
had been decided upon with that idea, that portion of the 
house open for the general inspection of visitors should be 
furnished as far as possible with articles of that period, which 
should come from this state, and, therefore, be of historic value 
and interest. It ended eventually in the gentlemen retiring 
from the actual task of the furnishing and leaving it entirely 
to us, holding themselves as an Advisory Committee in such 
matters where we felt that both men and advice were neces- 
sary to the better carrying out of our plans and ideas. For 



66 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

eiglit or nine months previous to May of tliis year we were 
working for a creditable showing in onr little house. Some- 
thing more than the ordinary was expected of us, as our State 
was one of the thirteen original states of the Union, and, of 
course, must be full of choice old bits. You were all asked 
to help us in locating these articles of interest. I think that 
all were successful to a greater or less extent, some on account 
of the historic places near their homes were more so than 
others. Many of the owners who were approached were very 
gracious and very willing to do anything for the glory and 
good record of their State. Others, I am sorry to say, were 
decidedly the reverse. 

To Miss Trowbridge was allotted the greater part of the 
selecting of the antique furnishings, she having made a study 
of the value of the different styles and dates of such furniture 
and articles of decoration as would joroperly represent a Con- 
necticut house of the last century. She was very successful, 
the greater part of our handsome pieces having come from 
'New Haven. Mrs. Tarrel took charge of the modem or 
working furniture, that belonging to the office, bedrooms, 
and kitchen, while I took the uninteresting, but highly neces- 
sary articles, such as bed-linen, blankets, towels for toilet and 
living-rooms, kitchen-linen, soap, and various odds and ends. 
By this division of work we managed to accomplish it all by 
the middle of April, at which time our valuable load was 
shipped West in an express-car sixty feet in length, under the 
supervision of Mr. Yaill and an expressman from Hartford. 
It arrived at Jackson Park promptly and safely, where we 
found it, and then began the disagreeable work of unpacking 
and putting in order the building which, for six months, was 
to offer the atmosphere of home to our Connecticut people. 

It is unnecessary to enumerate our trials with the workmen 
of Chicago, as their deeds and misdeeds have been spread from 
ocean to ocean. Suffice it to say that on May first, Connecti- 
cut threw^ open her hospitable doors to all unfortunates who 
had ventured to Chicago thus early in the season, trusting that 
everybody and everything would be ready and waiting for 
the public look and comment. Connecticut was not ready 
and w^aiting; however, we did the best we could, although our 
little home was not settled and in shipshape for some two 
weeks more. We left it the middle of May, feeling that we 
had done the best we could with the small appropriation set 
apart for this portion of our work, and feeling amply repaid 
for our tribulations by the almost universal expressiohs of 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 57 

delight and pleasure that we heard from all our visitors. Per- 
sonally, I have heard of but two people who failed to appre- 
ciate the simple beauty and dignity of our Revolutionary 
Home, to say nothing of the hard work entailed; these two 
unpleasant members of society were men, so Ave must gener- 
ously forgive them. All through the summer pleasant re- 
marks were heard, and congratulations offered us on our 
success; and when, on !N^ovember first, the doors of Connecti- 
cut closed, never again to open on the scenes of the past six 
months, it was with a feeling of sorrow that our work of 
despoiling the house was begun. On iTovember ninth the 
last loaned article left the house, and on Monday, the thir- 
teenth, the express-cars arrived in Hartford. From here the 
different pieces were forwarded to their respective owners, 
and I feel that we can all congratulate ourselves that whatever 
we asked for in the name of the Board and of the State has 
arrived home safely, and, I trust, vith the value increased by 
the part it may have taken in making our State Building at- 
tractive. Fortunately, out of all the very valuable antique 
furniture loaned to us, only two or three pieces were at all 
damaged, and the Committee saw that these pieces were fully 
restored, before returning to their owners. 

I feel that I must mention, before closing, the kindness, 
generosity, and gentlemanly bearing of the Messrs. Ripley, 
who did all in their power to aid us in every way, not only in 
furnishing us with such beautiful decorations on which much 
time and study had been spent, but in helping us in many 
ways too numerous to mention herein, when the gentlemen of 
the Building Committee were forced to return home last 
springy leaving Miss Trowbridge and myself to cope with all 
sorts and conditions of men. Also, I would mention Mr. and 
Mrs. Yaill, whose kindly interest and painstaking care made 
all visitors feel at home, and added much to the cheerfulness 
and attractiveness of the house. 

To Mrs. Barrel and Miss Trowbridge I would like to tender 
my thanks for their hearty co-operation and successful efforts, 
and I think we may all rejoice in the felicitous termination of 
our work, which, for over a year, continued to grow in a man- 
ner which would have put to shame Jack's Beanstalk, and 
we can all feel proud and confident that our little State of 
Connecticut has played by no means a small part in this great 
World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. 
RespectfuUv submitted, 

MARY H. B. IFGALLS, 
5 Chairman of Furnishing Committee. 



CHAPTEK YI. 

yketclies from notable Connecticut visitors to the " City of the Lagoon: " 
Simeon E. Baldwin, LL.D., of the Supreme Court of Errors ; Joseph 
Anderson, D.D,, pastor of the First Church of Waterburj^ ; and 
Charles Dudley Warner, L.H.D., D.C.L., of Hartford, in which are 
given their varied impressions of the Exposition. 

Connecticut was represented at tlie Co'lumbian Exposition 
by more than twenty-six thousand of her eons and daughters^ 
as shown by registrations at the State Building. Their 
ages ranged from upwards of four score and ten years at one 
extreme, to about five months at the other. The oklest was 
William H. Seymour, born in Litchfield, in 1802 (now a resi- 
dent of Brockport, N. Y.), and the youngest was Miss Elinor 
Houghton Bulkeley^ daughter of Governor Morgan G. Bulke- 
ley, whose birth occurred April 7, 1893. The impractica- 
bility of obtaining an expression in writing as to the views of 
Miss Bulkeley relative to impressions left upon her mind by 
the great event will readily be apparent; and as nearly eighty 
years have elapsed since Connecticut has had legal claim upon 
Mr. Seymour, who removed from its borders in 1818, it ^vill 
not be thought strange if he is allowed to eiscape with the light 
task of confessing his loyalty to the land of his birth, a confes- 
sion he seemed to take pleasure in making, judging from his 
repeated visits to the Connecticut State Building, where he 
was induced to recount interesting incidents of his boyhood 
in the early days of the present century. 

It will be proper, however, to put upon record in this chapter 
sketches from a few notable representatives of Connecticut's 
twenty-six thousand visitors, who therein give^ impressions 
made by the great Exposition. With the exception of the 
article from the Editor's Study of Harper's Magazine (which 

(58) 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



59 



has been kindly placed at onr disposal), the contributions were 
prepared by request, and the series cannot fail of bringing to 
every intelligent reader interesting and instructive views and 
lessons, of which the memorable event was so full. 

[The extract from Mr. Warner's '' Study " will serve as 
a sharpener of the appetite of the reader for a perusal of the 
omitted portion of the article, which may be found in full in 
the October number of Harper's Magazine for 1893.] 




A DREAM OF BEAUTY. 

Sketch by Judge Simeon E. Baldwin, LL.D. 

The law of evolution has b-een at work upon World's Fairs 
during the half-century that has elapsed since the London 
Crystal Palace w^as first built. There has been a " natural 
selection " of their best features, that is, of those which best 
pleased the public, " for '^ this wise world is mainly right." 
Their original aim was to show the progress of invention and 
the best products of the industry of the day. They do this 
still, and do it well; but their great attraction has come to be 



60 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

the setting in which these things are shown, and the fringes 
with which they are adorned. 

^N'lothing oould have been finer than the architectural and 
top'ogra-phical setting of the Columbian Exposition. What- 
ever else of scenes once visited nuay be forgotten, no one who 
saw Jackson Park in 1893 will ever cease to Teniember that 
dream of beauty which rose from the shore of Lake Michigan, 
to dazzle every ©ye that beheld it, with its resplenident, yet 
solemn, majesty. The grand peristyle was an unwritten poem. 
If Chicago borrowed the thought from the G-reeks, she sur- 
passed them in its rendition. Athens, at its loveliest, hardly 
oould have had as great a charm. The hills which displayed 
the colonnades of her temples also served to dwarf them by 
contrast; but through the columns and arches at Chicago one 
saw only the magnificent reach of her inland sea, whose tran- 
quil waters seemed content to wash their feet. 

And who does not recollect with more than pleasure the 
Midway Plaisance ? If it was but a fine fringe for the fair, 
fringes, nevertheless, have their use, and are sometimes re- 
meanbered better than the dress. But it was more. These 
intemiational expositions have no aim higher than that of 
bringing the men and the life of different nations together. 

I am afraid that we did not all examine with much minute- 
ness the endless lines of machinery and brilliant suoession of 
show-cases that filled the great buildings devoted to the display 
of mechanism and manufacture. It had too familiar a look to 
the 'N&w Engiander. But he was sure to steal away to the 
Midway Plaisance, for an hour or two in the day, after giving 
the rest to seeing what somebody said that everybody must 
see. 

I visited, last smnmer, the E'ational Inter-cantonal Exposi- 
tion lof Switzerland, at Greneva. They had their Plaisance, 
too; the Swiss Village; the pretty peasant girls; the side- 
shows of many sorts; but how immeasurably short, in interest, 
of that at Chicago ! At Jackson Park, one passed by a single 
step from Illinois into Egypt, or among the savage islanders 
of the South Sea. A six months' trip abroad gives many a 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gl 

man less knowledge of Enropeian life and manners, and im- 
measurably less of those of tlie many peoples who live beyond 
the Mediterranean, than he might have gained by a few days 
idly spent in the Midway. It showed the dnbioTis or the dark 
side, as well as the bright one ; and it could not have done less 
with truth. There was plenty to amuse, something to siadden, 
much to teach. 

The Columbian Exposition would not have been true to 
its name, if there had not been a good deial in it that spoke of 
Columbus. Spain is a country which few Americans visit, 
and wihere fewer still gain access to its stores of ancient 
manuscripts and of memorials of its fo^rmer possessions on 
this side of the Atlantic. But to those who walked through 
the low, irregular chambers, in the Chicago rep^duction of 
the convent of La E-abida, the very presence of Columbus 
seemed almost visible, in the midst of so much that once had 
come from his hand or passed under his eye. The ships, too, 
that lay off the shore, near by, with their medieval shape, theiir 
antique rigging, and their Spanishnspeaking crews, gave an 
object lesson in American history, worth more than the study 
of a dozen volumes that might describe the great event which 
has made 1492 the date of dates for the American school-boy. 

The Yiking ship, also, brought us close to our Norseman 
ancestors, and helped every one to understand more cle'arly 
the free swing with which they dashed down from their lands 
of mountain and snow to overrun the fertile plains of England 
and ISTofrmiandy. 

Every one moves from a center. The home center of the 
Connecticut man at the Exposition w^as his State Building. 
There were grander ones put up by greater States. It could 
show nothing like the palatial halls of the 'New York Build- 
ing. It commemorated nothing of the stately life of the 
favored few in Colonial days, as did the buildings of Mas- 
sachusetts and New Jersey. But then, it did not fail, as did 
some others, by attempting too much. It presented nothing 
unsuited to its idea. It did not, like one of its nearest neigh- 



62 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

bors, attempt to throw Xew England life into the frame of an 
Egyptian temple. 

Our building was a roomy, clieerful, ample mansion, such, 
as any one could wish that his great gTandfather had lived in 
before the Revolution, and could be certain that he did not. 
Its upper chambers had an historic look. They were for 
show. Every thing ebe was for comfort, and we all took 
comfort in it, and have been glad to know that it has now 
found a lasting home on the soil of the State that built it, 
where its broad piazzas can look out on the free play of the 
waves of Long Island Sound, instead of the tranquil blue of 
Lake Michigan. 

SIMEON E. BALDWIK 

N'ew Haven, January 12, 1897. 

A GREAT COMMEMORATION^. 

[Response of Dr. Joseph Anderson to an invitation for a 

sketch.] 
Mr. J. H. Yaill: 

My Dear Sir: When you asked me to give you, in a brief 
paper, my impressions of the World's Fair, I was reminded 
of an essay on that subject, to which I once listened at a 
ministers' meeting, a single sentence of which remains fixed 
in my memory. My clerical brother was unconsciously 
giiided in his selection of matters for comment, as we all are, 
by his individual tastes, and dwelt especially upon the wonders 
of the electrical exhibit. After a rapid suiwey of the whole 
building, he took us down into the basement, and described in 
vivid words the vast amount of apparatus he saw there, the 
innumerable interlacing wires, the novel processes perpetually 
going on. He stirred us with his descriptive rhetoric, and 
then, in deep and solemn tones, he added, '' The impression 
was one of caution.''^ The anti-climax was complete and 
amusing, and, if the speaker was unconscious of it, the au- 
dience was not. 

But, after all, why should not any one's account of the im- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR 03 

pressioii produced by tlie World's Fair abound in anti-cli- 
miaxes? AYby should not tbe most eloquent account, as com- 
pared with the thing itself, be -of the nature of an anti-climax? 
The Fair was not only a very big thing; it was a very great 
thing. Among the myriads who visited it, no one saw it all. 
Xo one can recall, broadly or with accurate detail, the frag- 
ment which he succeeded in really seeing, and to put on record 
to-day what he remombers, or what chiefly inapressed him, 
would be a difficult task. To everybody else the reminis- 
censes of any one visitor must seem meager and commonplace, 
and, most of all, they must seem so to the visitor himself. 
. What you wish, however — if I mistake not — is not my 
remembrance of what I saw, or of the impressions produced 
at the time, but my opinion, as I look back to-day, of the value 
of the World's Fair — of what it did and continues to do for 
the world of mankind. You want not so much impressions 
as inferences and an estimate. 

Well, there are many ways of looking at it, but I find my- 
seK looking at it first of all as a great co-mmeonoration. I am 
a firm believer in the commemoration of notable events, and 
in all the history of mankind I know of no event, with one 
exception, so great and so noteworthy as the disciovery of 
Aimerica by Columbus. It has proved to be of moimentous 
importance not alone to the people of America, but to the 
peoples of the Old AYorld. If there is any historical fact 
worthy of a visible and permianent monument — a monument . 
which should tell its perpetual story and make its perpetual 
appeal to the eyes and hearts of mankind — it is this fact. 
Such a monument, except that it lacked permanence, was the 
T^Hiite City of 1893. Or, if not a monument, it was certainly 
a celebration, a commemorative act on the grandest scale, and, 
doubtless, more enduring than one would at first thought sup- 
pose it to be. For the history of it is henceforth part of the 
history of the world ; the record of it has gone into the world's 
literature and art; and its material, let us not forget, has, to a 
considerable extent, gone into the world's museums. We 



64 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

have liere in "Waterbury, for example, a "beautiful collection 
of minerals gleaned from its geological exhibits. 

The connection established bj such a commemoration be- 
tween the present and the past — that past of four hundred 
years ago in which Columbus lived — is a thing of no little 
moment. It brings to light the great fact of the, continuity 
of history and the continuity of natural and social law; it re- 
veals to us an element of unity in the great processes of the 
ages. There were thousands of visitors who saw only the 
concrete ^^ show/' who came and went without a thought of 
the historical significance of what they saw; thousands, it may 
be, who in the very midst of the manuscript relics of the Con- 
vent of lya Rabid a failed to establissh any vital connection be- 
tween the Avorld of which Columbus formed a part and the 
Columbian Exposition. But in others, undoubtedly, " the 
historic sense," so sadly lacking in the American people, was 
gTeatly developed. And this effect, which we can trace in 
individuals, was produced in tlie nation at large, if not in 
other nations. As the Civil War gave us the sense of nation- 
ality, as the Centennial Exposition, commemorating our de- 
claration of independence, deepened that sense, so the World's 
Fair gave us a sense of the relations of the civilized world of 
to-day to Columbus and his greiat discovery. 

Mention of the Centennial Exposition suggests a compari- 
son between that 'and the Exposition of 1893. The Centen- 
nial commemorated an event which took place a century be- 
fore in one of these western nations. It was great to us; it 
proved to be great to the world ; but, after all, it was only one 
in the long line of American events. It was the greatest 'inci- 
dent of all, but it will be seen in the future that it was only 
an incident in the unfolding of the splendid drama of Ameri- 
can history. But the event commemiorated by the Chicago 
Fair was an initiatory act which can never lose its relative or 
its actual significance. The fact that the Centennial was cen- 
tenary led to a great many comparisons, covering the com- 
pleted century, and these comparisons were full of suggestive- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 65 

ness and of promise. The long period of four hundred years 
brought to ^dew "by the later commemoration did not, for 
obvious reasons, yield itself so readily to processes of com- 
parison; the space was too large to be easily traversed, and the 
materials too vast to be readily handled. But, after all, I 
cannot doubt that the total impression was proportionately 
greater, not only as regards the importance of the event, but 
as regards the progTess the world had made. The achieve- 
ments of 1492 and the Kenaissance period were wonderful; 
but how little conception the men of that time had of the 
civilization which the four coming centuries were to bring 
forth in the Eastern Hemisphere and the "Western. And how 
little conception any of us had in 1876 of what was to take 
place in the seventeen years ensuing, as revealed, for example, 
in the Electrical and Transportation Buildings. 

The international influence of the Centennial Exposition 
was of great importance ; the international influence of the Ex- 
position of 1893 must have been and must continue to be 
proportionately more widespread and more positive. I wonder 
whether the noble treaty of arbitration made between Eng- 
land and America would have been Hkely to come into ex- 
istence if the World's Eair had not been held. And our re- 
lations with Spain — critical as they are just now — I wonder 
whether they would not have been less satisfactory and less 
promising if Spain had not been represented at our great 
celebration of Spanish achievement by the man who is now 
the Spanish minister at Washington. 

The theme is one that opens more and more widely before 
us. How are men educated? 'Not altogether or chiefly by 
direct teaching, by didactic utterances, after the " line upon 
line '' pattern. We are educated by subtle influences, by laws 
and customs, by established institutions, by commemorative 
monuments, by public celebrations. In developing the patriot- 
ism of the rising generation our Memorial Day counts. These 
more concrete things are '' object lessons," not necessarily 
talked about, like the objects of the kindergarten, but al- 



(36 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'vS FAIR. 

lowed to tell tbeir own story; and tliey tell it. And liow are 
peoples educated, unless in tlie same way — by indirect in- 
fluences. And I know of nothing that men have thus far 
prepared or constructed, in all the world's history, possessing 
greater elements of educational power, of quiet, but sure in- 
fluence upon tihe nations, than the World's Fair at Chicago. 
Lines of light and of ha.rm*onizing eneirgy radiated from it 
from the beginning, and will continue to take effect long after 
we have ceased to trace them, or to think of tliem. 

One of my predecessors in the pastorate of this old First 
Church of Waterbury was the Rev. Holland Weeks. He 
was ordained liere on ^N'ovember 20, 1799, and twenty days 
later man^ied Harriot Byron, daughter of Moses Hopkins, 
Esq., of Great Barrington, and granddaughter of the cele- 
brated theologian. Dr. S^amuel Hopkins, who, by tlie way, 
was of Waterbury birth. The youngest daughter of Mr. and 
Mrs. Weeks married Edwin Bumham of Henderson, I^T. Y., 
and became the mother of Daniel H. Bumham, the man who 
planned and built the White City, and to whose skill and 
energy the success of the World's Fair w^as so largely due. 
Qualities were in existence-, influences were at work, in the 
lives and the characters of the Waterbury clergyman of 1799 
and his young wife, which were to be transmitted and to re- 
appear a century later, blossoming out into the architectural 
bea/uty, and the orderliness, and the vastly comprehensive 
plans of the Exposition of 1893. I do not speak of this to 
claim that the Waterbury of a century ago, or its Congrega- 
tional muinister, was responsible for the glory and success of 
the World's Fair, but rather to indicate how impossible it is 
to trace the unseen influences by which our life is shaped and 
our civilization developed. There is no measurement of such 
forces. We cannot follow out the process, but we must be- 
lieve that the unseen and intangible, but beneficent, influences 
of the Columbian Exposition, vdll continue to radiate and 
broaden out, and perhaps multiply, for a long time to come. 

JOSEPH ANDERSOK 

Waterbury, Conn., January 25, 1897. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 67 

THE EDITOE'S STUDY. 

[Charles Dndlej "Warner in " Harper's Magazine/' October 

1893.] 

I. 

To the loiterer in the Citj of the Lagoon at Chicago at 
twilight there came a profound feeling of sadness. It was the 
touch of melancholy that exquisite beauty is apt to induce 
when it is felt to be transitory or when it is a reminiscence of 
historic splendor. It was a moment of repose. The Court 
of . Honor was not wholly deserted. Stray figures moved 
about, but with the air of leisure and contemplation. The 
crowd was elsewhere, in the Midway Plaisance, at the res- 
taurants, and presently it would return, refreshed and eager 
for the great night display. In the fading light the city 
seemed more than ever only an enchanted city. Through the 
long rows of white columns of the Peristyle the lake gleamed 
blue, and there was a pink hue in the west that flushed the 
domes and towers and the white figures relieved against the 
delicate sky. Even the fountains were silent, and the golden 
gigantic statue of Columbia seemed to emphasize the impress- 
ive stillness of the hour. Presently the lines of electric light 
would run along the cornices of the white palaces and along 
the water's edge, and the dome would be aflame. Presently 
the Eountain of the Ship and the Sea Horses would leap up 
and overflow with loud murmurous sound; and the flasliing 
electric fountains would begin their fantastic and unreal dis- 
play, thrusting up into the night ever-changing shapes of 
beauty, with exquisite colors shifting each moment, mingling, 
passing, fading, brightening, grace of form and charm of color 
uniting to move the spectator as he was never moved before 
by any earthly vision. But now it was the hour of stillness 
and of sentiment akin to melancholy. And when this silence 
was almost painful, came the soft chime of bells from the tower 
of Machinery Hall, floating over the city and out upon the 
water, tones in harmony with the scene and yet reminiscent of 



68 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

traditionary glory. It so easily might be a requiem for pass- 
ing splendor, like the sound of bells over the towers and spires 
of the oity that De Quincey saw at the bottom of the sea. 

Was it real? The spectator looked about, up the canals 
spanned by bridges and flanked by white facades, at the lofty 
towers, upon the monumental columns that made the gateway 
of the sea, in a nervous apprehension of the transitoriness of 
it all. Every night he had feared that he should see it no 
more, and every morning he had hastened to reassure himself 
that the creation had not disappeared. And the chimes drop- 
ping soft sounds seemed more than ever to have the note of 
decadence. Perhaps the traveler had seen pictures of the 
ruins of Persepolis, of the lonely marble columns in the desert 
of Palmyra; perhaps he had heard the lament of the sea, as 
Byron heard it, along the sunken walls of Venice ; perhaps he 
had mused, as Gribbon mused, in the church of Ara Coeli amid 
the fallen splendors of great Pome. Perhaps these pictures 
came to his mind with an overwhelming sense of the transi- 
toriness of life at the moment when life seemed to reach a sum- 
mit in the experience of beauty. And he knew that it would 
not last — that in a few more weeks of splendor, days of ex- 
citement, and nights of enchantment, it would all vanish as 
if it had never been; the chimes would cease, the lagoon would 
return to its solitude, and the white columns would be no 
longer reflected in the waves on the Michigan shore. 

11. 

And yet it is a very lasting possession in American life. 
If the city could stand as it now is after the fair is over, de- 
serted and silent, could stand for years, for generations, a pil- 
grim from a distant country who should enter it would be filled 
with amazement at the evidence of the genius for art, the love 
of beauty, of a nation reckoned so practical in its creations, 
so material in its aspirations. But the millions of people, 
young and old, who have seen it, have carried away this great 
picture in their minds, and not in one or two generations will 
it be effaced from the national memory. It is at once a revela- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. QQ 

tion to tlie nation of wliat it can do, and it is a standard of 
beauty of tlie higliest value. In our anticipation the benefit 
of the exhibition was in its industrial comparison and stimu- 
lation. That will be realized, and perhaps beyond anticipa- 
tion, but something else, and something of perhaps more value, 
has been gained. Heretofore all the world's fairs have been 
industrial, with an incidental exposition of progress in the fine 
arts. Here, for the first time, the World's Fair itself is an 
exhibition quite apart from the arts and the industries it brings 
together. What were the great cities of antiquity? What 
will be the splendid cities of the future? Go and see here 
what it is possible for man to do in this age of the miracles of 
science. 

Forebodings have been expressed that science was killing 
poetry, was killing art, and was killing our love of the beauti- 
ful. And, behold, it is science itself that has made possible 
the distinctive triumphs of Jackson Park. The very beauty 
we rave over would have been impossible without the use of 
cheap material to produce these effects, and without the use 
of electricity. Whether we look either to form or color here, 
we see that it is science that has enabled art to achieve its 
dreams. The great lesson, perhaps the greatest lesson, that 
the fair is to impress upon the millions of people in this new 
and adaptive country, is that use and beauty can be coworkers. 
A sort of roseate light is thrown upon this mechanical age. 

III. 

This is our first answer to the critics of all such material dis- 
plays. If this had been merely a display of industries of the 
old sort, the same question might have been asked of it as was 
asked of the last Paris Exhibition. What spiritual significance 
has it? What is the good of the further stimulation of material 
competition? It may be that the shows of this sort have 
reached the limit of their use. But what shall we say of them 
as a meeting-ground of humanity, as the Chicago Fair pre- 
eminently is? E'ever before in one place has come together 



70 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

such variety of the human species in numbers sufficient to rep- 
resent national and tribal traits and customs. Paris had more 
Orientals, but to the Orientals Chicago has added a mighty 
Occidental contingent, specimens on exhibition from our whole 
western hemisphere and the islands of the Pacific. From the 
Esquimaux and the !N"orth American tribes to the South Sea 
Islanders we have barbarians to match the savages of Dahomey 
and gentle Japanese and Javanese to offset the Turks, Egypt- 
ians, and Persians long civilized in vice. To the student of eth- 
nology the field is very attractive, and it is scarcely less interest- 
ing to the humanitarian. What effect will this contact have upon 
the savage representatives who have been brought into the midst 
of our advanced civilization? What can we learn from them? 
Will they leave anything behind, especially will the Orientals, 
except suggestions of vices in nations in moral decay? Will 
only the dancing and the dissipation remain? In some small 
but appreciable degree the world will be changed by this fair; 
some seeds will be broadcast which will bear fruit. Perhaps 
a sort of sympathy will be created by even this slight knowl- 
edge of each other, which will aid in the diffusion of morality, 
in the promotion of commerce, in inducing arbitration to take 
the place of war. 



YI. 

The fair is a great school, a university. It is hardly proba- 
ble that in our day any other nation will attemj)t another ex- 
position on so grand a scale. Future expositions are likely to 
be specialized. One in search of information could only at- 
tend this with profit on the eclectic system. To be sure, it is 
worth a long journey and much inconvenience merely to look 
at it externally, for it is an unprecedented expression of en- 
ergy as well as of beauty ; but profitable study of any one of its 
many departments would require a whole season. It is a peo- 
ple's university, where ciTriosity is excited and illustrations 
are furnished in the study of nearly every branch of mechanics 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 71 

and of art. The majority of the visitors have never seen be- 
fore such architecture, such landscape-gardening, such har- 
mony in landscape and architectural effects ; few of them have 
ever seen so many paintings and so good, or such collections of 
statmary, water-colors, etchings, and engravings; few of them 
have ever heard, day after day, as a part of daily life, so much 
music, and none of them have ever heard a better orchestra. 
Many, of course, will profit by the industrial exhibits; but if 
we set these, which were the primary considerations of the fair, 
aside altogether, we have several educational results which 
will affect the national life. 

One of these may seem unimportant at the first glance. It 
may be called education in the joyousness of life. It has been 
remarked that the common American crowd lacks gayety; its 
holiday assemblages are apt to be listless and weary. The art 
of public enjoyment has not been cultivated. Our common 
notion of a holiday is the sight of some spectacle, which usually 
requires tiresome hours of waiting, and there is little personal 
enjoyment. We are not much accustomed to holidays, and 
they are usually wearying to flesh and spirit. At Jackson 
Park the personal entertainment of the crowds was provided 
for. There were not only beautiful sights everywhere, which 
might not be repeated elsewhere, but there were means of en- 
joyment which are almost everywhere attainable. People 
lunched and dined, together in the open air, or in elevated and 
airy restaiu-ants which commanded pleasant prospects, and gen- 
erally with music, and usually good music. The hours thus 
spent Avere not merely feeding-times but full of animation 
and gayety. Dining or supping together in the open air, in 
the midst of agreeable surroundings, Avith music, was a new 
delight to thousands of untraveled visitors. And then there 
was a band playing every day at twelve by the Administration 
Building, and every evening at the time of the illuminations 
and the kaleidoscope fantasies of the electric fountains; and 
everywhere in the Midway, specially devoted to popular 
amusements, could be heard the strange strumming and beat- 



72 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

ing of barbarous instrranents, the twanging of strings, and 
the lingering beat of the darabnka drum, the waltz music of 
Vienna, and the weird melodies of Hungary. There was, in 
short, an air of festivity and gayety which could not but have 
its effect upon the most prosaie crowd. It must,, perforce, get 
some hints in the art of public enjoyment. 

But there was another educational result more important, 
and that was the kindling of j)atriotic feeling. Probably no 
person, native or naturalized, saw the fair without new pride 
in the fact that he was an American citizen, new pride in the 
country that could create all this. And it was a reasonable 
pride, tempered by comparison of the arts and industries of 
the whole world, not the ignorant assumption of isolation. 
The exhibitions of the varied products of the scA^eral States 
gave an idea of the vast resources of the republic, and the ad- 
ministrative ability and the power of the people for order and 
organization. For it is a show made by the States and the 
people. The Federal Congress has been a cold stepmother to 
the enterprise. From the moment it was determined on the 
national honor was involved in its success or failure. It is not 
pleasant to remember that local jealousies and provincial de- 
traction and apathy stood in the way of its success, and that 
there was an unpatriotic prediction of its failure. It is un- 
fortunate for the cities that regarded Chicago as a rival that 
they cast upon it the odium of possible failure; for, as a con- 
sequence, Chicago reaps the credit of success in the most cred- 
itable national undertaking we have ever engaged in. To 
seek to belittle the fair was to cast discredit upon American 
genius and ability; to gibe at Chicago, which poured out its 
money in an overflow like the Macmonnies Fountain, and 
which has exhibited administrative ability and energy hitherto 
unparalleled by any other community, to seek to put all the 
responsibility upon her, was to make it inevitable that she has 
the chief credit of the success, and occupies the foremost 
rank among public-spirited cities. And yet the last word 
must be that even the lavish energy and generosity of Chicago 
would have been inadequate to this result but for the noble 
response of the individual States and of foreign nations. 



CHAPTEK YII. 

Observance of Connecticut Day — Official Delegation from the Nutmeg 
State — Reception by Governor Morris — Distinguished Invited Guests 
— Report of Formal Exercises. 

The Exposition Calendar had for many months announced 
the eleventh of October as " Connecticut Day '' — that date 
having been selected by the Executive Manager, approved by 
the State Board, and adopted by the Exposition Company's 
special committee on ceremonies. 

At a meeting of the Board of Managers, held at the State 
Capitol in Hartford, June 19, 1893, it was voted that the 
Boards of Managers and Lady Managers attend the exercises 
at Jackson Park on Connecticut Bay, and Clinton B. Davis 
was appointed a committee to arrange for railway transporta- 
tion and for hotel accommodations while in Chicago. 

It was arranged that the delegation should go by special 
train, arriving in Chicago at 5 P. M., October 8th, and be quar- 
tered at the Chicago Beach Hotel, a few blocks northerly 
from the Exposition grounds. The visiting party consisted 
of about ninety persons. It included Governor Morris and 
the following members of his staff: Generals Bradley, 
Harbison, Cassidy, Jamieson, Bishop, and Colonels Healey, 
Morse, Andrews, Granger, Heublein, and Wood. 

The Board of Managers was represented in the delegation 
as follows: Messrs. Bead, Jarvis, Holcomb, Brown, Jones, 
Kellogg, Holmes, Marlor, Boss, Sykes, Foster, and Hammond ; 
the Board of Lady Managers by Miss Trowbridge, Miss Chap- 
pell, Miss Brainard, Mrs. Alvord, Mrs. Knight, Mrs. Hubbard, 
Mrs. Hammond, Miss Jones, Mrs. Gregory, Miss Skinner, and 
6 (73) 



74 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Mrs. Johnson; and tlie State's National Commission by Miss 
Ives and ]\Irs. Hinman. 

Accompanying the party as invited guests were Mrs. Luzon 
B. Moms, the Governor's Executive Secretary, Seymour C. 
Loomis, and Mrs. Loomis, Miss Holcomb, Miss Dexter, Mrs. 
Edward E. Bradley, Miss Bradley, Miss Russell, Judge Lynde 
Harrison, Mrs. Harrison, and Miss Gertrude Harrison of ^ew 
Haven ; Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin, Mrs. David M. Bead and Miss 
Bead of Bridgeport; Miss Taylor of I^orwalk; Mrs. George 
Sykes of Rockville; Colonel Charles M. Joslyn of Hartford; 
Mrs. Batrick Cassidy of Norwich; Mrs. Charles S. Andrews 
of Danbury; Bichard O. Cheney of South Manchester; Mrs. 
Stephen W. Kellogg, Miss Kellogg, Mrs. I. C. White, Mrs. 
George I. "White, Miss Carrie White, William AYhite, and 
George White of Waterbury; Miss L. M. Looseley of !N'ew 
London; O. H. K. Bisley and E. G. Hathaway of Willimantic; 
Mrs. Bufus E. Holmes of West AYinsted; Jabez H. Alvord of 
Winsted ; Mrs. Erank H. Ensign of Kingston, E". Y. ; Mr. and 
Mrs. Borter S. Burrall of Lime Bock; Dr. George H. Knight 
of Lakeville ; and the following from ^^Tew York city : Mr. and 
Mrs. E. H. Baker, Mr. and Mrs. Duncan C. Chaplin, Miss 
Margaret Middleton, and Mr. and Mrs. William H. Kenyon. 

The preliminary observance of Connecticut Day was a re- 
ception on the evening of October 10th. In consequence of 
the limitations of room, admission was by card, which was in- 
scribed as follows : 

THE PLEASURE OF TOUE, COMPANY, WITH LADIES, 

IS RESPECTFULLY REQUESTED 

AT THE 

Connecticut State Building, 

jackson park, 

Tuesday Evening, October the Tenth, 

FROM eight to TEN O'CLOCK 
TO MEET 

His Excellency, Luzon B. Morris, 
governor of connecticut. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 75 

Accompanying the inTitation was a second card, bearing 
the following announcement : 

WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER THE ELEVENTH, BEING CON- 
NECTICUT DAY, GOVERNOR MORRIS, IN THE PRESENCE 
OF THE CONNECTICUT BOARD OF WORLD'S FAIR MANAG- 
ERS AND LADY MANAGERS, WILL DELIVER AN ADDRESS 
OF WELCOME AT THE CONNECTICT BUILDING, AND 
WILL THEN HOLD A PUBLIC RECEPTION FROM TWO TO 
FOUR o'clock. 

The State Building was tastefully decorated for the occa- 
sion with flags, bunting, and other suitable embellishment, 
and when the hour for the reception arrived its various apart- 
ments swarmed with a jubilant assemblage. It was another 
instance when lights 

" — shone o'er fair women and brave men." 

Mrs. George H. Knight, President of the Board of Lady 
Managers, received with Governor and Mrs. Morris, assisted by 
Hon. David M. Read, chairman of the Executive Committee 
of the Board of Managers. The ushers were the aids-de-camp 
on the Governor's Staff — Colonels Wood, Heublein, Gran- 
ger, and Andrews. Befreshments were served by the Wel- 
lington Company. 

The invitation list numbered about four hundred in addi- 
tion to the Connecticut official delegation, and was designed 
to include as fully as possible Connecticut visitors to the Ex- 
position. It also embraced the members of the Chicago Soci- 
ety of the Sons of Connecticut, numbering about one hundred, 
who were duly marshaled under the leadership of the presi- 
dent of the society, E. St. John, then general manager of the 
Chicago, Bock Island & Pacific Bailway. 

Among the Connecticut people who paid their respects to 
the Governor on this occasion the following are recalled : Lieu- 
tenant Boger Welles, Jr., of the l^avy, Major George W. 
Baird of the Army, Leverett Brainard, William L. Matson, T. 
Sedgwick Steele, and Captain D. G. Francis of Hartford;, 
George W. Beach and E. C. Lewis of Waterbury ; Daniel ]^. 



76 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Morgan and Da^dd F. Read of Bridgeport; John S. Seymour 
of I^orwalk; Frederick W. Holden of Ansonia; James D. 
De well and N. D. Sperry of ]^ew Haven; John I. Hutchinson 
of Essex, and C. J. York, ]^. B. Stevens, S. L. Alvord, Dr. H. 
G. Provost, L. C. Strong, Lauren Smith, and Edward P. Jones 
of Winsted. The reception was also attended by many foreign 
and State Commissioners. 

The first official observance of Connecticut Day proper 
was at noon on the 11th. At that hour Governor Morris and 
Staii and members of the Board of Managers and Lady Man- 
agers, accompanied by a number of Connecticut visitors, as- 
sembled at the Columbian Liberty Bell, near the Administra- 
tion Building, sun'ounding it with a cordon of humanity, 
while His Excellency rang it. A rope of red, white, and blue 
was then attached to the tongue of the bell, which was rung 
jointly by the members of the two official boards in commem- 
oration of Connecticut's admission into the Union in 17Y6, 
after which the rope was cut into short sections and distributed 
among the assembled company as souvenirs of the memorable 
event. 

The public exercises of the day were held in the main hall 
of the Connecticut Building in the early afternoon, a speakers' 
platform having been built at the foot of the stairway. The 
platform was occupied by Governor Morris, President of the 
Board of Managers, Mrs. George H. Knight, President of the 
Board of Lady Managers, Mrs. Isabella Beecher Hooker, mem- 
ber of the Board of National Commissioners, the Rev. George 
C. Woodruff of Litchfield, chaplain of the occasion, and the 
Hon. David M. Read, chairman of the Executive Committee 
of the Board of Managers, who officiated as master of cere- 
monies. The members of the Governor's Staff had positions 
on the broad stairway in the rear of the platform, and members 
of the two boards were provided with seats in close proximity. 

The opening feature of the exercises was an invocation by 
Mr. Woodruff, followed by music by the " Sanford Girls' Or- 
chestra " of New Haven, an organization specially engaged 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 77 

for the occasion, which interspersed well-rendered selections 
between the addresses that followed. The first address was 
that of the presiding officer, who spoke as follows : 

ADDRESS OF THE HON. DAVID M. READ. 

In representing the Connecticut Commissioners, and more 
particularly the Executive and Building Committees of our 
board, I have thought it proper at this time to speak of the 
peculiar condition which existed when the idea of having our 
beloved State properly represented at the World's Columbian 
Exposition was first conceived. Connecticut, always foremost 
in the line of progress, was slowly solving the gubernatorial 
problem. The Legislature of the State was at a standstill, and 
no appropriation for a cause, however worthy, could be made. 
Principles were at stake in the contest in the Genel-al Assem- 
bly. The sisterhood of Connecticut was called upon from Chi- 
cago. 'No legislation, and an appropriation needed at once. 
Ex-G^overnor Bulkeley appealed to that patriotism which was 
fighting for principles, and instantly from the private purses 
of our blue-blooded Nutmeggers poured forth a contribution, 
sufficient to at least inaugurate, and, if needed, complete, an 
exhibit creditable to one of the noblest of the original States. 

I would say that the Legislature subsequently appropri- 
ated an amount adequate to liquidate all advancements and 
expenditures. 

A commission of thirty-two members, sixteen ladies and 
sixteen gentlemen, was appointed, and from their number an 
Executive and Building Committee. A design submitted by 
Mr. Warren E. Briggs of our State, after the colonial style of 
architecture, was selected as best representing sturdy Con- 
necticut. Our choice is before you for judgment to-day. 

Its furnishings are in perfect harmony, such as the Pilgrim 
Fathers would enjoy; but, may I say, even the Pilgrim Fathers 
could not have been more proud of the Pilgiini Mothers than 
are the men commissioners of the lady commissioners, to whose 
excellent judgment, taste, and diligence, under the leadership 
of their talented president, the interior furnishings are due. 



78 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Our building is not the largest, nor are our furnishings the 
most elaborate, but they represent Connecticut, and within is 
a hearty Connecticut welcome to all her sons and daughters, 
and those of her sister States. Thousands of her bone and 
sinew have wandered away from home to develop the re- 
sources of the newer States. We bid you all welcome to " Our 
Miniature Home in the West." 

I would here express the appreciation of the Committee of 
the able and courteous services of our Executive Manager, 
Mr. Joseph H. Yaill, to whom should, in a large measure, be 
given the credit for the hospitable reputation which the Con- 
necticut Building enjoys. 

Regarding the money expended for our State, I will sim- 
ply say that considering the time at our disposal, the amount 
of the appropriation, and what was required to be accom- 
plished, we feel quite well satisfied with ourselves, both from a 
comparative and economical standpoint. 

Our decorations in the "Woman's Building are, I presume, 
sacred ground, to be spoken of only by the President of the 
Ladies' Board, Mrs. Kate B. Knight. 

Our agricultural and forestry exhibits and adjuncts, to- 
bacco, cattle^ etc., have received the care of the committee 
appointed for each particular branch of industry, and also the 
assistance and consideration desired by their special promoters. 
It is with pride and pleasure that we display the products of 
our small ISTew England farms so near to those of our sister 
States which supply the granaries of the world. Our manu- 
facturers' exhibits, all due to private enterprise, have met 
with praise and commendation, shomng that we still keep to 
the front in what has won Connecticut her renown. It was 
first proposed by some of our most enterprising Yankee manu- 
facturers to ship out, say, a hundred or so cars of wooden hams 
and a like quantity of wooden nutmegs, but fearing the com- 
petition of Chicago hams, and knowing Chicagoans were par- 
ticular about the flavor of their puddings and hot drinks, they 
were persuaded to refrain. 

In conclusion, I beg to say to our honored Chief Magis- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 79 

trate that we wisK to thank hiin, also the other State officers, 
and the whole people of Connecticnt, for their confidence and 
support during our labors in endeavoring to wisely (of course) 
spend their money. We wish to thank the officers of the 
World's Columbian Exposition for theiir kind and courteous 
treatment. We hope and trust our people may continue to 
enjoy themselves in sightseeing until November 1st, and shall 
expect to meet you all at the great World's Fair in Xew York 
at the dawn of the next century, in the year of our Lord, 1900. 
After a graceful introduction by the master of ceremonies, 
the President of the Board of Lady Managers delivered an ad- 
dress, in which she outlined the work of Connecticut women 
in behalf of the Exposition. 

ADDRESS OF MRS. GEORGE H. KNIGHT. 

Ever since Congress recognized women as an important 
factor in the success of this great World's Fair we have heard 
very often that this was woman's opportunity; now was the 
time to convince the world that her one talent had really al- 
ways been ten, and to make sure that liberty and equality 
should hereafter mean something besides sounding phrases for 
her. But we found in Connecticut that this did not mean 
emancipation, scarcely even opportunity for women. The men 
who could secure and maintain the first free charter were not 
made of the stuff which held women in bondage, and Con- 
necticut women have not needed to wait for the Columbian 
year, nor for an Act of Congress, to find their gifts recognized 
and encouraged. 

For various reasons we were somewhat late in making a 
beginning, and when we found ourselves a full-fledged Board 
of Managers we had something less than a year before us in 
which to formulate and carry out definite methods of work. 

From the first our watchword might tridy be said to haxe 
been co-operation, not alone with each other as a Board of Man- 
agers, but especially vdth the women of the ]!^ational Board at 
headquarters, whose groundwork gave promise, even at that 



80 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR: 

early day, of the wonderful reality wliicli all the world has 
come to see, and stayed to praise. 

We began this work by doing onr best to make it certain 
that a resting place for little children would be established in 
Jackson Park, becoming the first State to guarantee our share 
of a fund, which had to be all pledged before permission could 
be gained for the erection of the Children's Building, which 
has proved itself both a rest and an inspiration to those who 
have shared its benefits. 

Xext, we decided to make it possible for every woman in 
Connecticut to exhibit any work in which she excelled, by as- 
suming for each one the entire expense of transportation and 
maintenance of such exhibits during the period of the Fair. 
We guaranteed everything but the acceptance of all work sent 
out under our direction. 

We also tried to bring within the reach of every Connecti- 
cut woman of limited means an opportimity to visit the Ex- 
position in a safe and reasonable way, by placing as many 
shares as possible in the Woman's Dormitory; and here, too, 
we led all the other States by being the first to dispose of the 
amount of stock allotted us — an amount which was perhaps 
more than doubled afterwards. 

Our list of exhibits to the various departments is exceed- 
ingly small. We did not begin early enough to secure much 
work of the kind, which must be prepared mth great detail 
and nicety, to compete with exhibitors who were professional, 
nor did we need to depend upon the hand crafts to make a 
place in the front ranks for the work of Connecticut women. 

In literature our place was already assured, for besides the 
works of Mrs. Sigourney, Rose Terry Cooke, and a host of 
others, we had the wonderful book 

' ' Of her who world-wide entrance gave 
To the log cabin of the slave ; " 

and if it is true that '' the pen is mightier than the sword," then 
we can justly claim that the women of Connecticut have done 
more and better work than many regiments of soldiers; for 



COXNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gl 

if ^ve had nothing besides the exhibit of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
with its forty-two translations into other tongues, showing the 
tribute which many lands have paid to this foremost Ameri- 
can woman of genins, Connecticut could challenge every other 
State, every other country even, to equal this example of 
woman's work. 

In making this exhibit of literature we secured as many 
autograph copies of books from various authors as possible, 
and in our collection are included many rare and curious things 
which the five-minute limit of this report will not permit me 
to describe. We confined ourselves entirely to collecting the 
work of women born in Connecticut, real daughters of the 
State; and as many of these had sown their work broadcast, 
here a little, and there a little, in magazines and papers, never 
gathering together within two covers this golden harvest of 
profit and pleasure, we determined to honor these also by put- 
ting something from as many as possible into the permanent 
form of a book. The result is our " Selections from the Writ- 
ings of Connecticut Women," most ably edited by Mrs.* J. G. 
Gregory of ^orwalk, well printed and handsomely bound, 
with both cover and frontispiece the design of a Connecticut 
woman. In this instance, also, we stand alone as the only State 
which has so honored her writers of short stories, and our Con- 
necticut book has a place among the valuable and rare things 
in the library of the Woman's Building, 

Besides this exhibit of literature and the exhibit of Mrs. 
Stowe's books, which stand by themselves in a cabinet, we have 
contributed six carved panels of wood toward beautifying the 
library, each one the work of a Connecticut woman, a number 
equaled by but one other State; while we make one of the 
three States which have decorated and furnished an entire 
room in the Woman's Building. " The Connecticut Room," 
which in design and workmanship stands easily in the front 
ranks among so much that is artistic, is the production of a 
young .N"ew Haven woman, Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, whose 
faithful and beautiful work has brought not only deserved 



82 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

credit to herself, but also to the State which has the honor to 
claim her, and especially to the "Woman's Board under whose 
enconragenient the work was carried out. If I should enter 
into the details of the statistics we gained from all over the 
State, — statistics relating to woman's place in educational, 
social, and religious movements, as well as her relations to 
labor in various forms, I should never reach the furnishing of 
this State Building, which was placed in our hands by the ex- 
ecutive committee of the Men's Board. We did our best to 
make a house of the olden time out of it. The decorators, the 
Ripley Brothers of Hartford, brought not only careful study, 
but also a keen sense of State pride to their work, even repro- 
ducing in stencil the color and design of paper upon the walls 
of certain rooms in our State, which had given hospitality to 
Washington. 

It may be of interest to know that everything used in the 
building either came from Connecticut, or was manufactured 
on the jDremises by Connecticut men. 

An endless amount of hard and discriminating work went 
into the collecting of the various loans and articles for furnish- 
ing, — loans most cheerfully granted in spite of the distance 
of transportation and chance of accident — and a history of 
the contents of this house could carry us as deeply into the 
public as into the familiar everyday life of early Connecticut. 

We have Israel Putnam's gun here, as well as his portrait, 
and a three-edged sword carried under Cromwell and through 
our own Revolutionary War, hanging over a commission 
signed by the last Colonial Governor. Our present Governor 
and his Staff had luncheon earlier in the year from a table two 
hundred years old. There is a counterpane upon the " high 
poster " in one of the bedrooms one hundred and forty years 
old, and bed-hangings one hundred and seventy-five, embroid- 
ered in a stitch that we are copying in our own time. A warm- 
ing pan makes us glad that our days are days of steam, and if 
the old spinet here had an echo, we might hear once more the 
music of an earlier and statelier time. The high-backed chairs^ 
one of which has held everv President from Jackson to Grant, 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 33 

inclusive, and in which the decision in the famous Dred Scott 
was reached, prove to us over again, that the earlier settlers of 
Connecticut had physical as well as mental backbone. The 
tapestries upon the walls reproduced and loaned to us by the 
Cheney Brothers of our own State, remind us that younger 
sons did not always come portionless to the Colonies from their 
English homes; and the writing desk, with its mysterious hid- 
ing places, proves that the keeping of secrets is not a modern 
accomplishment; while the dining-room, with its corner cup- 
boards, blue china and pewter plates, its candlesticks, and-«t 
irons, and old tankards, convinces us that there is abundant 
reason for the tradition of that rare 'New England hospitality 
which is known the world over. 

All these things serve to make us feel a part of the past — 
or they would if the pictures upon the w^alls did not let out 
the secret of Connecticut's progress, and whisper to us that it 
is largely to the manufacturers and business men of our State 
that we have a State Building and a Woman's Board of Man- 
agers, an outline of whose work I have tried to give. 

It does not sound like much in the telling, but we brought 
to its fulfillment the best we had. That which we carry away 
will brighten the recollections of a lifetime. 

The introduction of Governor Morris by the presiding offi- 
cer was followed by a generous demonstration of applause on 
the part of the assembled multitude. When it had subsided 
Governor Morris delivered the following address of welcome: 

ADDRESS OF GOVERNOR LUZON B. MORRIS. 

It is with great pleasure that I welcome to this grand Ex- 
position the sons and daughters of Connecticut. While our 
State, in territory, is one of the smallest, yet its position and 
importance among the States of the Union are in no sense pro- 
portioned to her territorial limits. 

It was among the earliest of the colonies to effect a perma- 
nent settlement in the new world, after the discovery made by 
Columbus. It took a leading part in the wars to subdue tlie 



84 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Indians when this countr}^ was first settled. It was represented 
upon the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence 
when oiir relations with Great Britain were such that war was 
inevitable. It was well represented among the signers of the 
Declaration of Independence. 

In the war that followed, none of the colonies furnished 
men and means more liberally in proportion to population than 
Connecticut. After the war was over, and the people of the 
colonies found it necessary to have a more substantial form of 
government than there existed under the confederation, Con- 
necticut took a leading part in the foundation of the constitu- 
tion, which was ultimately adopted, and was among the first 
five States to adopt the same. In all the wars for the main- 
tenance of the Union which have since occurred, Connecticut, 
in proportion to her population, has not been exceeded, in men 
and means furnished, by any of the States. 

But it would not be doing justice to the State to confine its 
influence to those born within its borders. At an early period 
in the existence of the colony, provision was made for the edu- 
cation of her children. These provisions for education have 
been enjoyed, not only by her own children, but by those from 
other States and other countries. The reputation of her edu- 
cational institutions has been, and now is such, that young men 
are attracted there for the purposes of education and the in- 
fluence which Connecticut, through her educational institu- 
tions, has exerted upon this country, has not been equaled by 
any of the States. 

A comparative list of Senators, members of Congress, 
judges, educators, and men devoted to the professions, who 
have been educated in Connecticut, would show that no State 
would equal her in this respect. One of the first, if not the 
very first, law school in the United States was located in Con- 
necticut, and was successfully maintained for many years. 

In manufactured articles you will find Connecticut largely 
represented in this exhibition. As an illustration of what her 
sons have done in the line of inventions, we find from the 
records of the patent office for the first hundred years of its ex- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. g5 

istence — 1790 to 1890 — that 21,810 patents were granted 
to citizens of Connecticut — a mncli larger ratio than to any 
otlier State in the Union. 

I cannot close my remarks without thanking, in behalf of 
the State of Connecticut, the Board of World's Fair Managers, 
including the Board of Lady Managers, for the faithful and 
laborious work performed by them to make the fair a success, 
so far as Connecticut is concerned. The variety of the work 
done by them is too great to allow one to enter into details, 
but everywhere are evidences of the forethought, discretion, 
and good taste exercised by them. 

The formal exercises bein^^ concluded, Mrs. Isabella 
Beecher Hooker paid a fitting tribute to the work of women 
in furthering the plans for the successful celebration of the 
great event that had brought together at Jackson Park repre- 
sentatives of the nations of the globe. The closing feature of 
the day was a public reception by the Governor in the main 
parlor of the State Building, which was attended by a large 
number of people. 



CHAPTEK YIII. 

Connecticut Collective Exhibits in Departments of Education, Agricul- 
ture, Forestry, Minerals, Dairy Products, Live Stock, Leaf Tobacco, 
and Colonial Relics. 

In most instances the task of collecting and arranging 
Connecticnt's collective exhibits, and that also of their super- 
vision during the Exposition, was delegated to various indi- 
viduals especially qualified for such service. The educational 
exhibit was placed under the general supervision of Charles D. 
Hine, secretary of the State Board of Education, who was 
assisted by Samuel P. Willard of Colchester. The general 
supervision of the agricultural exhibit was delegated to Theo- 
dore S. Gold, secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, who 
called to his aid Professor Charles S. Phelps of the Storrs Agri- 
cultural College. The exhibit of leaf tobacco was made a dis- 
tinct feature, whose various details received special attention 
from John B. Haas of Hartford, Seneca O. Glriswold of Po- 
quonock, and H. S. Erye of Windsor. At the request of the 
Board of Managers, the work of collecting and preparing speci- 
mens for the forestry exhibit was imdertaken by Thomas R. 
Pickering, a member of the board, who employed Horace E. 
Walker of South Glastonbury to give attention to the details 
of the exhibit. The management of the exhibit of dairy pro- 
ducts devolved upon the State Dairymen's Association, which 
was represented at the Exposition by Robert A. Potter of 
Bristol and A. M. Bancroft of Rockville. Reports and data 
relating to exhibits above named have been furnished by per- 
sons superintending them, and are embodied herewith. The 
following report was made by Samuel P. Willard: 



(86) 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. §7 

EDUCATIONAL EXHIBIT. 

" The Connecticut Educational Exhibit was situated in the 
south gallery of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building, 
east of the center. 

It was not until about the first of Eebruary, 1893, that it 
was definitely decided that space would be allowed to the state. 
The space of 1,000 square feet then granted was soon cut down 
to 900 square feet. In this space there could not be a large ex- 
hibit, but it was attempted to show as far as the time for pre- 
paration would allow: 

1. Plans of teaching by subjects, showing the end or object 
in view, on charts and by complete outlines in books prepared 
by teachers. 

2. Methods, apparatus, material, devices sho"wing means 
used in teaching. 

3. Books containing the work of children, showing the best 
work done under the plan and with the means. 

The exhibit would, therefore, show the best teaching and its 
results. The most prominent part of it was the outlines fur- 
nished by the different schools of the plans of teaching and 
the methods used to attain these plans. It, was in this that 
the Connecticut exhibit was unique. 

The material was arranged by towns, rather than by sub- 
jects, and was contributed almost entirely by the foUomng 
places: I^ew Haven, Hartford, Willimantic, New Britain, 
"Waterbury, Stamford, Torrington, Bristol, Colchester, Old 
Saybrook, ISTorwich, Middletown, and Bridgeport. 

In the plans and methods shown the correlation of the 
studies was a marked feature. In reading there were primary 
lessons based on science and on literature. There were lan- 
guage lessons based on simple scientific phenomena, on litera- 
ture, and on geography, while literature lessons made lessons 
in language and in reading. Science lessons were made a basis 
for reading lessons, language lessons, and also for dramng 
and penmanship. 

Erom the Middletown schools came very complete plans 
for science work in all the gi*ades, and specimens from the 



88 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

scliool collection in zoology, botany, and mineralogy were 
shown to indicate the material to put in the hands of the pupils 
for their study. 

In geography, history, and civil government very complete, 
interesting, and intelligent plans were shoA\Ti, and enough 
work by the pupils to illustrate the results that could be ob- 
tained by f oUowi^ng these methods. 

At the time this exhibit was collected no manual training 
schools had been opened in Connecticut, and the exhibit was 
in this department almost entirely wood work. 

A set of models setting out a four-years' plan of work in a 
somewhat modified course of sloyd was shown from one school. 
Accompanying this were specimens of the pupils' work, and 
the scale dra^^dng that they had made and which they followed 
in their manual work. 

From the Industrial School, Middletown, and from one or 
two city schools, came samples of sewing and lace work. 

Photographs accompanied the exhibits of the different 
places. These photographs illustrated the different styles of 
school architecture, shomng exterior and interior of school 
buildings. The pictures of the olass-rooms were, for the most 
part, selected to show the classes engaged in certain lessons; 
those in the kindergarten to show the children engaged in 
various occupations and games; those in the older classes to 
show the children engaged in various exercises, as observation, 
drawing, gymnastics, manual training, cooking, writing, his- 
tory, and arithmetic. 

There was shown a file of town and school reports covering 
three years from the various towns in the state. 

There was also a com])lete set of the works of the Honorable 
Henry Barnard. This included : 

(a) Official Reports of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Wiscon- 
sin, Maryland, and as United States Commissioner of Educa- 
tion. 

(b) Volumes I to XXXI of American Joui-nal of Educa- 
tion. _ * 

(c) A complete set of his Library of Education, and 



>«i^l^ .^^' 




CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 89 

(d) Other publications, including tractates and treatises. 

This sketch is necessarily brief. The exhibit lacked some 
of the striking features that the products of the E'ormal Art 
and Manual Training Schools gave to some of the other states. 
In progressive methods, unhampered by precedent, founded 
on sound pedagogical principles, and proved by practice, the 
exhibit showed that the best Connecticut elementary schools 
are second to none." 

YALE UNIVERSITY. 

The exhibit made by Yale University consisted mainly of a 
collection of photographic views of the various departments 
of the university. It is due to Yale, as well as to the State 
Board of Education, to say that both would have been more 
effectively represented at the Exposition had it been possible 
to secure ampler allotment of space. At the time their applica- 
tions w^ere pending there came to the Chief of the Liberal 
Arts Department an application from the German government 
for 20,000 square feet of space in which to make an exhibit 
of its public school system, and in order to accede, as far as 
possible, to this large requirement American applicants were 
asked to waive their claims to the utmost extent. This condi- 
tion of affairs afforded an excellent opportunity for Connecti- 
cut educators to make an exhibition of magnanimity, and there 
was but comparatively small space left to them in which to 
exhibit anything else. Eor nearly two hundred years, how- 
ever, Yale has been exhibiting her alumni to the world — a 
more effective display than though she had filled unlimited 
space with minor details. Her exhibit included portraits of 
many illustrious men from her long list of graduates — with- 
out whom this world would have been poor indeed. 

l^otwithstanding the fact that Connecticut is not one of the 
notable agricultural states, her exhibit in. the department of 
agriculture at the Exposition was unique and attractive. 
"When it is known that the total cost of collecting, installing, 
and maintaining this exhibit during a period of six months, 
including the cost of the pavilion, was but little more than 
"7 



90 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

$4,300 it must be conceded that the appropriation was ex- 
pended to good purpose. During the greater part of the Ex- 
position season the exhibit was under the careful and intel- 
h'gent supervision of Martin Parker of South CoYentrj. The 
report of Prof. Phelps which follows gives ample details of its 
various features. 

AGRICULTURAL EXHIBIT. 

The pavilion used for the collective agricultural exhibit 
was designed by E. E. Benedict of AYaterbury, and was built 
by Tracy Brothers of that city at a cost of $2,600. 

As it was impossible to commence the work of collecting 
the exhibit until late in the season of 1892, it was not possible 
to obtain specimens of many of the crops of that year. In the 
preparation of the exhibit the following spring the lack of 
proper material for decorative purposes was especially felt. 
This feature, however, was greatly improved as the season 
of 1893 advanced by the utilization of grains in the straw, 
grasses, and other materials of that year's crops. 

An effort was made to have the exhibit of educational value 
as far as possible. Some of the leading collections were : First, 
an exhibit in glass cases of over one hundred and fifty vari- 
eties of corn grown within the state, including field, pop, and 
sweet corn. About one hundred of thesie were varieties of 
field com, which were accompanied by analyses, kindly fur- 
nished without expense by the Connecticut Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station. 

Second, a large case of leaf tobacco formed a conspicuous 
part of the collective exhibit, in addition to the general ex- 
hibit of tobacco, which was located in another part of the 
building. As Connecticut is famous for the high quality of 
her tobacco, this exhibit naturally attracted much attention. 

Third, a collection of distinct species of grasses, neatly ar- 
ranged in bunches, was an interesting feature. These were 
grown and furnished by the Storrs Experiment Station. 

Fourth, a collection of grains shown in bottles. 

Eifth, exhibits of the leading vegetables grovm vdtliin the 







*-s 




COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gi 

state, wliicli were not of a perisliable character. These were 
shown in their seasons from the crops of the year 1893. 

Sixth, an attractive collection of views of farm buildings, 
crops, and other farm scenes. These views were made by K. 
T. Sheldon of AVinsted. 

The special decorative features of the exhibit were a central 
piece representing a wigwam about ten feet in diameter, made 
of ears of corn; a large motto placed above the whole exhibit, 
containing the sentiment, " Connecticut's Best Crop, Her Sons 
and Daughters." This motto was the design, and largely the 
work, of !Mrs. A. S. Parker of South Coventry. An arch near 
one end contained the words " The Xutmeg State,'' and a 
great variety of wreaths, festoons, etc., made from the heads 
of oats, barley, and rye, covering the pillars and other parts 
of the booth, added much to its beauty. These decorative 
features added greatly to the attractiveness of the entire ex- 
hibit, and those who saw it during the latter half of the season 
offered many words of praise and commendation. Considering 
the fact that Connecticut expended on her collective exhibit 
only a small part of what most of the states used, it was gen- 
erally thought that a very creditable showing was made. 

FORESTRY EXHIBIT. 
The general direction of collecting and preparing the State's 
exhibit in the Forestry Department, as has been already said, 
was delegated to llr. Pickering of the Board of ^Managers, 
whose experience as special agent of the State at the Centennial 
Exhibition of 1876 had given him the requisite qualifications 
for the position. Mr. Pickering employed Horace P. "Walker 
of South Glastonbury as his assistant, who obtained and pre- 
pared for exhibition a fine collection of Connecticut woods, as 
shown by the subjoined list. Mr. TTalker took the collection 
to the Exposition and installed it with no little care. The total 
cost of this exhibit, including transportation and installation, 
was $1,100. Its daily supervision and care during the Exposi- 
tion fell to the lot of "William J. Poster, one of the clerks at the 



92 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Connecticut State Building. At tlie close of the Exposition 
the collection was given to tlie Storrs Agricultural College by 
tlie Board of Managers. 



SPECIMENS IN THE CONNECTICUT FORESTRY EXHIBIT. 



Quercus Prinus, . 

Quercus bicolor, . 

Quercus palustris, 

Quercus illicifolia, 

Quercus rubra, 

Quercus coccinea,. 

Quercus coccinea, var. tiuctoria 

Quercus aquatica, 

Quercus alba, 

Castanea sativa, . 

Fagus ferruginea, 

Carpinus Caroliniana, 

Ostrya Yirginica, 

Betula papyracea, 

Betula populifolia, 

Betula nigra, 

Bet-ula lenta, 

Betula lutea, 

Alnus incana, 

Alnus serrulata, . 

Salix alba, . 

Salix longifolia, . 

Salix purpurea, . 

Salix nigra, . 

Populus balsamifera, 

Populus balsamifera, var. candicans, 

Populus monilifera, 

Populus tremuloides, 

Populus grandidentata, 

Populus, 

Pinus strobus, 

Pinus rigida, 

Picea nigra, . 

Picea alba, . 

Abies excelsa, 

Thuja Canadensis, 

CliamcEcyparis sphceroides, 

Juniperus Virginiana, 

Juniperus communis, 

Larix Americana, 

Tilia Americana, 



Chestnut oak. 

Swamp white oak. 

Swamp Spanish or pin oak. 

Bear or black scrub oak. 

Red oak. 

Scarlet oak. 

Black oak, quercitron. 

Water oak. 

White oak. 

Chestnut. 

Beech. 

Hornbeam, blue beech. 

Hop-hornbeam, iron wood. 

Paper or canoe birch. 

White birch. 

River or red birch. 

Sweet or black birch. 

Yellow birch. 

Speckled or hoary alder. 

Black or tag alder. 

White willow. 

Long-leaved willow. 

Purple willow. 

Black or pussy willow. 

Balsam poplar. 

Balm of Gilead. 

Cotton wood. 

Aspen. 

Poplar. 

Lombardy poplar. 

White pine. 

Pitch pine. 

Black spruce. 

White spruce. 

Norway spruce. 

Hemlock. 

White cedar. 

Red cedar. 

Juniper, umbrella tree. 

Tamarack, American larch. 

Mountain bass wood. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



93 



Tilia Europsea, 
Liriodendron tulipifera, 
Tilia Americana, . 
Rhus typhina, 
Acer saccharinum, 
Acer saccharinum, var, 
Acer rubrum, 
Acer dasycarpum, 
Robinia pseudacacia, 
Prunus Americana, 
Prunus cerasus, . 
Prunus cerasus, var. 
Prunus serotina, . 
Prunus Virginiana, 
Crataegus coccinea, 
Crataegus crus-galli, 
Pyrus malus, 
Pyrus communis, . 
Amelanchier Canadensis 
Hamamelis Virginica 
Cornus florida, 
Cornus stolonifera, 
Nyssa sylvatica, . 
Yaccinium corymbosum, 
Gaylussacia resinosa, 
Kalmia latifolia, . 
Fraxinus Americana, 
Fraxinus sambucifolia 
Sassafras officinale. 
Benzoin odoriferum, 
Ulmus fulva, 
Ulmus Americana, 
Ulmus racemosa, . 
Morus alba, . 
Morus rubra, 
Platanus occidentalis, 
Juglans cinerea, . 
Juglans nigra, 
Carya tomentosa, 
Carya alba, . 
Carya porcina, 
Carya amara, 



River basswood. 

Tulip tree, whitewood. 

Basswood, linden. 

Staghorn sumach. 

Sugar maple. 

Curled or birdseye maple. 

Red or swamp maple. 

White or silver maple. 

Locust. 

Wild yellow or red plum. 

Red garden cherry. 

White garden cherry. 

Wild black cherry. 

Choke cherry. 

Scarlet-fruited thorn. 

Cockspur thorn. 

Apple. 

Pear. 

Shad bush, June berry. 

Witch hazel. 

Flowering dogwood. 

Red dogwood, sweet osier. 

Pepperidge. 

Swamp blueberry. 

Black huckleberry. 

Mountain laurel. 

White ash. 

Black ash. 

Sassafras. 

Spice-bush. 

Red or slippery elm. 

White or American elm. 

Cork or rock elm. 

White mulberry. 

Black or red mulberry. 

Sycamore, button ball. 

Butternut. 

Black walnut. 

White heart hickory. 

Shell bark hickory. 

Pig nut hickory. 

Bitter nut, swamp hickory. 



Aside from its regular exhibit in tlie Forestry Department, 
Connecticut furnislied six pillars for tlie Forestry Building. 
These were tree trunks twenty-five feet long, the choicest speci- 
mens that could be found in the " mountain county '' of the 



94 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

state. Three were contributed from Cornwall, as follows : 
White pine by John E. Calhoun ; white wood, or tulip tree, by 
Eiles Scoville; and white oak by T. S. Gold. E^orth Canaan 
also' contributed three : A chestnut by Burton A. Pierce, and 
white oak and hickory by Samuel A. Eddy.* They were sent to 
Cliicago during the summer of 1892 by special cars, great care 
having been taken in felling and loading them that their barks 
might not be marred. 

MINERAL EXHIBIT. 

Connecticut is rich in her mineral deposits — richer by far 
than was shown by her collective exhibit in the Department of 
Mines and Mining at the Exposition. This is explained by the 
statement that not until January, 1893, was it decided that 
the state would make an exhibit in this department. The sub- 
ject of a collective mineral exhibit was first brought to the at- 
tention of the Board of Managers by its newly-appointed ex- 
ecutive manager at their meeting held January 7, 1893, and 
in response to his suggestions, the following action was taken 
by the Board, as shown by the official minutes : 

" On motion, duly seconded, it was voted that the matter in 
reference to the exhibit for the Mining Department of the dif- 
ferent quarries of the state be referred to the executive man- 
ager, with full power to act upon the same." 

Acting under the authority above quoted, the executive man- 
ager communicated with the proprietors of forty-one quarries 
in various parts of the state, with the view of obtaining a 
" technical exhibit " of building stones of Connecticut, includ- 
ing granites, limestones, sandstones, and marbles — such a 
display being specially urged by the chief of Mining Depart- 
ment. 

The time was too short, however, to secure as many speci- 
mens as hoped for. In due time specimens were received from 
twelve quarries, as follows : 

Charles O. Wolcott, Buckland, 4 and 6-incli cubes, Red Sandstone. 
Shaler & Hall Quarry Co., Portland, 4, 6, and 12-inch cubes, Brown 
Sandstone. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 95 

Millstone Granite Co., Niantic, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Granite. 

Booth Bros. & Hurricane Isle Granite Co., New London, 4 and 6-inch 
cubes, Granite. 

Plymouth Quarry Co., Thomaston, 6-inch cube. Granite. 

R. I. Crissey, Norfolk, 4 and 6-inch cubes. Granite. 

New England Brownstone Co., Cromwell, 4, 6, and 12-inch cubes, 
Brown Sandstone. 

Stony Creek Red Granite Co., Stony Creek, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Red 
Granite. 

S. Holdsworth, Stony Creek, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Gray Granite. 

N. Bolles & Son, New Preston, 6-inch cube. Granite. 

Garvey Bros., Sterling, 4 and 6-inch cubes, Granite. 

H. C. Burnham, Hadlyme, 4 and 6inch cubes, Granite. 

This " teclinical exliibit '' was duly installed in the east gal- 
lery of the Department of Mines and Mining at the Exposition, 
and at its close was donated to the Field Columbian Museum 
in Chicago, by special permission of the individual contrib- 
utors. 

In addition to the building-stone exhibit there was a fine dis- 
play of burnt limestone, under glass, made by the Canaan Lime 
Company, of l^orth Canaan, and an attractive collection of 
beryls, garnets, tourmaline, feldspar, and mica from the quar- 
ries of S. L. "Wilson of ISTew Milford. Mr. Wilson's display of 
beryl and garnet gems was exquisite. The beryls were of 
various shades — golden, aquamarine, blue, canary, and light 
green — and were so much admired by the chief of the depart- 
ment, F. J. Y. Skiff, that he solicited specimens as souvenirs 
of Connecticut's mineral attractions. Mr. Skiff was given per- 
mission to make such selection as he desired, upon which golden 
and aquamarine beryls were chosen, which, ere this, have 
doubtless found appropriate and effective setting. In this 
collection were upwards of a hundred gems, which had been 
exquisitely cut by Tiffany & Co., of 'Ne^Y York. 

DAIRY EXHIBIT. 

It was not a light task to make a competitive exhibit of Con- 
necticut dairy products at the World's Fair, especially for its 
July exhibit, in the height of summer heat and at a distance 
of nearly a thousand miles from home. Yankee energy entered 



96 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

the contest with, resoluteness, however, and came ont of it with 
merited honors. 

The July exhibit of butter was made under the direction of 
A. ]\I. Bancroft of Eockrille, and the October exhibit was 
superintended by Eobert A. Potter, who were selected bv the 
Connecticut Dairymen's Association to represent them. There 
were forty-eight entries of butter, of which thirty-six were from 
co-operative creameries. Of the latter the average scoring was 
ninety-four points, entries from sixteen of them scoring over 
ninety-five points. State pride is fully justified by the fact that 
the co-operative creameries of Connecticut made a higher 
record than those of any other state. 

BUTTEK. 

Ellington Creamery, Ellington. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 95 ; Class 3, 

score 94. October exhibit : Class 5, score, 96 ; Class 3, score, 96. 
Windsor Creamery, Windsor. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 96 ; Class 3, 

score 98. 
Wapping Creamery, Wapping. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 90 ; Class 3, 

score, 94^. October exhibit : Class 5, score, 94 ; Class 3, score, 94^. 
Lebanon Creamery, Lebanon. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 96^ ; Class 3, 

score, 96^. October exhibit : Class 5, score, 96 ; Class 3, score, 96^. 
Glastonbury Creamery, Glastonbury. — July exhibit: Class 5, score 96^; 

Class 3, score, 97. 
WetJiersJield Creamery, Wether sfield. — July exhibit: Class 5, score, 93. 

October exhibit : Class 5, score, 93^ ; Class 3, score, 95. 
Andover Creamery, Andover. — July exhibit: Class 5, score, 86; Class 3, 

score, 93. October exhibit : Class 5, score 88 ; Class 3, score, 95. 
CromiDell Creamery, Cromwell. — July Exhibit : Class 5, score, 96. October 

exhibit ; Class 5, score, 89. 
Canton Creamery, Canton. — July exhibit: Class 5, score, 92. October 

exhibit : Class 5, score, 91 ; Class 3, score, 93. 
BrooTdyn Creamery, Brooklyn. — July exhibit : Class 5, score 92. 
Eastford Creamery, Eastford. — October exhibit: Class 5, score, 93 ; Class 

3, score, 93i. 
Vernon Creamery, Rockville. — October exhibit : Class 5, score, 94. 
E. Stevens Henry, Private Dairy, Rockville. — October exhibit: Class 5, 

score, 94. 
Plainville Creamery, Plainville. — July exhibit : Class 5, score, 93^. Octo- 
ber exhibit : Class 5, score, 94 ; Class 3, score, 96^. 
iV^. S. Stevens cfc Co., Proprietary Creamery, East Canaan. — July Exhibit: 

Class 4, score, 92 : Class 3 (damaged), score, 79. 
George A. Miner, Private Dairy, Bristol. — October exhibit : Class 1, score, 

92 ; Class 3, score, 97. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 97 

George E. Morse, Private Dairy, Cheshire. — October exhibit: Class 1, 

Score, 93. 
H. A. Huntington, Private Dairy, Eigganum. — October exhibit: Class 1^ 

score, 93|-, 
Mrs. Fairclough, Private Dairy, Wolcott. — October exhibit : Class 1, score^ 

91. 
Silas A. Gridley, Private Dairy, Terry ville. — October exhibit: Class 1^ 

score, 94. 
Henry Avery, Private Dairy, Talcottville. — October exhibit: Class 1, 

score, 94. 
Mrs. G. F. Douglass, Private Dairy, New Hartford. — October exhibit : 

Class 2, score, 90. 

OHEESE. 

Horace Sabin, Pomfret. — July exhibit : Class 8, score, 86; Class 8, score,. 

93. 
N. S. Stevens & Co., East Canaan. — July exhibit : Class 2, score, 91. 
Mrs. F. B. Chaffee, Woodstock. — Su\j exhibit : Class 8, score, 94. 
Mrs. G. B. Stearns, Andover. — July exhibit: Class 8, score, 87; Class 8,. 

score, 86. 
Scotland Dairy Co., Scotland. — July exhibit: Class 4, score, 89. 
Edward Norton, Goshen. — July exhibit : Class 9 (pineapple cheese), score,. 

96. 

LIVE STOCK. 

An effort was made bj the executive officers of tlie Board 
of Managers to secure entries of live stock at tlie Exposition, 
especiallj from the choice herds of milk producers with which 
Connecticut abounds, but without avail, the great distance and 
the inevitable trouble and expense being barriers to the under- 
taking. In the competitive dairy herd test the American Jer- 
sey Cattle Club selected the Baroness Argyle, 40,498, o^^nied 
by Hon. E. Stevens Henry of Rockville, as one of the twenty- 
five Jersey cows for that contest. She stood 'No. 4 in the gen- 
eral sweepstakes, embracing all the different tests, with credited 
butter product of 250,65 pounds of butter in 120 consecutive 
days. The Baroness was the leading cow during the first forty 
days of the ninety-days' test, with a credited butter product of 
91.15 pounds. She would doubtless have maintained her 
position at the head of the list had not the extreme heat during 
the test affected her condition adversely for a few days. 

The only other entries of live stock from Connecticut were 
those of working oxen. These were selected by a committee 



^8 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

appointed by the State Board of Agriculture, namely, Messrs. 
William G-. French, Charles W. Lee, and Augustus Hamilton. 
Under the rules they were to be shown imder yoke, without 
regard to age or breeding. The committee made selection of 
four pairs, which were taken to the Exposition in October, 
under charge of Mr. Hamilton and E. W. Lyon. The com- 
petitive exhibition was held in the live stock pavilion, each pair 
heing put to the test of strength, and to that also of general 
working qualities. The exhibition was witnessed by Hon. 
William I. Buchanan, chief of the Agricultural Depai-tment, 
who seemed much impressed by the intelligence shown by the 
faithful workers, as well as by their great strength, and by the 
careful training they evinced. Among the contestants was a 
pair of Devons, seven years old, owned by Hon. David Strong 
of Winsted. They not only surpassed all of their competitors 
in drawing loads of stone, and in other working tests, but were 
almost as closely matched as two blades of grass, or the pro- 
verbial two peas. Awards were given for the Connecticut 
working oxen exhibit as follows: 

1st prize, $50 and medal, ... David Strong, Winsted. 

^d prize, $40 and medal, . . . Jno. Ferris, Stamford. 

3d prize, $30 and medal, . . . Granger Bros., Broad Brook. 

4th prize, $20 and medal, . . . E. W. Lyon, Nortlifield. 

The pair exhibited by Mr. Lyon were grade Devons, and 
were not only admirable working oxen, but were trained 
to do many interesting and laughable tricks, and would have 
been creditable performers in a vaudeville entertainment. 

LEAF TOBACCO EXHIBIT. 

Connecticut's position as a gi-ower of leaf tobacco was very 
much in evidence at the World's Pair. A collective exhibit was 
undertaken under the direction of the ^ew England Tobacco 
Growers' Association, to which one hundred and thirty-eight 
Connecticut farmers contributed five hundred and seventy-one 
samples. A showcase in the state's agricultural pa^dlion con- 
tained seventy-eight samples from nineteen toAvns. Three hun- 
dred samples were packed away in drawers in the Agricultural 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 99 

Pavilion for examination by practical tobacco men and by 
members of the jury of award. In connection with the tobacco 
exhibit in the Agricultural Department of the Grovemment 
Building there were twenty-six samples of Connecticut to- 
bacco. In the Connecticut collective tobacco exhibit in the 
gallery of the Agricultural Building there were five hundred 
and forty-five samples in its two showcases and in bulk. This 
exhibit was effectively displayed, each sample bearing the 
name and residence of the grower. Its fine appearance re- 
flected credit upon H. S. Frye, president of the Tobacco 
Growers' Association, who superintended the work of arrange- 
ment in its various details. 

COLONIAL RELICS. 

A collective exhibit of Connecticut colonial relics was made 
in the Government Building under the direction of Miss Fran- 
ces S. Ives of 'New Haven, member of Board of I^ational Com- 
missioners for Connecticut. An appropriation of $800 was 
Toted by the Board of Managers to defray the expense of the 
collection of articles for this exhibit, but less than half the 
.amount was required, $480 being returned to the treasury by 
Miss Ives. 

It was found that many owners of colonial relics were loath 
to surrender them, through fear of loss or damage by fire or 
-accident, so that the collection was not as large as hoped for. 
Among other relics much desired for this exhibit was the fa- 
mous Connecticut charter granted by Charles II to the Con- 
necticut Colony in 1662, but the state's Magna Charta is too 
precious a document to entrust away from its quiet resting- 
place in the Capitol — so evidently thought the Legislature of 
1893, regardless of promises of watchful guardianship and safe 
Teturn. 



CHAPTER IX. 

Review of Notable Connecticut Exhibits, with Illustrations — Yankee In- 
ventions — Silverware — Watches and Clocks — Machinery — Thread 

— Bicycles — Carriages — Fine Arts — Live-stock — Butter and Cheese 

— Large variety of Woods — Curious Antiques. 

It is not practicable to undertake to give in tbis volume ex- 
tended sketches of individual exhibits made at tbe World's 
Fair from Connecticut. How could justice be done in limited 
space to tbe large number of Connecticut exhibitors wbo merit 
special recognition — there were about one hundred and 
twenty-five of them, all told — when an adequate description 
of some of the more notable ones would require an entire chap- 
ter? In this latter category were exhibits of the Willimantic 
Linen Company, The Cheney Silk "Works, Pope Manufactur- 
ing Company, Meriden Britannia Company, Waterbury 
Watch Company, Pratt &: Whitney Company, Randolph & 
Clowes, the Russell & Erwin and Billings & Spencer Com- 
panies. The most that can be done with reference to even the 
more notable exhibits is to barely mention them, and let the 
camera do the rest. 

Prom February to July, 1894, the ^ew England Magazine^ 
of Boston, published a series of sketches, written by the ex- 
ecutive officers of the World's Pair Boards of the several Xew 
England States, which were designed to pass in review the 
more notable features of the exhibits of each state. The sketch 
of " Connecticut at the World's Pair," which appeared in the 
July number, refers to so many of the more prominent ex- 
hibits from this state that the entire sketch is reprinted here^ 
by permission of the publisher of the magazine. Indulgence 
will be hoped for if the reader discovers that some features in 
this sketch have appeared elsewhere in this volume. It seems 
fitting that the sketch should find a lodgment within these 
covers as a part of the story of Connecticut's participation in 
the great Columbian Exposition of 1893.. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. IQI 

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
{Beprinted from New England Magazine of July, 1S9U.) 

The ingeniiitj of the Connecticut Yankee is conceded 
wherever he is intimately kno^vn. It requires some stretch 
of the imagination to accept the story of the Connecticut manu- 
facturer who made his surplus shoe pegs serve for oats. The 
old-time legend of Connecticut wooden nutmegs may or may 
not have contained grains of truth; it is a fact that when the 
ITational Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic 
was held in Boston, in 1890, a Connecticut peddler of wooden 
nutmeg souvenirs, upon finding that his stock was running low, 
bought a quantity of genuine nutmegs, and after equipping 
them with rings and ribbons palmed them off by the hundred 
as imitations, at a quarter apiece ! The inventive characteris- 
tics of the Yankee boy were aptly told by the Rev. John Pier- 
pont, in his poem delivered at the Litchfield county centennial 
celebration, in 1851: 

" Thus by his genius and his jack-knife driven, 
Ere long he'll solve you any problem given; 
Make any gimcrack, musical or mute, — 
A plow, a coach, an organ, or a flute; 
Make you a locomotive or a clock, 
Cut a canal, or build a floating dock, 
Or lead forth Beauty from a marble block; 
Make anything, in short, for sea or shore. 
From a child's rattle to a seventy-four. 
Make it, said I? Ay, when he undertakes it, 
He'll make the thing, and the machine that makes it; 
And, when the thing is made, — whether it be 
To move on earth, in air, or on the sea, 
Whether on water, o'er the waves to glide. 
Or, upon land, to roll, revolve, or slide, 
Whether to whirl or jar, to strike or ring, 
Whether it be a piston or a spring. 
Wheel, pulley, tube sonorous, wood or brass, — 
The thing designed shall surely come to pass; 
For, when his hand's upon it, you may know 
That there's go in it, and he'll make it go." 

In Connecticut, as elsewhere, the boy is father of the man, 
Prom the elderwood popgun of the Yankee boy to the Gatlin 
of the Yankee inventor is a long stride, but one may with good 
reason regard the latter as in lineal descent from the former. 
From the crude horse-pistol of other days has been evolved 



102 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

tlie complex Colt's revolver of onr own time, with all its vary- 
ing kin. There are many intermediate steps between the 
primitive looms on which onr grandmothers wove prosaic plaids 
and the intricate machinery which now produces silken poems 
in fabrics woven at the Cheney mills, with colors that would 
delight the eye of Titian, but the evolutionary steps are well 
defined to him who has studied them. 

As he who has a good story likes to tell it, so he who has 
a good thing likes to show it, especially upon an auspicious oc- 
casion. It should not be taken for granted, however, credit- 
able as was Connecticut's display at the World's Fair, that 
she Avas there ^^ for all she was worth." Less than forty-five 
per cent, of intending exhibitors from Connecticut accepted 
the allotment of space offered to them in the various depart- 
ments, — the principal reason being that many allotments 
were made at so late a day as to allow inadequate time for the 
proper installation of exhibits. 

aSTotwithstanding the large percentage of intending exhibit- 
ors who failed to put in an appearance, Connecticut was not 
without an excellent representation at the Exposition. Of 
about one hundred and thirty applicants for space in the De- 
partment of Manufactures, sixty were reported in the official 
directory as exhibitors. It is impossible here to make indi\dd- 
ual mention of but a small fraction of the whole number. 

The most conspicuous Connecticut exhibit in this depart- 
ment was the Meriden Britannia Company's superb pavilion 
and exquisite display of silverware. The pavilion was of rich, 
dark mahogany; and when its cost is known as upwards of 
twenty thousand dollars, some idea may be obtained of the 
setting pro^dded for the beautiful exhibit of the company's 
wares. Its location was on Columbia Avenue, near the center 
of the building, — a position to which it was entitled by virtue 
of its unsurpassed excellence. 

In the same class were exhibits by the Holmes & Edwards 
Silver Company of Bridgeport ; the Wm. Rogers Manufactur- 
ing Company of Hartford; Simpson, Hall, Miller & Company 
of Wallingford; the Rogers & Brothers of Waterbury. Con- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. iQg 

necticut lias long been noted for its superiority of manufact- 
ures of this class, and its best known representatives were tliere. 

Famous as Connecticut is for her clocks, with which for 
more than a hundred years she has compelled the civilized 
world to take note of passing time, it may seem strange that 
but one exhibit was made of them, that of the Ansonia Clock 
Company. Their absence may be attributed to their inability 
to secure adequate space. But Connecticut time-keepers were 
in abundance, in the shape of Waterbury watches. It must 
have surprised visitors, especially those who only remembered 
the earlier product of this company, to see what an advance 
has been made in them. A dozen years ago, though they were 
always good timekeepers, their chief mission seemed to be to 
furnish a text for newspaper humorists: the jokes about their 
long winding were numberless. !N^ow they are wound in five 
seconds, and not only in appearance but in timekeeping quali- 
ties they rival their more pretentious cousins from Geneva, 
Waltham, and Elgin. This company also exhibited what 
proved to be one of the wonders of the Fair, — the Century 
Clock. Its cost was sixty thousand dollars, its construction re- 
quiring twelve years' time; and its mechanism is said to surpass 
that of all the famous clocks of the past. 

To whatever section of the Manufacturers' Department the 
visitor was drawn in which Connecticut exhibits were shown, 
it is not overstating the case to say they were found to be of 
high standard and in greatest variety; writing machines, cur- 
tain fixtures, household furniture, bronze monuments, lace 
thread work, silk thread and fabrics, cotton and woolen fabrics, 
carpets, hosiery, pins and thimbles, gun implements and am- 
munition, firearms (long and short), lighting apparatus, paints^ 
hardware specialties, pocket cutlery, carpenter's tools, copper- 
ware, rubber goods, — these so abounded as to show that Con- 
necticut could stock a new world, could another be found, in 
business or housekeeping. 

In the Department of Machinery, in which there were up- 
wards of fifty applications for space from Connecticut manu- 
facturers, the official directory shows the names of only about 



104 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

half that number. It is the same old story of lack of space, 
and delay in making allotment of such space as was granted. 
The outside world can never fully know of the dilemma in 
which chiefs of departments found themselves, or of their ef- 
forts to provide space for exhibitors. As early as July 1, 
1892, it was discovered that -Qye times as much space had been 
applied for as was at the disposal of the various department 
chiefs. In the Mechanic Arts Building, large as was the space 
for exhibits, it may well be doubted if any applicant secured 
the area desired, while many were unable to secure any. The 
rule was, evidently, to grant the least possible space in which 
it was thought the applicant could install his exhibit; and un- 
less there was reason to believe that the exhibit offered would 
be specially meritorious, to grant none at all. The first appli- 
cation for space in this department from Connecticut was that 
of A. D. Quint of Hartford, for a drill press. 'No allotment 
had been made to him up to February, when the writer made 
a personal appeal in his behalf. The chief said he had appli- 
cations for space for such exhibits which would cover acres 
of his floor, and he had no room for them. " But Mr. Quint 
says his press will do what no other drill press in the world can 
do," was the reply. That settled it. Four feet of space, was 
found for it. It was enough to enable the exhibitor to fully 
establish the claim made for his invention. 

Among the more notable exhibits from Connecticut in this 
department were those of the Willimantic Linen Company, 
of cotton thread machinery, always attracting many visitors 
by its marvelous mechanism; wire-stitching machines of R. 
H. Brown & Co. of New Haven, book-sewing machines of the 
Smyth Manufacturing Company, and the Thome typesetting 
machine of Hartford. Exhibits of the Pratt & Whitney and 
Billings & Spencer Companies of Hartford, Peck, Stow & 
Wilcox Company of Southington, and others of the same 
general class, were chiefly interesting to those who were famil- 
iar with the work for which they were designed. 

It was a good place in which to make good things known. 
The Hendey Machine Company of Torrington had, among 



COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 105 

other exhibits, one of their improved iron-working lathes. A 
German visitor inspected it, and was evidently interested in it, 
thongh he conldn't speak English, and the attendant couldn't 
speak German. Again and again he came on his en*and of 
inspection, at length bringing with him an interpreter. 
Finally, he gave his order for one, to be shipped to Germany; 
and multiphdng orders for them are in most instances traced 
to the exhibit at the Fair. 

The most ponderous Connecticut exhibit in the ]Machinery 
Department was that of the Yale & Towne Manufacturing 
Company of Stamford, — an ^^ electric traveler " which ran on 
an overhead track of its own, the entire length of the building. 
This was one of the indispensable landmarks in service during 
the installation of heavy exhibits. TTith its chains and blocks 
it would lift from freight cars the heavy parts of machinery, 
no matter of how many tons' weight, and move away with 
them as though they were but playthings. 

The most notable exhibit from Connecticut in the Trans- 
portation Department was that of the Pope ]\Ianufacturing 
Company of Hartford. The official catalogue contained en- 
tries of thirty-six bicycle exhibits, but there was no exhibit 
wdiich compared with the Columbias. The pavilion in which 
they were installed was of itself a superb creation, giving the 
exhibit a setting which could not fail to compel the admira- 
tion of all visitors. 

Of the four-wheeled vehicles sent from this state, that which 
perhaps attracted the most attention was a jaunty six-passenger 
^^ brake " made by the Xew Haven Carriage Company, — a 
turnout which was as fine a specimen of work of its kind as 
could be found in the department. The B. Man^-ille Com- 
pany of Xew Haven exhibited a brougham which well merited 
the diploma and medal given them by the Bureau of Awards. 

But few exhibits were made by Connecticut in the Depart- 
ment of Liberal Arts, and they were unpretentious. 

In the educational section the space allotted to Connecticut 
was too meagre for an elaborate display by either Yale Uni- 
versity or the State Board of Education; and at the eleventh 
8 



106 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

liour a portion of the original allotment was recalled for dis- 
tribution among other and belated applicants. The result was 
the disarranging of original plans and marring the design 
mapped out by those having the work in charge. Neverthe- 
lesSj the exhibit was meritorious enough to warrant medals by 
the Bureau of Awards, not only to Yale and to the training 
schools at Willimantic and Bridgeport, but also to the seven- 
teen public schools which were represented. It is hardly 
possible that Yale will go down in the scale of public estima- 
tion on account of the disparity between her square feet of ex- 
hibition space and that occupied by Harvard, so long as she 
maintains her superiority over her famous rival at football 
and on the Thames ! 

One of the most notable exhibits in this department was the 
collection of musical instruments exhibited by Mr. M. Steinert 
of ISTew Haven, said to be the most valuable collection of the 
kind in the world, in which were harpsichords, clavichords, 
spinets, and possibly " an instrument with ten strings." He 
must indeed be devoid of sentiment who could not be moved 
when in the presence of an instrument upon which Beethoven 
played his divine symphonies. 

We are compelled to confess, as we enter the portals of the 
Art Palace, that in the domain of fine arts Connecticut is not 
conspicuous. Her people, as a rule, are more inclined to turn 
their attention toward matters of practical nature. The pro- 
verbial thrift of her average citizen would lead him to prefer 
owning the smooth meadoAV that adjoins his own, or a bond 
from which he could cut six per cent, coupons, to a parlor full 
of Corots or Meissoniers. As elsewhere, however, there is 
here an appreciation of art that comes from culture, observa- 
tion, and study; and here and there the little utilitarian Com- 
monwealth can point out gifted sons, and daughters, too, whose 
brushes have put upon canvas paintings of great worth and 
beauty. 

Of Connecticut exhibits in the Department of Fine Arts 
were six subjects in oil by Charles H. Dslyis of Mystic, all of 
them awarded medals; a portrait of Mark Twain, by Charles 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 107 

[NToel Flagg of Hartford; two subjects from Prof. John Y. 
Wier of the Yale Art School; a spring landscape bj Henry C. 
White of Hartford; and about a dozen others by artists of 
reputation. There were, of course, relative degrees of ex- 
cellence among the works of artists at the World's Fair; but 
mediocrity had no opportunity even for entrance ; only works 
of high merit had a chance to hang upon the walls of the Art 
Palace. 

. Modest, indeed, in comparison with the rich and marvelous 
exhibits from the great mining states of the West, was Con- 
necticut's contribution to the Department of Mines and Min- 
ing. Promises of collections from the Salisbury iron mines, 
from whose ore beds the best car wheels in the world are made, 
were unfilled. Cubes from the Canaan marble quarries, from 
which the state's most noted edifice, the beautiful capitol at 
Hartford, was built, were lacking, though they, too, were faith- 
fully promised. Connecticut abounds in granite of almost 
every conceivable shade, and there were fine specimens sent 
from her best quarries, — from ^ew London, l^iantic, Had- 
lyme. Stony Creek, Sterling, Plymouth, and ^N'orfolk. The 
brownstone quarries of Portland and Cromwell also added 
attractiveness to the collection. 

In addition to these substantial specimens was a fine col- 
lection of minerals exhibited by Mr. S. L. Wilson of 'New Mil- 
ford, all obtained from his own premises near that place. 
The collection inculded mammoth sheets of the clearest mica,. 
immense crystals of garnet and beryl, in addition to which were 
upwards of a hundred exquisite cut gems, rivalling in beauty 
the richest topaz and diamond. At the close of the Pair it 
was the desire of Chief Skiff of this department to obtain a 
specimen from each exhibit as souvenirs of the Exposition. 
His choice from that of Connecticut was a golden beryl gem 
from Mr. Wilson's collection. 

The exhibit of Connecticut in the Department of Agricul- 
ture was made under the direction of the State Board of Agri- 
culture, and was installed and maintained under the superin- 
tendence of Prof. C. S. Phelps of the Storrs Agricultural 



108 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Scliool. There was probably no other exhibit in this depart- 
ment that had so large and complete a variety of corn as was 
shown by this state, though it was not displayed in the artistic 
manner common to the great agricultural states of the West. 
The display of Connecticut grasses was also excellent, though 
less time and money were spent than in some instances which 
might be named, to make them attract the eye of the visitor by 
artistic effects. The most notable exhibit from Connecticut 
in this department was that of leaf tobacco, made under the 
direction of the N'ew England Tobacco Grrowers' Association. 
The superiority of the " Connecticut leaf '' has long been es- 
tablished, and choice samples were shown in a case designed 
for the purpose, by one hundred and thirty-eight individual 
growers, though the award was given only in the name of the 
association of which they are members. 

The pa^dlion in which the agricultural exhibit of the state 
was shown was embellished by an arch bearing the legend, 
" Connecticut's best crop — her sons and daughters." 

Comparatively few visitors to the World's Eair were cogni- 
zant of the contest that was going on over in the live-stock 
section of the Exposition grounds, where the ninety-day test 
was made between selected teams of milk, butter, and cheese 
producers, — Jerseys, Ayrshires, and Shorthorns. While the 
visitors were sailing the lagoons, admiring the widespread 
panorama from the Eerris Wheel, or imbibing music or lager 
in " Old Vienna," they little realized, we imagine, how these 
gilt-edged kine were straining and being strained for the 
golden prize that would bring fame to themselves and perhaps 
fortune to their owners. We have not at hand data showing 
the results of the test between the respective breeds in this 
family contest; it is our wish simply to show Connecticut's 
participation in the race for lacteal honors. In the Jersey 
team the only Connecticut representative was the ^' Baroness 
of Argyle," owned by Hon. E. Stevens Henry of Eockville. 
She was considered the best cow of her family in the state, 
and for the first forty days of the contest proved herself to be 
the best of the team, vdth a credited butter product of ninety- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 109 

one and fifteen one-limidredtlis pounds, better tlian two and 
one-fonrtli pounds per day. This marvelons bntter-maker 
would, doubtless, have maintained her position at the head of 
her class had she not been unduly affected by the excessive heat 
during the ordeal. '^ Blood will tell." The record of six 
generations, of which the " Baroness " is the fifth, shoAvs all 
to have produced upwards of fourteen pounds of butter in 
seven days, while she herself has a record of two and sixty- 
seven one-hundredths pounds per day for seven days. 

It must be that if the manufacturers of imitation butter, of 
whatever name, can find a market for their product in Con- 
necticut, it is not because her people do not know what real 
butter is. Eleven of Connecticut's creameries and seven in- 
dividual butter-makers entered the competition list in the 
Dairy Department at the Fair ; and though the samples had to 
be transported a thousand miles before going to the judges' test, 
the result showed that she stood second in the race, led under 
the wire by 'New Hampshire, and only by a nose at that. 

The ox is a patient animal and is seldom known to complain, 
whatever his treatment. But I cannot allow the record of the 
live-stock department to be closed vdthout referring to Con- 
necticut's exhibit of work oxen. This was the only state ex- 
hibiting in this class. Indeed, nowhere else in the world has 
there been so much care paid to the breeding of oxen during 
the past fifty years. Devons are the favorites, not on account 
of tlieir beauty solely, but as well for their intelligence, their 
excellence as brisk roadsters, and their enduring qualities at 
the plow. Of the four yokes entered, all were awarded cash 
prizes as well as medals, the first prize being taken by Hon. 
David Strong of Winsted. Of his pair Chief Buchanan re- 
marked that he believed them to be " the finest yoke of oxen 
in the world." 

In the Department of Electricity there were but few ex- 
hibits from Connecticut. The principal ones were made by 
the Eddy Electric Company of Windsor, a comparatively re- 
cent establishment, whose claims upon the attention of the 
elecrrical world are pretty sure to be more fully recognized as 



110 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

time goes on. The inventive genius wliich is always so active 
in Connecticnt can best be noted by examination of tbe weekly 
Patent-Office reports, in wliicb sbe will be found to carry off 
a large percentage of the prizes. Were it possible to trace to 
their source the notable improvements in electrical mechanism 
and ideas during the past few years, they would probably be 
found to have originated largely in the inventive faculties of 
Connecticut brains, which are always on the alert to improve 
whatever comes within the range of their observation. 

The Electricity Building bore conspicuously, in connection 
with that of Morse, the name of Alfred Yail, his co-laborer, to 
whom should be given the principal credit, as his biographers 
have established, for the practical working of the modern tele- 
graph. The dot and dash of its alphabet, as devised by him, 
have remained unchanged through all the years since he first 
gave it to the world. His name merits a place here, from the 
fact that his ancestors were Connecticut Yankees. 

We should be ungracious, indeed, did we fail to refer to the 
exhibits of Connecticut women at the Fair. They were not 
numerous, but without exception were meritorious. That of 
the highest order was the decorative treatment of the Connecti- 
cut room in the AYoman's Building, by Miss Elizabeth B. 
Sheldon of New Haven, for which she was awarded a medal. 
Another exhibit of unusual excellence was made by Mrs. Isabel 
H. Butler of Bridgeport, — reproductions on the sewing 
machine of hand art needlework, — which was also given an 
award. Besides these were a dozen or more exhibits of handi- 
work, all of them choice specimens, else they could not have 
passed the rigid ordeal of examination to which they were sub- 
jected. Had mxcn been judges of the selection of offerings for 
exhibit in the "Woman's Building, the case might have been 
different; they would very likely have opened wide the door 
rather than subject themselves to possible charges of favorit- 
ism. But women sat in judgment upon exhibits for which 
space Avas desired by their sisters, and the criterion they estab- 
lished and maintained was genuine merit. The belief that a 
woman's judgment upon those of her own sex is severer than 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. m 

would be that of men may be erroneous; but no applicant 
for space in the Woman's Building was granted it, we are 
certain, unless her offering was fully up to the required 
standard. 

To the Forestry Department Connecticut sent a collective 
exhibit of one hundred and four varieties of her woods. The 
specimens were mainly of small dimensions, and the collection 
was designed to be a chapter in natural history rather than a 
feature of commercial character. 

The only Connecticut exhibit in the Department of Ethno- 
logy was Prof. r. W. Putnam, its scholarly chief, — a lineal 
descendant of Gen. Israel Putnam, Connecticut's most illus- 
trious soldier of the Eevolution, — whose portrait hung in the 
main hall of the State Building. Prof. Putnam merited 
diploma and medal for the marvelous collection in his wonder- 
ful realm, in which was opportunity for greater range of 
study than in any of the more pretentious departments. 

In the Fisheries Department Connecticut had but one ex- 
hibit, that of fishing-rods, made by the Horton Manufacturing 
Company of Bristol. The temptation to diverge from the 
path of truth is so indefinably strong when one is within pisca- 
torial environment, that we hasten from it lest we flounder in 
the deep waters of extravagant expression ere we are aware. 

The home of the Connecticut visitors while at the World's 
Fair has been reserved as the final feature of this inadequate 
sketch. In its architecture and interior furnishings the Con- 
nectictit Building was designed to represent a type not un- 
common in this state in colonial days, though it was patterned 
after no existing model. The plan was chosen from among 
several w^hich were offered in competition with it, as being 
best suited for the use required of it. Its architect was Mr. 
W. P. Briggs of Bridgeport. Its dominant interior feature 
was a spacious main hall, twenty-one feet in width, with ample 
entrances to parlors on one side and dining-room on the other. 
A broad staircase at the rear led to the second story, being di- 
vided into two narrower flights from the broad landing. The 
main feature of the upper hall was the open well of about 



112 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

twelve feet in width, which was surrounded by a substantial 
railing. This gave to the central portion of the edifice 
spaciousness which was much commended by visitors. The 
parlors and dining-room were supplied mainly with antique 
furniture loaned from Connecticut homesteads, in which it 
had been the highly prized inheritance from generations long 
passed. In the parlors were straight-backed chairs on which 
strait-laced people of a former century must have sat with little 
comfort. In the rear parlor was an old-time writing-desk well 
supplied with pigeon-holes and drawers, where, in other days, 
possibly, some dignified squire kept copies of his decisions in 
lawsuits, between John Doe vs. Richard Roe et al. The fire- 
place in the rear parlor had an interesting setting — a mantel 
brought from Connecticut, loaned by Donald Gr. Mitchell, 
possibly one in front of which he sat in his younger days when 
his brain was filled with the " Reveries of a Bachelor." 

The walls of the two parlors Avere draped with silk tapestry 
of colonial pattern, a gift from the Cheney Brothers of South 
Manchester. Corner cupboards, genuine antiques from an- 
cient Connecticut homes, were transported to Jackson Park, 
and neatly fitted in corners of the dining-room; and behind 
their small-paned windows were beheld quaint pottery of the 
olden time, while on a high shelf running nearly around the 
room reposed tableware of a bygone age in great variety. 

Two of the chambers on the second fioor were furnished (for 
exhibition only) with high-post bedsteads with canopies, and 
the high feather beds were covered with counterpanes wrought 
in colonial days by hands which long, long since rested from 
their labors. Here and there in the upper hall were upright 
showcases, in which were securely kept imder lock and key, 
to shield them from souvenir kleptomaniacs, many curios of 
the days of knee buckles, powdered wigs, and fancifully figured 
wedding slippers, the latter with heels of about the same height 
and pattern as the '' French heels " of our own day. The only 
musical instrument with which the building was provided was 
a four-octave spinet made in London two hundred and fifty 
years ago, loaned from the collection of M. Steinert of Xew 




CHENEY BROTHERS,^ SILK MANUFACTURERS, 
SOUTH MANCHESTER, CONN. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. l|g 

Haven, elsewhere referred to. Its day of usefulness had 
passed, except as a curio, but it was in good harmony wdth the 
accompanying furniture. 

The spacious veranda which partly surrounded the first story^ 
and the balcony on the second story, were well supplied with 
easy-chairs, in which Connecticut visitors were to be found at 
all hours, resting after the tiresome ordeal of sight-seeing, read- 
ing letters from home, or perusing piles of Connecticut news- 
papers, with which the reading-room was well supplied. There 
was but little about the building indicating elegance, and visi- 
tors soon discovered that the design of the architect had been 
well carried out, — to make the Connecticut Building a com- 
fortable and homelike resort, where they could indulge a 
homelike feeling. 'No other state was better typified by its 
building than this, and it will gratify most of the tAventy-six 
thousand Connecticu.t visitors to the Fair to know that it is 
now being re-erected, piece by piece, on a charming site near 
New Haven, overlooking its harbor and Long Island Sound, 
where it will be maintained as a historic relic, — thanks to the 
Hon. James D. Dewell and other enterprising members of the 
Society of the Sons of the Revolution of that city. 

Whatever credit may be du.e to Connecticut for her part in 
this memorable Exposition belongs mainly to the efiicient 
board of managers, state and national, upon whom was con- 
ferred the authority of expending the state's appropriation of 
$70,000; and the equally efiicient lady managers, who proved 
to be their serviceable handmaids. The former were safe, con- 
servative, and wise guardians of the trust imposed upon them; 
in evidence of which we only need remark that upon the com- 
pletion of the ofiicial report of the Executive Commissioner, 
which will be the last item in the expense account. Treasurer 
Day will be able to return to the state treasu.ry several thou- 
sand dollars of the appropriation voted by the Legislature. 
To the Board of Lady Managers unmeasured commendation 
rightfully belongs for the interest they manifested in the task 
to which they applied themselves with enthusiastic zeal, — 



114 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

that of gathering from every corner of the commonwealth 
articles required for the proper embellishment of the State 
Bnilding. Especially do the people of Connecticut owe a debt 
of gratitude to the efficient president of the Board, Mrs. Geo. 
H. Knight of Lakeville, and to the chairman of the House 
Furnishing Committee, Mrs. P. H. Ingalls of Hartford, and 
her co-workers, Mrs. Franklin Far r el of Ansonia, and Miss 
Lucy P. Trowbridge of 'Ne'w Haven, for the many wearisome 
days they spent in their labor of love. 

That such a marvelous creation as the World's Fair of 1893 
should be compelled to yield to the inexorable demand and be 
turned over to the hand of the destroyer, after such a short life, 
seems one of the saddest tales that tongue can tell. It is not 
probable that its equal will ever be seen on earth by those who 
were fortunate enough to. see this. The camera has caught, 
and printing-presses are fast multiplying pictures of many of 
its attractive features; yet they are but '^^ half-tones," and 
although they give fair delineation of the wonderful scenes 
there beheld, how far short do they fall of the pictures in which 
was the real life ! 



CHAPTEE X. 

IVork of Executive Department — Canvass of State for Solicitation of Ex- 
hibits — Causes of Wittidrawal of Applications and of Non-acceptance 
of Allotments of Space — Outline of Work during the Exposi|ion, etc. 

The work of tlie Executive Department of tlie Board of 
Managers was promptly taken up by its executive officers at 
tlie time of tkeir appointment in April, 1892. Room 33 in the 
Capitol was assigned to tliem as headquarters, whicli was occu- 
pied as sucli until the following January. That room, being 
iin anteroom of the Hall of Representatives, was required for 
the use of members of the House of Representatives for the 
session of the Greneral Assembly of 1893, in consequence of 
which new headquarters were established in Room 80, fourth 
£oor, which was occupied until the executive department was 
transferred to the Connecticut State Building at Jackson Park, 
Chicago, in the following April, a few days before the opening 
of the Exposition. 

The delay in the organization of the Connecticut Board 
of "World's Eair Managers, resulting from the " deadlock " in 
the General Assembly of 1891, was of no little disadvantage to 
Connecticut. Other states had organized their boards of man- 
agers the j)i'evious year, whose executive officers had thereby 
been enabled to devote themselves considerately toward se- 
curing collective exhibits, which ample time enabled them to 
make comprehensive, and, therefore, valuable and attractive. 
It may be better understood what disadvantage the Connec- 
ticut executive officers labored under, when it is known that 
within about two months from the time of their ajDpointment 
it was announced by Exposition officials that five times the 
-amount of space that had been provided for exhibits had been 

(115) 



116 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

applied for ! Coupled with this information came the injunc- 
tion from chiefs of departments to limit applications for space 
to the smallest possible figure, and even when that was done 
the space desired was in almost every instance still further re- 
duced bv department chiefs before allotment, and in some in- 
stances wholly rejected. It should be explained, however, that 
rejection of applications for space was not without reason; 
allotments already made had completely taken up the space 
in the class in which the disappointed applicant desired to 
exhibit. 

The work of the executive officers during the summer and 
fall of 1892 was mainly in the direction of inducing Connec- 
ticut manufacturers to become applicants for space in which 
to exhibit their products. Circulars were sent to parties en- 
gaged in manufacturing in every city, village, and hamlet in 
the State, and not to manufacturers only, but to those also 
who might be prevailed upon to exhibit in any of the thirteen 
departments of the Exposition. Exhibits in the department of 
Eine Arts were as urgently solicited as in the State's wider 
realm of manufactures, nor indeed was any class or interest 
overlooked. Such features as formed part of the State's col- 
lective exhibits of AgTiculture, Eorestry, Tobacco, Live Stock, 
and Dairy Products were referred to those who had been se- 
lected to give them superintendence, and if any of the Con- 
necticut collective exhibits seemed meager, compared with 
those of other States, it may be attributed to the fact that 
the limited time did not permit larger and more comprehen- 
sive collections. In one department in which Connecticut 
could have made a specially attractive exhibit — that of fish, 
fisheries, fish products, etc, — the Board of ^Managers decided 
that in view of the limited time it would be impracticable to 
attempt an exhibit in that department, their decision being 
formed after interviews with members of the State's Eish Com- 
mission, and the Commissioners of Shell Eisheries. 

In addition to the generous distribution of circulars 
throughout the State, urging manufacturers and others to 
apply for space in which to make exhibits, a personal can- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. II7 

Tass was made hj tlie execiitive officers in manv of the princi- 
pal towns, namely: Hartford, l^ew Haven, AYaterbnry, 
Bridgeport, 'Ke^Y London, i^orwdch, ISTew Britain, Meriden, 
'Winsted, and Torrington. The records of the Executive De- 
partment show that there were upwards of two hundred and 
fifty applications for space from Connecticut, exclusive of 
those in the Department of Fine Arts, and not including in- 
dividual contributors to collective displays like that of the 
Connecticut Leaf Tobacco exhibit, to which there were nearly 
one hundred and fifty contributors, nor including the displays 
made by schools in various towns in the State. It has been 
ascertained also, that a considerable number of exhibits for 
which Connecticut should have received credit appeared in 
the official directory accredited to other States, by virtue of 
the fact that the headquarters or selling office of the manu- 
facturing company chanced to be located in IN'ew York, Bos- 
ton, or Chicago. Reference is here made to such exhibitors 
as the Consolidated Safety Yalve Company and the Hayden 
and Derby Company, whose names appeared in the directory 
of the Exposition credited to the state of Xew York, for the 
reason that the salesrooms of those companies are in !N"ew Y^ork 
city, though their products are manufactured at Bridgeport, 
Connecticut. How many instances there were of the kind re- 
ferred to it is not easy to determine, but such as have been 
discovered have been included in the list of Connecticut ex- 
hibitors. One of the most conspicuous instances of this char- 
acter Avas that of one of Hartford's best known industrial es- 
tablishments — the Pope Manufacturing Company — which 
w^as entered in the official directory of the Exposition as a 
Massachusetts exhibit, by reason of the fact that the applica- 
tion for space was sent from the principal office of the com- 
pany in Boston. The still more important fact remains, how- 
ever, that " Columbia " and " Hartford " wheels, from center 
to circumference, and with all their accessory parts, are manu- 
factured only in Hartford, where, since the close of the Colum- 
bian Exposition, the principal office of that company has been 
established. The main excellence of the official directorv is 



118 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

not questioned, but these facts are noted to sliow that with 
reference to entries like that of the Pope Company it is not in 
all particulars an infallible guide book. 

Notwithstanding the fact that the records of the Executive 
Department showed more than two hundred and fifty appli- 
cants for space from Connecticut, it is not difficult to explain 
why only about half that number accepted allotments and 
made exhibits. One of the reasons was that adequate space 
could not be secured. Naturally, those desiring to exhibit 
wished space in which to make not only a creditable display, 
but a comprehensive one as well. Many intending exhibitors 
felt that they could not provide satisfactory displays if they 
were restricted to two hundred square feet, when their appli- 
cations called for a thousand, and rather than make an in- 
adequate exhibit they preferred not to attempt any. Another 
reason why many applicants for space declined their allot- 
ments was, that they were received too late to allow adequate 
time for the preparation of exhibits. It was originally an- 
nounced that allotments of space would be made December 1, 
1892. This would have allowed ^yo months in which to pre- 
pare for exhibition, including the work of installation, and that 
w^as none too much time for the painstaking tasks intending 
exhibitors had in view. "When allotments of space were re- 
ceived two months after the promised time, however, it so dis- 
arranged previously-laid plans as to make acceptance of allot- 
ments out of the question. One intending exhibitor remarked 
that he had made arrangements to have his company's exhibit 
made ready during the months of December and January, 
when orders for its products were comparatively light. His 
allotment of space was not made, however, until February, at 
which time his force was so fully occupied in filling orders 
that he could not give the time and attention required for the 
preparation of an exhibit, and he was, therefore, compelled to 
decline the allotment of space offered him. This instance is 
given as an example, and there were many of similar nature. 
Still another reason for non-acceptance of space was sim- 
ilar to that which compelled the Collins Company to decline 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. II9 

to exhibit. This companT, by common consent, stands at the 
head of its class, axes and machettes being prominent among 
its products, and its trademark is known not only throughoiii 
the civilized world, but beyond it. The company made early 
application for space, more from its desire to recognize a 
patriotic duty than for pecuniary gain. It specially requested 
that g'ood location be granted on a main aisle — a request that 
^s■Rs, proper by reason of the position occupied by the company. 
The allotment was not made until February, and instead of 
being an advantageous location, it was one of the most incon- 
sj)icuous portions of the space assigned to the cutlery gToup. 
The allotment was declined by the Collins Company, and Con- 
necticut thereby lost one of its leading industrial establish- 
ments from its list of intending exhibitors. This mis-allot- 
ment of space can only be accounted for upon the supposition 
that other and less prominent applicants were more zealous 
in their demands for eligible positions, and more successful 
by reason of their importunity. 

The field of action for the executive department was trans- 
ferred to the Connecticut State Building upon the Exposition 
grounds, at Jackson Park, Chicago, about the middle of April, 
1893. At that time an express car was chartered for the ship- 
ment of effects for furnishing and embellishing the State 
Building, and for exhibits for the Connecticut room in the 
Roman's Building. Upon the arrival of the car at Jackson 
Park, its contents were stowed upon the spacious verandas of 
the State Building, where they awaited .the laying of a hard- 
wood mosaic floor over the lower story of the building, which 
at a late day had been decided upon instead of carpets, as orig- 
inally intended. 

AYhen everything was in readiness for the laying of stair 
and hall matting, the hanging of pictures, and the proper dis- 
tribution of furniture — for use and for disj^lay — the Execu- 
tive Department was augTiiented in number and effectiveness 
by service rendered by Messrs. Bead and Jarvis of the Build- 
ing Committee of the Board of Managers, by Mrs. Ingalls. 
Mrs. Parrel, and Miss Trowbridge of the House Purnishing 



X20 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Committee, Mrs. Kniglit, president of the Board of Lady Man- 
agers, and Hon. Morris W. Seymour, coimsel of the Board. 
Mr. Seymour's service was not confined to counseling as to 
the best position for pictures; lie might have been seen doing 
effective step-ladder service (in shirt> sleeves) as assistant to 
Messrs. Bead and Jarvis, and with this efficient corps of work- 
■ers the Connecticut Building was among the fi-rst of the State 
buildings to be opened to visitors to the Exposition. 

There were other workers, however, employed in getting 
the State Building in presentable condition. The Ripley 
Brothers of Hartford gave attention to the embellishment of 
the walls and ceilings of the various rooms and halls; David 
L. Gaines, a Hartford expressman, who had charge of loading 
the special car in Hartford, looked after the unloading and 
moving of heavy articles; the janitor and his wife, Mr. and 
Mrs. Charles S. Kelsey, found plenty to do in various direc- 
tions; Mrs. C. C. Munson of ISTew Haven, who had loaned 
many pieces of antique furniture for the furnishing of the 
building, was especially helpful in the preparation and ar- 
Tangement of mndow draperies, while the two executive de- 
partment clerks — TTilliam J. Foster and Theodore B. Vaill 
— made themselves generally useful here and there in such 
directions as they were needed. To the foregoing enumeration 
of able assistants in putting the State Building in order and 
condition for the reception of visitors should be added several 
scrub-brush queens, whose names have escaped the historian — • 
humble though deser^ung personages, possibly allied hj social 
ties if not otherwise to the Mrs. O'Leary whose restless cow 
brought disaster upon the Queen City in other days. 

From the opening day of the Exposition to its close, there 
was but little pastime for those connected with the executive 
department, and although it was the privilege of a lifetime 
to occupy the Connecticut State Building during the six 
months of the memorable event, as far as sight-seeing was 
concerned, visitors who could devote two weeks to the study 
of its various features could see more than fell to the lot of 
those whose official duties made them temporary residents of 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 121 

Jackson Park; at least this statement holds good as to those 
connected with the Connecticut headquarters. It may seem 
strange that Connecticut's executive officer at the Exposition 
should not have found a single day in six months' time when 
he felt free to equip himself ^vith note book, and roam through 
the departments with the requisite leisure for satisfactory 
study, but such was the case, nevertheless. It should not be 
imagined, however, that the executive officer had no oppor- 
tunity for sight-seeing, for there was rarely a day that he had 
not an official errand to at least one of the many departments, 
and it was under such circumstances that his sight-seeing was 
done — a new aisle or route being generally selected toward 
the objective point. 

It is not improbable that those connected with the Execu- 
tive Department of the Connecticut headquarters were more 
fully occupied, as a rule, than others occupying similar posi- 
tions, and enumeration of the duties devolving upon them will, 
in some measure, explain the cause of such a state of activity. 

It is hardly necessary to remark that the State Building- 
had to be cleaned every day, for, as a matter of course, all state 
buildings, as well as all departmental buildings, had to un- 
dergo the ordeal of daily " house-cleaning." It was the rule to 
open state buildings at 8 in the morning, and to close them 
at 6 in the evening. The hundreds of visitors each day brought 
such a condition of dust and litter, not to mention the dirt 
brought by soiled shoes in unpleasant weather, that made 
nightly scrubbing of floors indispensable, thereby bringing 
upon the janitor of the building a never-ending warfare with 
scrubbing-brushes, brooms, and dusting paraphernalia. 

To properly replenish the newspaper files vith which the 
reading-room was supplied was not a light daily task, for nearly 
every Connecticut newspaper was sent regularly to the State 
Building from the office of publication, all of which were 
eagerly perused by Connecticut visitors. A thoroughly 
equipped post-office in the State Building required a constant 



122 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

attendant, for most Connecticut visitors to the Exposition liad 
their letters thus addressed. 

The daily care of som© of the State's collective exhibits 
also fell to the lot of the Executive Department, and though 
it was not a specially laborious task it consumed considerable 
time, that in the Forestry Building being a long distance from 
the Connecticut headquarters, as will be distinctly remem- 
bered by those who had occasion to traverse Jackson Park 
from one end to the other. 

A further daily and constant task undertaken by the Ex- 
ecutive Department was that of securing temporary homes, at 
hotels and private residences, for such Connecticut visitors as 
desired such service in their behalf. This undertaking in- 
volved a large correspondence, necessitating the employment 
of a stenographer and typevrriter, and the transforming of 
oifice clerks intO' messengers when occasion required. 

The most laborious service which came within the round of 
duties of the Executive Department, however, was that of send- 
ing to all Connecticut newspapers weekly bulletins containing 
registrations of Connecticut visitors at the State Building. 
This task involved, first, the transfer of names from the offi- 
cial register to a record of visitors by towns, work that had ta 
be done after the building was closed for the day, in conse- 
quence of the constant use of the register by visitors during 
the day. The second feature of this task was the preparation 
of " printer's copy," for the bulletins. When it is known that 
all of the 26,000 Connecticut visitors to the Exposition were 
thus bulletined it will readily be seen that no small amount 
of work was involved. In addition to other details connected 
with the bulletins was that of printing, folding, and mailing, 
so that when the weekly task was completed it was with a 
sense of relief that the Executive Manager could take a long 
breath — and then set himself at work in preparation of the 
next bulletin ! 

It is perhaps apparent that those connected with the Execu- 
tive Department of the Connecticut World's Eair Board were 
not called to positions of elegant leisure, and it may safely be 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 123 

said tliat, as a mle, they fully earned the compensation voted 
them by the Board of Managers. If the question were raised 
as to the most satisfactory return from the appropriation voted 
by the General Assembly, my answer wonld be that it was 
from publishing of the bulletins above referred to. That fea- 
ture of expense was limited to bills for printing and postage, 
the work being done without increase of the regular clerical 
force. By means of the bulletins the people of Connecticut, 
through newspapers in every section of the State were not only 
kept regularly informed as to the ^dsits of Connecticut people 
to the Exposition, but they also made note of many matters of 
especial interest to intending visitors. And, so far as the 
writer is aware, Connecticut was the only state that was sys- 
tematically furnished with bulletins from first to last. It could 
not be expected that all Connecticut newspapers would re- 
publish the full list of registrations of Connecticut people at 
the State's headquarters, for some of the bulletins contained 
upwards of a thousand names. Hartford papers selected from 
them the names of A^sitors from that immediate vicinity, and in 
like manner, newspapers from other sections of the State made 
clippings from the bulletins to correspond with their general 
circulation. Thus every section of the State was well supplied 
with desired information. 

The work of the Executive Department did not terminate 
with the close of the Exposition, and it was not until the 15th 
of the following February that the Executive Manager was re- 
leased from his engagement vdth the Board of Managers.. 
There was much still to do to wind up the work of the Board,, 
and for two or three weeks after the Exposition closed the in- 
terior of the Connecticut Building was the scene of active 
operation, by night as well as by day, in repacking furniture, 
pictures, and the multitude of articles that had been loaned 
to the House Furnishing Committee for the embellishment 
of the State Building. The members of that committee were 
present to superintend various features of the work, which was 
carried on under the efficient general direction of Dr. P. H. 



124 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Ingalls of Hartford, wlio had been selected by tbe Executive 
Committee of tlie Board of Managers to render that service. 

AVben the task of repacking was completed, the next step 
in order was to secure transportation for the effects to Hart- 
ford. This was not easily accomplished, for all of the thou- 
sands of exhibitors, and all of the state boards, were anxious 
to get away from their long confinement at Jackson Park, 
but by dextrously crossing the hand of this railway agent and 
that drayman, it was not long before teams were ordered to re- 
port to the Connecticut Building, and its contents were se- 
curely stowed away in Michigan Central cars for ship- 
ment to Hartford. 

Upon their arrival such articles as had been loaned by in- 
dividuals were forwarded to them by various railway lines or 
express companies, and those that had been purchased by the 
House Furnishing Committee and Executive Manager were 
transferred to the basement of the State Capitol for such dis- 
position as might be ordered by the Board of Managers. The 
final meeting of the Board was held at the Capitol, January 30, 
1894, when action was taken relative to disposal of furniture, 
etc., as sho^^oi by the following extract from the official min- 
utes : 

Yotcd, That we present Mr. J. H. Yaill the desk and chair used 
by him in the Connecticut Building at the World's Fair. 

Voted, That two of the glass cases used in the Connecticut Build- 
ing for the display of relics he presented to the New Haven Colony 
Historical Society. 

Voted, That Mr. J. H. Vaill be directed to sell all remaining furni- 
ture not disposed of at Chicago within ten days from date, at private 
sale. All that remains unsold at that time he is empowered to sell 
at public auction. 

Pursuant to instiTictions the Executive Manager disposed 
of the furniture and other effects of the Board at private sale, 
making return to the treasurer of receipts for the same. His 
official connection with the World's Eair Board terminated on 
the 15th of February, 1894, after a service of about twenty- 
two months, namely, from April 19, 1892, to December 31, 



CONNElCTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 125 

1892, as executive secretary, and from January 1, 1893, to 
February 15, 1894, as executive manager and secretary. 

It is a matter for especial congratulation, which will be 
shared by all members of the Board of Lady Managers, as well 
as by those of the Board of "World's Fair Managers, that, so far 
as is known, no article entrusted to their care failed of return 
in good condition to the owner. 

It is j&tting that acknowledgment should here be made by 
the Executive Manager for the consideration he received dur- 
ing his long official connection with the two boards, and for 
the valuable assistance rendered by individual members from 
time to time. This acknowledgment would be incomplete if it 
lacked special recognition of the service rendered by the treas- 
urer of the Board, George H. Day, who never, in a single in- 
stance, failed to keep the Executive Manager well supplied 
with funds wherewith to meet financial obligations that were 
continually confronting him. 



CHAPTEE XI. 

A.wards to Connecticut Exhibitors — List of Exliibits not Intended for 
Competition — List of Intending Exhibitors who Failed to Accept Al- 
lotment of Space. 

The system of awards adopted by tlie World's Fair of 
1893 did not receive general commendation among exhibitors, 
and strenuous efforts were put forth by them to secure a 
different plan, but without avail. The usual system of grant- 
ing awards by grades, designated by gold, silver, and bronze 
medals, was completely modified, whereby a single grade of 
medal — of bronze — was made to do service for all awards 
alike, the only distinguishing token between exhibits of the 
highest excellence and those of inferior grade, being the 
phraseology by which the various juries chose to express their 
judgment, upon the certificate which accompanied each medal. 
By the rule adopted, an exhibitor who sent a peck of wheat or 
com, more or less, received a medal that was identical in every 
particular with that awarded to the "Willimantic Linen Com- 
pany, whose exhibit cost many thousands of dollars, and whose 
exj^ense in maintaining the exhibit during the Exposition was 
probably thousands of dollars more. The only difference be- 
tween awards, as before remarked, was in the wording of the 
certificate of award that accompanied the medal. It will read- 
ily be apparent that the plan adopted by the Bureau of Awards 
of the Columbian Exposition was not calculated to win the 
favor of those whose exhibits were of the highest order of 
merit, though it was doubtless satisfactory to those who did 
not exhibit as competitors. There was nothing in the line of 
awards which would justify any exhibitor in laying claim to 
having received the " highest award," — certainly not unless 
he had been favored with the privilege of comparing his certifi- 

(126) 



COXXECTTCUT AT THE AVORLD'S FAIR. 127 

cate vdxh. those given to his competitors, for the grade of the 
award was established by the certificate and not by the medal. 

It is not strange that there should have been strong opposi- 
tion to this system of making awards on the part of many prom- 
inent exhibitors, for in not a few instances there is a high pecn- 
niary value pertaining to an aw^ard that can be legitimately 
claimed as the " highest award '' of its class. This is peculi- 
arly trne with reference to such things as pianos, sewing-ma- 
chines, mo^ving-machines and reapers, type-setting machines, 
— in short, there are almost innumerable articles Avhose value 
would be largely increased if the Bureau of Awards of the most 
notable AVorld's Fair ever held announced that they were en- 
titled to the highest award. 

It should not be understood, however, that if the names of 
some exhibitors do not appear in the list of awards their ex- 
hibits did not merit that recognition. It was optional with ex- 
hibitors to enter " for competition," or not, as they chose, 
and there were good reasons why some exhibitors of special 
prominence should prefer not to do so. The case of one of 
Connecticut's best-known establishments — The Pope Manu- 
facturing Company — mil serve as an ilkistration. This com- 
pany was the pioneer in the manufacture of bicycles, and their 
wheels have long been acknowledged as the " Standard of the 
"World,"' — a position attained from the fact that the highest 
grade of inventive genius and mechanical skill that abundant 
capital cotild command had for many years been employed in 
the attainment of the best possible results. When it became 
known to the management of the Pope Corapany that a gentle- 
man who was identified with a Chicago bicycle company — 
their most prominent rival for public favor — had been se- 
lected as a member of the jury that was to sit in judgment upon 
bicycles, it was at once decided not to enter their exhibit for 
competition, prefening to rely upon the verdict of the hun- 
dreds of thousands of wheelmen the world over, as to the 
proper classification of the " Columbia " bicycle. How many 
Connecticut exhibitors there were who declined to enter their 
exhibits for comj)etition we do not know, for applications for 



128 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



space did not, as a rule, pass tlirougli the State's Executive De- 
partment, but that some notable exhibits were not entered for 
competition, we know to be a fact. It is proper, therefore, that 
this explanation should be made here, in justice to those who 
were content to exhibit for other purpose than simply to secure 
recognition from the Bureau of Awards. To such it was 
enough that the multitude of visitors should examine their 
exhibits and formulate their own verdict. 

The lists which follow embrace three distinct classes: (1) 
those that received awards; (2) those that did not receive 
awards, whether entered for competition or not; and (3) those 
who made application for space, but for various causes decided 
not to accept allotments of space. The latter class, which 
is a large one, as has been heretofore explained, was, as a rule, 
prevented from exhibiting in consequence of the extreme de- 
lay in the allotment of space, whereby inadequate time was 
allowed for the preparation and installation of exhibits. 



LIST OF AWAEDS TO CONINE CTICUT EXHIBITOES, 

DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURES. 



Name. Address. 

The Bridgeport Wood Fin. Co., New Milford, 



The J. B. Williams Co., Glastonbury, 

The New Haven Chair Co., New Haven, 
The Meriden Curtain & Fix. Co. , Meriden, 



Mrs. Maud P. Gibbs, Brooklyn, 

The Holmes & Edw'ds Silv, Co., Bridgeport, 



The Meriden Britannia Co., Meriden, 

Meriden Britannia Co., Meriden, 

The Wm. Rogers Mfg. Co., Hartford, 

The Waterbury Watch Co., Waterbury, 



Exhibit. 
Wheeler's pat. wood filler, 

Brenig's Lithogen, 

Silicate paints. 

Shaving soaps. 

Fancy chairs. 

Shade exhibition, 

Rollers, shade, 

Meriden shade fringes, 

M'den opaque shade cloth. 

Stained glass window. 

Artistic display, 

Silver-plated spoons. 

Silver-plated forks. 

Silver-plated table flatware, 

Elec. silv. -plat, steel kniv's. 

Artistic display, 

Silver-plated hollow-ware. 

Works of art, 

Hollow-ware in nickel, 

Silver-plated knives, forks, 
and spoons. 

Silver-plated ware, silver- 
plated knives and forks. 

Artistic display, general ex- 
hibit, century clock, du- 
plex watches. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



129 



Name. Address. 

The Brainard& Armstrong Co., New London, 



Cheney Brothers, 



The Grosvenordale Co., 

The Glasgo Lace Thread Co 

The Morse Mills, 

The Nightingale Mills, 

The Ponemah Mills, 

The Powhatan Mills, 



So. Manchester 



Grosvenordale, 

Glasgo, 

Putnam, 

Putnam, 

Taftville, 

Putnam, 



The Williamsville Mfg. Co., Killingly, 



The Monohasset Mfg. Co. , 
The Willimantic Linen Co., 
The American Hosiery Co. , 



The Norfolk & New Bruns- 
wick Hosiery Co. , 



Putnam, 
Willimantic, 
New Britain, 



Norfolk. 



The American Mills Co., 


Rockville, 


The Broad Brook Co., 


Broad Brook, 


The Clinton Mills Co., 


Norwich, 


The Glastonbury Knitting Co. 


, Addison, 


Mayer, Strouse & Co., 


New Haven, 


The Hockanum Co., 


Rockville, 


TheF. Milner Co., 


Moosup, 


The New England Co., 


Rockville, 


The Rock Mfg. Co., 


Rockville, 


The Read Carpet Co. , 


Bridgeport, 


The Spring ville Co., 


Rockville, 


The Norwich Woolen Co., 


Norwich, 


The Bridgep't Elastic Web. Co. 


, Bridgeport, 


Wm. H. Wiley, 


Hartford, 


The Canfield Rubber Co., 


Bridgeport, 


Mrs. Isabel H. Butler, 


Bridgeport, 


Lillian A. B. Wilson, 


Meriden, 


Jessie Ives Smith, 


New Haven, 


The New England Pin Co., 


Winsted, 


F. D. Buess, 


Meriden, 



The Greenwoods Co.. New Hartford, 

The Goodyear Metallic Rub. Co.,Naugatuck, 
The Ives, Blak'lee& Will'ms Co., Bridgeport, 

The Bridgeport Gun Imp. Co., Bridgeport, 



Exhibit, 
Spool, knitting, crochet, 
wash, and emb'd'y silks, 

Machine twist. 

Plain, printed, and figured 
dress silks, velvets, 
plushes, spun silk, spun 
silk fabrics, printed and 
plain pongees, upholster- 
ing silks, decor've silks. 

Bleached cotton goods. 

Jaconets. 

Threads for fancy work. 

Bleached muslin. 

Bleached muslin. 

India linens & fancy goods. 

Bleached muslin, 

Brown muslin. 

Bleached muslin, 

Brown muslin. 

Bleached muslin. 

Spool cotton. 

Cotton woolens, men's hos- 
iery, silk hosiery. 

Underwear. 

Knitted underwear. 

Kerseys for men's wear. 

Irish frieze cloth, 

Beavers, cheviots, kerseys. 

Cassimeres. 

Knitted underwear. 

Corsets. 

Fancy cassimeres, 

Worsted suit'gs <fc coat'gs. 

Fancy cassimeres. 

Fancy cassimeres, worsted 
suitings and coatings. 

Fancy cassimeres. 

Worsted coat'gs & suit'gs. 

Carpets. 

Fancy cassimeres, worsted 
coatings and suitings. 

Flannels. 

Elastic goring & webbing. 

Leggings, soles. 

Seamless rub. dress shields. 

Art embroidery. 

Needle work. 

Embroidery. 

Pins. 

Picture of steamship Elbe 
in human hair. 

Cotton duck. 

Rubber foot wear. 

Toys, clock work, electric- 
al work, straw work. 

Gun implements, Foster 
auger bits, loading ma- 
chinery of all kinds. 



130 



CONNECTICUT AT THH WORLD'S FAIR. 



Name. Address. 

The Colt Pat. Firearms Mfg. Co., Hartford, 
The Ideal Mfg. Co., Kew Haven, 



Parker Brothers, Meriden, 

The Union Metallic Cart'ge Co., Bridgeport, 
The Winchester Rep. Arms Co., New Haven, 



The Marlin Firearms Co., Kew Haven, 

The Am. Automatic Light. Co., Meriden, 
The Chapman Mfg. Co., Meriden, 



The Capewell Horse Nail Co 
George J. Capewell, 



Hartford, 
Hartford. 



The Eagle Lock Co., Terry ville, 

Hobart B. Ives & Co., New Haven, 

The Russell & Erwin Mfg. Co., New Britain, 



The Stanley Rule & Level Co., New Britain, 
The Stanley Works, New Britain, 



The Cutaway Harrow Co. 
M. B. Schenck&Co., 

Peck Bros. & Co., 



Higganum, 
Meriden, 

New Haven, 



Randolph & Clowes, Waterbury, 

The N. Haven Car Register Co. , New Haven, 
Elizabeth B. Sheldon, New Haven, 



Exhibit. 

Firearms. 

Implements for reloading 
cartridges, shells for 
rifles, pistols, and shot 
guns, powder flasks, bul- 
let moulds. 

Breech-loading shot guns. 

Metallic ammunition. 

Small arms, military, sport- 
ing and hunting firearms; 
ammunition; cartridge 
re-loading implements. 

Sport'g & hunt'g firearms. 

Lighting system. 

Hardware specialties; sil- 
ver, gold, and nickel tea- 
bells; sleigh & telephone 
bells; dog collars. 

Horse shoe nails. 

Combined hammer and 
tack-puller. 

Improved nail puller. 

Locks. 

Sash locks. 

Builders' hardware, house 
furnish'g goods, screws, 
bolts, and nails; carpen- 
ter tools. 

Carpenter tools. 

Builders' and cabinet hard- 
ware. 

Wagon locks. 

Casters for furniture and 
trunks. 

Lavatories and sanitary 
goods ; miscellaneous 
brass goods and brass 
railings. 

Boilers and brass kettles. 

Fare registers for railr'ds. 

Conn, room and interior 
decorations. 



DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY. 



The G-. H. Bushnell & Co., Thompsonville, 
The J. T. Case Engine Co., New Britain, 
The Consol'd Safety Valve Co., Bridgeport, 
The Hay den & Derby Mfg. Co. , Bridgeport, 
The Nait'l Pipe Bending Co., New Haven, 
New York Belting & Pack'g Co. , Newtown, 
The Pratt & Whitney .Co., Hartford, 



Filter presses. 

20-horse power engine. 

Valves. 

Injectors 

Nat'l feed water heater. 

Belting and packing. 

Automatic machine for 
weighing granular ma- 
terial; collection of ma- 
chine tools; standard 
measuring machines and 
standard gauges ; miscel- 
laneous small tools for 
machinists' use ; Thurs- 
ton torsion machine and 
Thurston oil tester. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



131 



Name. 
The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., 



The Armstrong Mfg. Co., 

The Billings & Spencer Co., 

Curtis & Curtis, 

The Hendey Machine Co., 

The E. Horton & Sons Co., 
The Peck, Stow & Wilcox Co., 



The Chas. Parker Co., 

A. D. Quint, 

The Atwood Machine Co., 

The Willimantic Linen Co. , 
The Farrel Fdy. & Mach. Co., 

The Babcock Print. P. Mfg. Co. 
R. H. Brown & Co , 
The SmytheMfg. Co., 

The Thorne Type-Sett'g M. Co. 
The BristolsMfg. Co., 



The Ashcroft Mfg. Co. 
Leonard D. Harrison, 



Address. 
Stamford, 



Bridgeport, 

Hartford, 

Bridgeport, 
Torrington, 

Windsor Locks 
Southington, 



Meriden, 
Hartford, 
Stonington, 

Willimantic, 
Ansonia, 

New London, 
New Haven, 
Hartford, 

Hartford, 
Waterbury, 



Bridgeport, 
New Haven, 



Exhibit. 

Differential pulley blocks, 
screw hoisting blocks, 
safety double lifts, pillar 
cranes, safety winches, 
crabs, sustaining tripods, 
electric traveling crane, 
triplex spur-gear blocks. 

Armstrong pipe-threading 
machine. 

Machinists' tools and drop- 
forgings, box-opener. 

Thread mach. & die-stock. 

Planers, engine lathes, pil- 
lar shapers. 

, Chucks. 

Tinsm'h tools, bench tools, 
meat-cutter, machine for 
cutting and folding tin. 

Machinists' vises. 

Quint's turret drill. 

Display of machinery for 
handling silk. 

Cotton thread machinery. 

Cal'dar rolls used in paper 
making. 

Power printing-presses. 

Wire stitching machine. 

Smyth thread book sewing 
machine. 

Type-setting machine. 

Recording gauges for pres- 
sure, temperature, and 
electricity, & belt f ast'gs. 

Machinery appliances. 

Portable grinding mills. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



S. A. Chalker, 

James Sturgis, 

A. O. Thrall, 

Jasper S. Brooks, 

Arnold Warren, 

J. C. Atkins, 

Chauncey Deming, 

John B. Hubbard, 

Richard C. Wilcox, 

Charles Wolcott & Son, 

C. M. Beach. 

N. S. Baldwin, 

J. R. Campbell, 

A. P. Textus, 

E. C. Warner, 

George W. Harris, 

The Imperial Granum Co., 

The Windsor Creamery Co., 

The Ellington Creamery Co., 

The Lebanon Creamery Co., 



Saybrook, 

Wilton, 

Yernon Center, 

Moodus, 

So. Coventry, 

Westfield, 

Farmington, 

Guilford, 

Guilford, 

Wethersfield, 

West Hartford, 

Meriden, 

Wallingford, 

East Morris, 

North Haven, 

Wethersfield, 

New Haven, 

Windsor, 

Melrose, 

Lebanon, 



Corn. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Corn, rye. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Corn. 

Wheat. 

Wheat. 

Buckwheat. 

Buckwheat. 

Popcorn. 

Potatoes. 

Potatoes. 

Imperial Granum. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 



132 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Name. Address, 

The Wapping Creamery Co.. Wapping, 
The Glastonbury Creamery Co., Glastonbury, 
The Cromwell Creamery Asso., Cromwell, 

Edward Norton, Goshen, 

J. B. Sanford, Redding, 

The Plain ville Creamery Co., Plain ville. 

The Andover Creamery Co., Andover, 
The Springbrook Creamery Co., Plainville, 

The Vernon Creamery Co., Yernon. 

E. Stevens Henry, Rockville, 

Henry Avery, Talcottville, 

The Eastford Creamery Co., Eastford, 

Silas A. Gridley, Terryville, 

H. A. Huntington, Higganum, 

George E. Morse, Cheshire, 

George A. Miner, Bristol, 

The N". E. Tobacco Asso.,* East Hartford, 

The Cutaway Harrow Co., Higganum, 

The Ostrom & Lincoln Co., Bridgeport, 



Exhibit. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Cheese. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Butter. 

Collective award of leaf 
tobacco. 

Plows, harrows, and culti- 
vators. 

Toilet soaps, stands, brack- 
ets and hangers for 
anchored soap." 



DEPARTMENT OF LIVE STOCK. 



A. F. Williams. 



Bristol, 



Incubators, 
brooder. 



Monitor 



(Oxen shown under yoke without regard to age or breeding.) 
David Strong, Winsted, 1st prize, $50 and medal. 

John Ferris, Stamford, 2d prize, $40 and medal. 

Granger Brothers, Broad Brook, 3d prize, $30 and medal. 

E. W. Lyon, Northfield, 4th prize, $20 and medal. 



DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION. 



The Yale & Town e Mfg. Co. , Stamford, 
Dann Brothers & Co., New Haven, 

B. Man ville & Co., New Haven, 

The New Haven Carriage Co., New Haven, 



H. G. Shepard & Sons, 
The H. D. Smith Co., 

S. W. Kent, 

The White Mfg. Co., 



New Haven, 
Plantsville, 

Meriden, 
Bridgeport, 



The Bridgeport Chain Co., Bridgeport, 
C. Cowles & Co.. New Haven, 

Wilcox, Crittenden & Co., Middletown, 

The American Publishing Co., Hartford, 

The Winchester Rep. Arms Co., New Haven, 



Locomotive crane. 

Bent wood. 

Brougham. 

Six passenger brake, New- 
port cabriolet, and plat- 
form spider. 

Bent carriage woodwork. 

Carriage, wagon, sleigh^ 
and bicycle forgings. 

Horse ice-calks. 

Carriage lamps and mount- 
ings. 

Chains. 

Carriage coach lamps. 

Marine hardware. 

Water-color painting of 
vessels in U. S. Navy. 

Small arms for naval use, 
cannon and small-arm 
ammunition. 



* There were 138 contributors to the collective exhibit of leaf tobacco. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



133 



DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY. 



Name. 
The Mather Electric Co., 



The Bryant Electric Co., 
The Carp. Enam. Rheostat Co. 
The Hart & Hegeman Mfg. Co. 
The Johns Pratt Co., 
The Eddy Electric Mfg. Co., 

The Waring Electric Co., 
William Wallace, 



Address. Exhibit. 

Manchester, Dynamos and motors, Ring 
type, direct current and 
constant potential, dyna- 
mos, multiplied power 
generators, direct cur- 
rent and constant poten- 
tial, automatic circuit 
breaker. 

Bridgeport, Snap switches. 

Bridgeport, Rheostats. 

Hartford, Snap switches. 

Hartford, Insulating material. 

Windsor, Motors, direct current and 

constant potential. 

Manchester, Incand. lamps, "Novak." 

Ansonia, Historical electric light ex- 

hibit. 



DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS. 



The State Board of Health, New Haven, 
The State Board of Education, Hartford, 



Norwich Normal School, 



Public Training Schools, 



Public Schools, 



Stamford High School, 
Mrs. C. E. Ripley, 
The State Board of Education, 
Willimantic Nor. Train. School. 



Yale University, 



Mrs. Marie H. Kendall, 
Obiel W. Nelson, 



Norwich, 



Bridgeport, 



Bristol, 

Bridgeport, 

Bridgeport, 

Hartford, 

Middletown, 

New Britain, 

New Haven, 

New Haven, 

Norwich, 

Norwich, 

Waterbury, 

Stamford, 

Torrington, 

Stamford, 

Hartford, 

Hartford, 

Willimantic. 



New Haven, 



Norfolk, 
New London, 



Charts, maps, and reports. 

Complete works of Hon. 
Henry Barnard. 

Charts showing course of 
study, 

Method in teaching, etc. 

Charts illustrating plans 
and methods of city train- 
ing schools. 

School work. 

School work. 

High school work. 

School work. 

School work. 

Courses in study and stu- 
dents' work. 

School work (elementary 
grades). 

High school work. 

Portfolio children's work. 

Public school work. 

School work. 

School work. 

School work. 

Bound vols, pupils' work. 

Orig. designs of wall paper. 

Set of Conn. Ed. Reports. 

Charts, pupils' drawing il- 
lustrating lessons in other 
branches. 

Collection photographs and 
charts illustrating equip- 
ment and work. 

Photographs. 

Improved policeman's club. 



134 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Name. Address. 

The Yale & Towne Mfg. Co., Stamford, 
The Lightning Check Punch Co. .Bridgeport, 
M. Steinert, New Haven, 



Exhibit. 
Post-oflSce equipment. 
Lightning check punch. 
Loan collection of keyed 
and stringed instruments. 



DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINING. 



Name. 
The Shaler & Hall Quarry Co. 
The N. E. Brownstone Co., 
Randolph & Clowes, 



J. D. & E. S. Dana. 



Address. Exhibit. 

Portland, Building stone. 

Cromwell, Brown sandstone. 

Waterbury, Sheet copper and brass; 
brazed brass tubes and 
mouldings ; seamless 
drawn copper tubes. 

Yale University, 140 vols. Journal of Sci- 



DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 
The Horton Mf g. Co. , Bristol, Fishing rods. 

DEPARTMENT OF ETHNOLOGY. 

E. H. Williams, (No address), Stone implements. 



DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS. 
(Oil Paintings.) 



Charles H. Davis, 



Leonard Ochtman, 



Mystic, Abandoned, 

Summer Morning, 

April, 

On the New England Coast, 

The Valley, 

A Winter Evening. 

Mianus, Night, 

Harvesting by Moonlight, 
Along the Mianus River. 



EXHIBITS yOT E:NrTEKED EOK COMPETITIOX 



DEPARTMENT OF MANUFACTURES. 

(The following list includes all Exhibits not appearing in report of awards.) 



The Am. Writing Machine Co., Hartford, 

The Yost Writing Macli. Co., Bridgeport, 
The Whitcomb Met. Bedst'd Co., Birmingham, 

The Monumental Bronze Co , Bridgeport, 



Rogers & Brother, 
The Attawaugan Co., 
The Ossawan Mills Co. 
Isaac E. Palmer, 
Timothy E. Hopkins, 



Waterbury, 

Norwich, 

Norwich, 

Middletown, 

Danielson. 



Writing machines and ap- 
pliances ; typewriters. 

Typewriters. 

Brass and iron bedsteads, 
and mattresses. 

Monuments, statuary, me- 
dallions, busts, etc. 

Silver-plated ware. 

Cotton goods. 

Picture and shade cords. 

Cotton fabrics. 

Woolen goods. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



135 



Name. Address. Exhibit. 

B. Lucas & Co.. Norwich, Woolen goods. 

The Niantic Mills Co. . East Lyme, Woolen goods. 

The Niantic Woolen Co , Niantic, Woolen goods. 

The Union City Thimble Co., Union City, Thimbles. 

The Automatic Knife Co., Middletown, Pocket knives. 

The Northfield Knife Co., Northfield, Pocket cutlery. 

Simpson, Hall, Miller & Co., Wallingford, Silver-plated ware. 



DEPARTMENT OF MACHINERY. 



The Norwalk Iron Works Co., So. Norwalk, 
The Underwood Mfg. Co.. Tolland, 

The Norton & Jones M. T. W'ks, Plain ville, 
The ^tna Boot & Shoe H. Co. , Unionville, 

The Kelsey Press Co., Meriden, 

Geo. W. Sanborn & Son, Mystic, 

Kinsley & Frisby, Bridgeport, 

The Springfield Emery Wh. Co. , Bridgeport, 
Frank J. Dugan, Norw^alk, 



Air compressor. 
Belting and pulleys. 
Light machine tools. 
Boot and shoe heel nailing 

machine. 
Printing-presses. 
Paper-cutt'g machines, etc. 
Chime whistles. 
Em^ry wheels & grinders. 
Potters' wheel. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



The Eclipse Mfg. Co. 



Middlebury, 



Grain and seed separator 
and grader. 



DEPARTMENT OP TRANSPORTATION. 



The Eagle Bicycle Mfg. Co., Torrington, 

The Hartford Cycle Co., Hartford, 

The Pope Mfg. Co., Hartford, 

The Wilcox & Howe Co. , Birmingham, 

Moses Clarke Swezey, New Haven, 

The Union Hardware Co., Torrington, 



Bicycle & pneumatic tires. 
Bicycles and parts. 
Bicycles and parts. 
Vehicle hardware. 
Cash carriers. 
Tackle bl'cks, marine hard- 
ware, etc. 



DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICITY. 



O. S. Piatt. 

The Jewell Belting Co., 

The Billings & Spencer Co. 

The J. T. Case Engine Co., 



Bridgeport, 

Hartford, 

Hartford, 

New Britain, 



Switches. 

Dynamo belting. 

Forged commutator bars,. 

construction tools. 
Engines driving dynamos. 



DEPARTMENT OF LIBERAL ARTS. 

'^^'i.^T'^^ ^'^^ ^'^^ ^^"^^ I Hartford. Collective exhibit. 



Asylum 

School for the Feeble Minded, ' Lakeville, 
The State Board of Education, Hartford, 
The Dickinson Ivory Co., Centerbrook, 

Keller Bros. & Blight, Bridgeport, 

The B. Shoninger Co., New Haven, 

L. P. Wildman, Danbury, 

The Phoenix Mutual Ins. Co., Hartford, 



Collective exhibit. 

Educational exhibit. 

Piano keys, etc. 

Pianos. 

Pianos, reed organs. 

Violins. 

Statistics, reports, etc. 



136 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 


DEPARTMENT OF MINES AND MINING. 


Name. Address. 


Exhibit. 


The Canaan Lime Co., Canaan, 


Lime and limestone, section 




of plastered wall. 


N. Bolles & Son, New Preston, 


Granite. 


Bootli Bros. & Hurricane Isle) ^t^„ t^ ^^ 
Granite Co., [ New London, 


Granite. 


H. C. Burnham, Hadlyme, 


Granite. 


R. I. Crissey, Norfolk, 


Granite. 


GarveyBros., Sterling. 


Granite. 


The Millstone Granite Co , Niantic, 


Granite. 


Norcross Bros., Stony Creek, 


Gray granite. 


The Plymouth Quarry Co., Thomaston, 


Granite. 


The Stony Creek Red Gran. Co., Stony Creek, 


Red granite. 


■Charles P. Wolcott, Buckland, 


Red sandstone. 


S. L. Wilson, New Milford, 


Beryls, garnets, mica, etc. 


DEPARTMENT OF FINE ARTS. 


(Oil Paintings.) 




€harles Noel Flagg, Hartford, 


Portrait of Mark Twain. 


P. E. Rudell, Greenwich, 


A November day, 




Autumn. 


J. H. Twachtman, Greenwich, 


Autumn shadows, 



John F. Weir, 
Henry C. White, 



Fidelia Bridges, 
Leonard Ochtman, 
J. H. Twachtman, 



J. H. Twachtman, 



R. R. Wiseman, 



Winter. 

Brook in winter. 

The Brooklyn bridge, 

Decorative landscape. 

Por't of Admiral Farragut, 

Forging the shaft. 

Spring landscape. 

In an old orchard. 

Frost. 

Pier near Newport, 

Winter. 

(Pastel Drawings.) 

Greenwich, Le Gorge d'Enfer (Throat 

of hell). 
(Etching). 
New Haven, View New Haven green. 



New Haven, 

Hartford, 
(Water Colors.) 
Canaan, 
Mianus, 
Greenwich, 



DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY. 

Board of World's Fair Mngrs., Hartford, Specimens of native woodf 



WOMAN'S BUILDING. 



Clara M. Barnes, 
Mrs. M. A. Frisbie, 
Miss Mary M. Smith, 
Miss E W. Palmer, 
3Irs. Thomas Kerr, 
Harriet C. Mott, 



New Haven, 

Hartford, 

Washington, 

Stonington, 

Bridgeport, 

East Hartford, 



Punch bowl. 
Jardinier, plates, etc. 
D'c'rated ice-cream platter. 
Souvenir spoons. 
Infant's knitted cap. 
Wax. feather, tissue paper, 
and shell flowers. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 137 

Mrs. W. A. Pilkinton, Bridgeport, Sleeve-holder and hat-pin. 

Hattie L. Lyon, Bethel, A bouquet of onions (oil 

painting). 

Hiss Charlotte E. McLean, Hartford, Daisy field near Stock- 

bridge (water color). 

Miss Frances P. Hall, New Haven, Tray, pitcher, bonbon- 

niere, etc. 

The following is a list of intending exhibitors wlio were 
applicants for space, but who, for reasons heretofore ex- 
plained, declined their allotments, or were denied admission 
for lack of sj)ace: 

The Brown Cotton Gin Co., New London. 

The A. B. Hendryx Co., New Haven. 

The Bridgeport Brass Co., Bridgeport. 

Ensign, Bickford & Co., Simsbiiry. 

L^riah Cummings, New Haven. 

The Loomis Gas Machine Co., Hartford. 

The McLagon Foundry Co., New Haven. 

The Safety Emery Wheel Co., Bridgeport. 

The Farrel Foundry & Machine Co., Waterbury. 

D. H. Carpenter, New Haven. 

The Wheeler & Wilson Mfg Co., Bridgeport. 

The Skinner Chuck Co., New Britain. 

The Hartford Machine Screw Co., Hartford. 

The D. E. Whiton Machine Co., New London. 

The James Reynolds Mfg. Co., New^ Haven. 

Frank Wheeler, Meriden. 

€. B. Rogers & Co., Norw^ich. 

Foskett &: Bishop, New Haven. 

The New Process Nail Co., Torrington. 

George P. Clark, Windsor Locks. 

The Plartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Co., Hartford. 

The Franklin Moore Co., Winsted. 

The Lane Bros. Harness Co., Norwich. 

The New Departure Bell Co., Bristol. 

Blakeslee & Co., Plantsville. 

E. W. Stiles & Co., Hartford. 

The Hartford Insulating Co., Hartford. 
The New^ Haven Clock Co., New Haven. 
Foy, Harmon & Chadw^ick, New Haven. 
The Acme Shear Co., Bridgeport. 
The Knapp & Cowles Mfg. Co., Bridgeport. 
The Waterbui-y Clock Co., Waterbury. 
Rogers & Hamilton, Waterbury. 

10 



138 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The Waterbury Button Co., Waterbuiy. 

The Patent Button Co., Waterbury. 

The Collins Company, CoUinsville. 

W. A. Parsons & Co., Durham Center. 

The Gong Bell Co., East Hampton. 

The J. D. Bergen Co., Meriden. 

Landers, Frary & Clark, New Britain. 

P. & F. Corbin, New Britain. 

The New Britain Knitting Co., New Britain. 

The New Britain Architectural Terra Cotta Co., New Britain. 

The Norwich Nickel and Brass Works, Norwich. 

Child s & Childs, Manchester. 

Caroline Hyde, Stonington. 

The Hartford Carpet Co., Thompson ville. 

The Yantic Woolen Co., Yantic. 

The Hopson & Chapin Mfg. Co., New London. 

The Elmendorf Water Closet Apparatus Co., New London. 

The T. C. Richards Hardware Co., West Winsted. 

The Joseph Parker & Son Co., New Haven. 

The Bevin Bros. Mfg. Co., East Hampton. 

The W. H. Page Boiler Co., Norwich. 

E. T. Naylor, Meriden. 

The Wm. L. Gilbert Clock Co., Winsted. 

The Natchaug Silk Co., Willimantic. 

The Diamond Match Co., Westville. 

The Whiton Letter Book Co., New London. 

The Empire Knife Co., West Winsted. 

The Holley Mfg. Co., Lakeville. 

The Bridgeport Corset Co., Bridgeport. 

The Grilley Company, New Haven. 

The New Haven Car Register Co., New Haven. 

The Mallory-Wheeler Co., New Haven. 

I. S. Spencer's Sons, Guilford. 

J. S. C. Rowland, M.D., Hartford. 

L. T. Sheffield, New London. 

The Yanderman Plumbing Co., Willimantic. 

The Griest Mfg. Co., New Haven. 

J. M. W. Gllligan, Hartford. 

The Iron Clad Stove Polish Co., Middletown. 

William R. Hartigan, CoUinsville. 

The E. N. Welch Mfg Co., Forestville. 

The Colchester Rubber Co., Colchester. 

The C. F. Monroe Co., Meriden. 

The King Implement & Mfg. Co., New Haven. 

C. H. Bacon, Danielsonville. 

Ernst Schall, Hartford. 

C. Brewster, Birmingham. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 139 

The Connecticut Mfg. Co., Hartford. 

Waterhouse Bros., Hartford. 

T. H. Brady, New Britain. 

The Waddell & Entz Co., Bridgeport. 

The Mathusheck Piano Co., New Haven. 

The Sterling Co., Derby. 

W. G. Talmadge, Plymouth. 

H. C. Voorhees, Meriden, 

W. B. Lloyd, Hartford. 

National Amateur Press Asso., New Britain. 

Elihu Geer's Sons, Hartford. 

L. W. Bacon, M.D., New Haven. 

W. W. Crampton, New Haven. 

The Embalmers' Supply Co., Westport. 



CHAPTER XII. 

Statement of Reinbursement of Subscribers to Original Appropriation. — 
Conservatism of the Board of Managers in its Expenditures — Treas- 
urer's Account and Summary of Expenses. 

The General Assembly of 1893 — unlike its predecessor 
— was in harmony with itself, and, as a consequence, it was 
naturally expected that when the TV^orld's Fair Board asked 
for an appropriation that would permit the reimbursenient 
of subscribers to the original fund of $50,000, it would be 
favorably reported and promptly voted. And so it was. The 
matter was presented to the Committee on Appropriations by 
a special committee of the Board of Managers, consisting of 
S. W. Kellogg, D. M. Read, Geo. H. Day, and Morris W. 
Seymour. An appropriation of $75,000 was urged before the 
legislative committee, a careful estimate having been made 
by members of the committee, representing the Board 
of Managers. The committee on appropriations, possibly 
thinking that by so doing they would be more likely to be con- 
sidered conservative legislators (and so, perhaps, be returned as 
law-makers at a subsequent session), compromised the matter 
by making the amount of the appropriation $70,000 instead 
of the amount asked. 

The appropriation voted enabled Treasurer Day to reim- 
burse those, who, a year previous, had supplied from their own 
pockets the means whereby the World's Fair Board was en- 
abled to organize and to assume pecuniary obligations. In 
addition to this patriotic loan being a creditable affair it ul- 
timately was proven to be a good investment, for by vote of 
the Board of Managers the treasurer was instructed to add six 
per cent, interest for the money advanced. The amount thus 
paid as interest was $1,067.26, as will be seen by the treasurer's 
report. 

(140) 








* ^ 



m 



\M- MFRR """ HF^^'M'^u'/^V 



LTERMATL^ 






^^ 





^, 







.^v--< 




i^:i(^»^c. 



rALTERNATE MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. l4l 

It is hardly necessary for tlie executive officer of the 
"World's Fair Board to appear as its apologist in the matter 
of expenditure of the State's appropriation, for he is not 
aware that any item of expense has ever. been called in ques- 
tion. It will be proj)er for hun to say, nevertheless, that he 
regards them as having been uniformly conservative as to 
the disposition of the money entrusted to them. Among the 
earlier votes passed by the Board, as shown by its official min- 
utes, was " that the treasurer pay no bills except such as are 
approved by the Chairman of the Executive Committee, ex- 
cepting such as are provided for at the previous meeting of 
the Executive Board." The exception referred to in the fore- 
going extract pro^dded for the payment of traveling expenses 
of members of the Boards of Managers and Lady Managers 
when in attendance at authorized meetings, and of commit- 
tees of which they were members, payment of such bills to be 
made " upon presentation of proper vouchers." 

It vull be observed further, by those who examine the 
treasurer's statement which follows, that payment of all possi- 
ble accounts was made under specific appropriations voted by 
the full Board,- or by the Executive Committee as its author- 
ized representative. The only exceptions to this rule were in- 
stances of contingent expenses incurred by the Executive 
Manager at Jackson Park, who was duly authorized to incur 
such pecuniary obligations as in his judgment were warranted 
in the administration of his executive duties. 

The position of treasurer of the Board from its organiza- 
tion on the 30th of March, 1892, was held by Colonel John E. 
Earle of Xew Haven, until his death, which occurred on the 
30th of October of the same year. At a meeting of the Board 
held November 4:th, George H. Day of Hartford was unani- 
mously elected its treasurer, a position he still holds. The 
treasurer's statement which is here given is taken from the 
official minutes of the meeting of the Board held on the 30th 
of January, 1894. The account is given to the 24th of Janu- 
ary, subsequent to which date further obligations were liqui- 



142 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

dated wMch. do not appear in tlie published statement, among 
them the final vouchers of members of the Board for traveling . 
expenses, etc. 

BOAKD OF WOKLD'S FAIE MA^'AGEES OF C0¥- 
^^ECTICUT. 

TREASURER'S ACCOUNT, JANUARY 24, 1894. 

Receipts. 

1893. 

March 8. Received from State Treasurer, . $40,000.00 

June 13. " " " " . 10,000.00 

Aug. 9. " " " " . 20,000.00 

Total receipts, $70,000.00 

Disbursements. 

Building, Decorating, and Furnishing Appropriations. 

Apr. 19. 1892. By vote of Full Board, . . 815,000.00 

Apr. 7, 1893. " " " " . . 2,500.00 

Nov. 4, 1892. " " " " (Tracy Bros. 

bill for extras), . . . 1,271.08 

Dec. 20, 1892. By vote of Executive Commit- 
tee (grading of grounds), . 390.00 
Total appro, for building, dec- 
orating, and furnishing, . 19,161.08 

Expended on account of the above appropriations : 

Tracy Bros, contract, $9,870.00 

" extras, 1,271.08 

Architectural fees and expenses, . . . 786.46 

Fittings, etc., viz. : Electric wiring, gas connec- 
tions, fence, turfing, etc., .... 720.23 
Decorating and furnishing, .... 6,046.90 

Grading grounds, 390.00 

Total expended (leaving an unexpended bal- 
ance of $76.41), 19,084.67 

Board of Lady Managers. 
Appropriated May 17, 1892, by vote of Full Board, 5,000.00 
Apr. 7,1893, " " " " 2,000.00 

Total appropriated and paid, . . . 7,000.00 

State Board of Agriculture. 

Appropriated Sept. 8, 1892, by vote of Execu- 
tive Committee for exhibit 1,500.00 

Appropriated June 19, 1893, by vote of Full 

Board for pavilion, 2,600.00 

Appropriated June 9, 1893, by vote of Execu- 
tive Com. for care of exhibit, $50 per mo., 253.64 

Cost of pavilion exceeded appropriation by, . 1.24 

Total paid, 4,354.88 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



143 



Dairymen's Association. 

Appropriated June 19, 1893, by vote of Full 

Board for exhibit, $1,000.00 

Casb paid for butter-cases, .... 178.80 

State's proportion for refrigeration of Dairy 

Building . . 45.00 

Total paid, $1,223.80 

State's Forestry Exhibit. 

Appropriated Sept. 8, 1892, by vote of Execu- 
tive Committee 400.00 

Appropriated Jan. 7, 1893, by vote of Execu- 
tive Committee, 600.00 

Total appropriated and paid, . . . 1,000.00 

Tobacco Growers' Association. 

Appropriated Sept. 8, 1892, by vote of Execu- 
tive Committee, 600.00 

Appropriated Dec. 20, 1893, by vote of Execu- 
tive Committee, . . . . . . 400.00 

Appropriated by vote of special committee, . 300.00 

Total appropriated and paid, ... 1,300.00 

Expenses of Governor and Staff and 12 mem- 
bers of Board of Managers to Dedicatory 
Exercises, October, 1892, by vote of full 
Board, July 6, 1892, 1,818.85 

Expenses of Governor and Staff . and twenty- 
eight members of Board of Managers to 
Connecticut Day Exercises, October, 1893, 
and expense of exercises there, by vote of 
Full Board, June 18, 1893 ; also fare of one 
member one way, 6,116.06 

Colonial Exhibit. 
Appropriated April 7, 1893, by vote of Full 

Board, 800.00 

Less amount returned unexpended, . . . 480.00 

Net amount paid, 320.00 

Educational Exhibit. 
Appropriated April 7, 1893, by vote of Full 

Board, 1,300.00 

Less amount returned, unexpended, ... 4.65 

Net amount paid, 1,295.35 

Salaries. 

Executive Officers, by votes of Full Board, 

April 19, 1892, and January 7, 1893, . . 4,910.00 

Janitor and wife, by vote of Executive Commit- 
tee, Feb. 1, 1893, 1,200.00 

Clerks, 819.90 

Total amount paid 6,929.90 

Shipping and installing expenses of State Ex- 
hibit, by votes of Executive Committee, 
Feb. 1, 1893, and June 9, 1893, . . . 1,587.35 

Removing, packing, and returning same at 

close of Exposition, 1,430.82 

Total amount paid, . . . . . 3,018.17 



144 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Board of Executive Manager, .... $347.91 

Board of janitor and wife before State Building 

was ready for occupancy, .... 88.50 

Total amount paid, $436.41 

Traveling expenses of managers attending 

meetings, 285.13 

Traveling expenses of Building and Furnishing 

Committee, 3,443.06 . 

Traveling expenses of Executive Officers, etc., 746.64 

Total amount paid 4,474.82' 

Expenses of Hostess (Mrs. C S. Yaill), appointed 

bv special sub-committee, .... 481.04 

Post-office in State Building, .... 109.80 

General expenses, not elsewhere specified, per 
vouchers approved by Chairman of Exec- 
utive Committee, 4,148.69 

Interest paid to those advancing money for use 
of Pro visionary Board, pending session of 
legislature, per vote of Full Board, March 
8, 1893, 1,067.26 

Foot Guard Excursion to Dedication, appropri- 
ated July 6, 1892, by vote of Full Board, . 2,500.00 

Total Disbursements, . . . . . 66,679.70 

Balance in American National Bank, . . 3,320.30 



(Signed) GEORGE H. DAY, Treasurer. $70,000.00 

At a meeting of the Full Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecti" 
cnt held in Hartford on the 30th day of January, 1894, it was voted that 
the above report be approved and adopted. 
Attest : 

(Signed) WILBUR B. FOSTER, 
Secretary Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut. 




ALTERNATE MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBL-VN EXPOSITION. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

Personnel of Boards of Managers and Lady Managers — Manner in which 
Selection of Managers was Made — Official Tributes to Members of 
the Board Who Died "While in Office. 

It should not be imagined that because the members of the 
Connecticut Board of Workl's Fair Managers consented to 
serve the commomvealth without compensation for the long^ 
terms of twenty-two months that thev were gentlemen of 
leisure, and had nothing else to do. TTithout exception — and 
this statement applies to members of the National Commission 
equally with those of the State Board — they were men act- 
ively engaged in business or professional work, and surren- 
dered whatever time was required that the State might be prop- 
erly represented at the great Exposition. 

It is the experience of every community, that if extra bur- 
dens must be borne for the common weal they are, as a rule» 
placed upon shoulders already overborne with work. This 
ride seems to cany with it the understanding that men who 
are most fully occupied, are better qualified to undertake pub- 
lic service than those of comparative leisure. 

It will interest the general reader, and possibly the politi- 
cal economist, to take note of the active occupation of the 
members of the two organizations about referred to. Of the 
Xational Commission, Leverett Brainard is prominently 
identified with The Case, Lockwood & Brainard Company, 
the largest printing and bookbinding establishment in the 
State. Thomas M. ^^aller, though a resident of Xew London,, 
maintains a law ofiice in Xew York, where he is identified Avith 
extensive corporate interests. At the time of his appointment 
on the Commission, Charles F. Brooker was secretary of The 
Coe Brass Manufacturing Company of Torrington, the largest 
establishment of its kind in this country, if not in the world, — 

(145) 



146 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

since promoted to its presidency. Charles K. Baldwin, the re- 
maining member of the JN'ational Commission, was at time of 
appointment at the head of the business department of the 
Waterbnry American, and was also cashier of a banking insti- 
tution in that city. The members of the Board of Managers 
^vere not less actively occupied. Charles M. Jarvis is president 
and chief engineer of the Berlin Iron Bridge Company. 
George H. Day, treasurer of the Board during sixteen months 
of its active existence, is vice-president of the Pope Manufac- 
turing Company, an establishment which gives employment to 
several thousand men. David M. Bead, chairman of the Ex- 
ecutive Committee and Auditor of the Board, was president of 
the Read Carpet Company of Bridgeport, and at the head of 
the D. M. Bead Company, the largest mercantile house in that 
city. Oscar I. Jones, who, with Mr. Bead, represented Fair- 
iield County on the Board, was actively engaged in trade. 
John E. Earle, the first treasurer of the Board, had for many 
years been Connecticut's leading patent solicitor. He was 
also treasurer of the Connecticut Centennial Commission of 
1876. The vacancy resulting from Mr. Earle's death was filled 
by the appointment, by Governor Bulkeley, of George F. Hol- 
comb, a former Mayor of 'Ne^v Haven, and closely identified 
with its business interests as president of the 'New Haven Car- 
riage Company. The colleague of Messrs. Earle and Holcomb 
w^as General Stephen W. Kellogg, former member of Con- 
gress, and for many years Waterbury's most prominent attor- 
ney. Litchfield County was represented by Bufus E. Holmes, 
vice-president of the Hurlbut ^N'ational Bank, and member 
of the financial firm of Holmes & Gay, and by Milo Bichard- 
son, manager of the Bamum & Bichardson Company, manu- 
facturers of car wheels, etc. Wilbur B. Foster is one of Bock- 
ville's busy merchants, and George Sykes, his colleague, is 
manager of several of the great textile establishments for 
which that place has long been noted. Windham County 
called into service General Eugene S. Boss, general manager 
of the largest corporation within its territory — the Willi- 



COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I47 

niantic Linen Companv — and Charles S. L. Marlor, whose 
father, Thomas S. Marlor, was a member of the Centennial 
Commission of 1876, and from whom he inherited qualities 
which made him a valuable member of the Board. From ]\Iid- 
dlesex Connty came two of its most prominent and active busi- 
ness men, Clinton B. Davis, treasurer of the Cutaway HaiTOW 
Companv, and Thomas R. Pickering, well known as the in- 
ventor of the " Pickering governor," and at the head of the 
Pickering Governor Company of Portland. ]Mr. Pickering's 
service in connection with former expositions had qualified him 
for rendering good counsel in the position to which he was 
chosen. He had represented Connecticut at four Interna- 
tional Expositions — at Vienna, twice in Paris, and as State 
Agent at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876. Xew London 
County was represented on the Board by Prank A. Mitchell, 
secretary and treasurer of the Thames Iron TTorks, Norwich, 
and by Edward T. Brown, treasurer of the Brown Cotton Gin 
Company of Xew London. The foregoing outline seems to 
clearly indicate that those who were selected to represent Con- 
necticut in her relations with the T^'^orld's Pair were men of 
unusual qualifications, and of such standing as to ensure the 
State's highest welfare in connection therewith. 

There are no data easily obtainable from which to outline 
the particular methods adopted for selecting the various mem- 
bers of the Board of Managers. The task was imposed upon the 
gentlemen who were chosen to represent the several counties 
at the meeting of citizens held at the State Capitol on the 2 2d 
of February, 1892. In order to secure a strictly non-partisan 
Board it was decided that two members should be selected from 
each county, one Republican and one Democrat, who were to 
be nominated (appointment to be made by the Governor) by 
the gentlemen who were chosen vice-presidents of the meeting 
held on the date above named. In some instances the vice- 
presidents were prevailed upon to propose their colleagues as 
the best possible choice. In other cases it is probable that the 
ground was carefully looked over, and selection made in a man- 



148 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

ner similar to tlie metliod adopted in LitcMeld County. The 
vice-presidents tliere^ as recorded on page 23, were Lyman AV. 
Coe of Torrington and Samnel S. IS^ewton of Winchester. 
When these gentlemen met in conference it was understood by 
them that the persons selected for nomination as members of 
the Board of Managers should be approved by both. Mr. 
Xewton narrated to the writer, at the time, the manner in 
which the choice for Litchfield County was made, and we 
give it as nearly as possible in his own Avords. 

• " When we came together to make our selection," said 
Mr. Xewton, " Mr. Coe asked if I had settled upon my candi- 
date. I told him my choice was Milo B. Bichardson of Lime 
Rock. He said that selection would be entirely satisfactory to 
him. I then asked Mr. Coe if he had made his selection. He 
replied that he had as yet made no choice, but that he A^dshed 
to confer the honor upon some citizen of Winsted, in recogni- 
tion of its position as the industrial center of the county. He 
said : " If you will give me a list of a few of your leading 
business men, any one of whom will be acceptable to your- 
self, I will indicate my preference. I gave him a list, which 
included the most prominent men in the toAvn, and when he 
had looked it over he said : ' My choice is Ruf us E. Holmes.' " 
Members of the Board of Managers do not need to be told, 
since their long service of twenty-two months, that Lyman W. 
Coe was a good judge of men. 

The composition of the Board of Lady Managers, like that 
of its counterpart, seems to have been the result of " natural 
selection." Every community is endowed Avith Avomen who 
have special gifts in the direction of executive ability — at 
least every Connecticut community is; not simply the ability to 
formulate plans, but to carry them successfully into execution. 
One of the tasks imposed upon the Board of Managers Avas 
that of selecting tAvo Avomen from each county AA-ho should 
comprise the Board of Lady Managers, and an equal number 
of alternates to render service Avhen the principals Avere unable 
to do so. The successful manner in Avhich Connecticut was- 



COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I49 

represented at tlie AVorld's Fair in matters devolving upon 
tliem fnlly justified tlie appointments that were made. If there 
was favoritism shown in the selection of members of the Wom- 
en's Board it was the kind of favoritism that is approved bv the 
general public — that which recognizes high social standing, 
combined with especial fitness for undertaking laborious and 
difficult tasks. They could devote themselves ^ to social 
functions with credit, but they could do far more than 
that: could jDlan wisely and execute plans successfully. The 
story of the work of the Women's Board is to be told by its effi- 
cient president, Mrs. George H. Knight, and it only need be 
remarked here that from first to last their administration of 
the duties committed to their charge was emphatically ap- 
proved by the Board of Managers. 

MEMOEIAL TKIBUTES. 

Dming the existence of the World's Pair Board of Man- 
agers as an active organization, death entered its ranks, and 
bore away two of its most prominent membei*s. In October, 
1892, the treasurer, Mr. Earle, Avas stricken with pericarditis, 
and passed away after but two weeks' illness. In due time the 
following minute found place in the official records of the 
Board, passed by a unanimous rising vote. 

COL. JOHN E. EARLE. 

The committee appointed to draft resolutions on the death 
of the late treasurer of the Board. Mr. John E. Earle, offered 
the foUov^ng preamble and resolutions. 

IVJiej'eas, The Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut and 
its Executive Committee have lost, by the death of Colonel John 
E. Earle, one of their most esteemed and efficient members, and 
Whereas, We, the members of said Board and Executive Committee 
desire to place upon record a suitable testimonial of our high re- 
gard for his memoiy. and of our sense of the gi"eat loss this 
Board and the State of Connecticut have suffered by his death, 
therefore 
Resolved, That by this mysterious dispensation we have been de- 
prived of the counsel and advice of one whose ripe experience, ex- 



150 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

cellent judgment, and varied information, made him a most impor- 
tant member, and we deplore his loss to the Board and the State. 
And, while we recognize his great usefulness as a Commissioner, 
and his high devotion to duty in all the relations of a citizen, we feel 
that we have met with a great personal loss in his death, in common 
with the State and the community in which he lived, where he has 
so long been loved and honored by all who knew him. 

Resolved, That the above preamble and resolutions be entered 
upon the records of this Board, and a copy be sent to the afflicted 
family of the deceased, with the assurance of our sincere sympathy 
and condolence in their sad bereavement. 

GEO. F. HOLCOMB, 
S. W. KELLOGG, 
"^ E. T. BROWN, 

Committee. 

HON. DAVID M. READ. 

In December, 1893, tlie Board was again called to record 
its sense of loss in the death of Hon. D. M. Eead, chairman of 
the Executive Committee, who had been in gradually failing 
health for several weeks. At the first subsequent meeting of 
the Board, held January 30, 1894, the following minute, of- 
fered by Mr. Jarvis, was adopted, the Secretary of the Board 
being instructed to send^ an engrossed copy to Mr. Read's 
family, and to cause the same to be made public through the 
medium of various prominent newspapers. 

(Extract from official minutes.) 

The Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut, appreciat- 
ing the obligation that they and the entire State are under by reason 
of the wisdom, energy, and skill displayed by the Honorable David 
M. Read in representing the interests of the State at the World's 
Columbian Eixposition at Chicago during the past summer, and, 
desiring to attest the deep sense of personal bereavement they feel 
at his death, cause this minute to be entered upon their records : 

Resolved, That in the death of the Honorable David M. Read the 
State of Connecticut has lost a tried and faithful servant, one who 
was ever watchful of its true interests, willing, at a sacrifice of 
personal comfort, to advance its prosperity and uphold its reputa- 
tion ; that we extend to his family and the entire community in which 
he lived, our sincerest sympathy at the loss they, in common with 
ourselves, have sustained. 

Resolved, That the Secretary of the Board send an engrossed 
copy of this minute and resolution to the family of the deceased, 
and cause a copy to be printed. 



CHAPTER XIY. 

RETROSPECTIVE GLAIS^CES AT THE EXPOSITION IN 
GENERAL. 

Apologetic — Statistical — Connecticut Visitors to the Exposition — Will 
Another Equally Wonderful Exposition Be Seen ? — Marvelous Ad- 
vancement Achieved Since the Centennial of 1876 — Who Can Guess 
What Science and Invention Will Do for the Future ? — Will Man 
Always Eat in Order to Live ? — An Incentive for Connecticut Students 
toward Solving Mysterious Problems — Is Longevity One of the 
Lost Arts? — Will Aerial Navigation be Possible in Another Hun- 
dred Years? — Forecast of America's Greatness — Brief Duration of 
the Exposition Regretted — The Chicago Society of Sons of Con- 
necticut — Connecticut Souvenir Badge — Connecticut at the World's 
Congress — Extracts from Bulletins to Connecticut Newspapers. 

APOLOGETIC. 
This final cliapter lias been reserved for a gathering-up of 
odds and ends, which have been unable to find a fitting lodg- 
ment elsewhere, a sort of literary waste-basket into which have 
been thrust features which could not be assimilated in connec- 
tion with any of the preceding chapters, and some of which, 
the reader may think, would assimilate more readily in an- 
other kind of waste-basket. If considerable latitude has been 
taken in this chapter (to say nothing of its longitude), the 
writer promises to plead guilty to almost any indictment that 
may be made, with reference to some of its features, excepting 
that of seriousness. The temptation to indulge in strange 
conceptions as to what the future may evolve seems to be justi- 
fied by recalling the progress of events of the past, especially 
during recent years. How wide he has shot of the mark to 
be established by conditions possibly to be attained a hundred 
years hence, only those of that far-off time can know. 

STATISTICAL— CONNECTICUT VISITORS TO THE EXPOSI- 
TION. 

The large number of visitors from Connecticut to the Co- 

(151) 



152 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



liimbian Exposition, as shown by registrations at the State 
Building, indicates the interest with which it was regarded by 
its citizens. The three registers required during the six months 
contain the names of 26,100 people, representing 366 towns, 
cities, villages, and hamlets. ' 

The percentage of the State's population visiting the Expo- 
sition was 3.4 (based upon the census of 1890), while the at- 
tendance at the Centennial of 1876 w^as 7.4 per cent, (census 
of 1870). The larger attendance at Philadelphia is easily ac- 
counted for by the shorter distance. I^ew Haven stands at the 
head of the list, numerically, Hartford being represented by the 
largest percentage of population, the largest, at least, of the 
record shown in the following table. 

The subjoined list shows tOT^ms that were represented by 
more than 200 people, with percentages of population, and 
the percentage of the same towns attending the Centennial ex- 
hibition. The latter figures have been obtained from " The 
Souvenir of the Centennial,'' published by Geo. D. Curtis in 
1 877. The figures indicate attendance by towns; for example : 
Vernon includes registrations from Yernon Center, Rock- 
ville, and Talcottville, and Winchester includes Winchester 
Center, Winsted, and West Winsted. 



Town. 


Attend- 


P. C. 


P. c. 


Town. 


Attend- 


p. c. 


P. c. 




ance. 


in 1893. 


in 1876. 




ance. 


in 1893. 


in 1876. 


l^ew Haven, 


3649 


4.2 


8.6 


New London, 


464 


3.3 


7.6 


Hartford, 


3641 


68 


11.0 


Middletown, 


460 


3.0 


6.5 


Bridgeport, 


1903 


8.6 


8.6 


Winchester, 


344 


5.5 


8.5 


Waterbury, 


1042 


3.0 


8.0 


Vernon, 


295 


3.3 


6.9 


Norwich, 


814 


3.5 


6.4 


Bristol, 


280 


3.7 


8.7 


Meriden, 


694 


2.7 


10.7 


Windham, 


271 


2.7 


6.5 


Norwalk, 


610 


3.4 


7.9 


Manchester, 


248 


3.0 


5.7 


New Britain, 


559 


2.9 


8.2 


Derby, 


224 


3.7 


5.4 


Stamford, 


541 


3.6 


78 


Stonington, 


215 


2.0 


5.9 


Danbury, 


517 


2.7 


6.8 


Suffield, 


207 


6.0 


9.4 



The foregoing statistics show that the percentage of popu- 
lation of towns represented at the Chicago Exposition varied 
but little. Sixteen of the twenty from which figures are given 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I53 

varying less than one per cent, from the attendance of tlie 
State as a whole. The highest percentage, that of Hartford, 
may be accoimted for by the fact that, per capita, it is Connecti- 
cut's richest toAvn. The next highest, that of Suffield, the 
richest agricultural town in the State, having the largest area 
of arable land, probably shows that farmers who, for many 
years, have been successful cultivators of tobacco, are 
presumably well supplied with pocket-money. Winchester, 
standing third in the order of percentages, is chiefly 
noted for the great variety of its manufactures, and as a result 
the more continuous occupation of the greater portion of its 
artisans. To the fact that it is an unusually prosperous indus- 
trial town, that local interest in the Exposition was increased by 
reason of its having a representative on both the Board of 
Managers and Lady Managers, and that another of its citizens 
was domiciled in the State Building as executive officer, may 
possibly be attributed its large percentage of attendance. It 
is worthy of note that Winchester visitors to the Chicago 
Exposition numbered 344, and that 345 registered at the Phil- 
adelphia Centennial. 

It is noteworthy also that prominent agricultural towns are 
better represented at expositions than the same grade of manu- 
facturing towns. This statement is verified by the record of 
Litchfield and Washington, agricultural to^ms, which were 
represented at the Centennial Exhibition by 9.2 and 10.4 per 
cent, of their population, the percentages from Winchester 
and Torrington, which are the most prosperous manufacturing 
towns in the same County, showing only 8.5 and 6.5 per cent, 
respectively. To the Columbian Exposition the same agricul- 
tural communities sent combined, 9 per cent, of their popula- 
tion, while Winchester and Torrington, combined, were repre- 
sented by but 7.7 per cent. 

WILL ANOTHER EQUALLY WONDERFUL EXPOSITION BE 

SEEN? 

It is not improbable that many visitors to the Columbian 
Exposition of 1893 have wondered if they vdll ever again, 
11 



154 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

during their earthly lives, have the opportunity of attending 
an exposition planned and carried ont on so grand a scale as 
that held in Chicago. Notwithstanding the gTeat stride by 
which the "World's Fair, in many particnlars, surpassed the 
Centennial Exhibition of 1876, after a lapse of but seventeen 
years, it may well be doubted if this generation will be likely 
to see its equal, either in this country or in any other. ^VTien 
we remember the superior location of Jackson Park, vdth its 
canals and lagoons affording such rare opportunity for the ply- 
ing of gondolas, electric and other launches to the very doors of 
almost every department building; when we contemplate the 
number and extent of the various buildings; when we recall 
the imperial gTandeur of the Court of Honor mth its un- 
approached magnificence, by night or by day; and especially 
when w^e reflect upon the sum total of expense borne by the 
Exposition Company — upwards of twenty-six millions of 
dollars — we shall be likely to arrive at the conclusion that 
never again in our day is it probable that we shall see its equal- 
In another hundred years, when the 500th Columbian anniver- 
sary comes around, Chicago will have fully recovered from 
what seems to us must have been accomplished by almost super- 
human endeavor, and she may then feel like showing to the 
world that she can surpass her former triumph. If, as now, her 
motto continues to be " I will ! '' that will settle the; question — 
especially if the enterprise of her people shall have been trans- 
mitted to her coming generations. Jackson Park will exist in 
1993, but by that time it wdll so largely be embellished by 
trees, boulevards, fountains, statuar}^, and grass plots, that its 
use for another Exposition would, doubtless, be denied. Lower 
down on the lake shore, however, there may be, even a hundred 
years hence, imoccupied space sufiicient to more than eclipse 
the Exposition of our own remembrance. It may be too soon 
to suggest to Chicago, that somewhere in the vicinity of Lake 
Calumet, adequate space should be reserved for a Coliunbian 
Exposition in 1993. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 155 

THE MARVELOUS ADVANCEMENT ACHIEVED SINCE THE 
CENTENNIAL OF 1876. 

When one reflects npon the advance along various lines 
from the Centennial of 1876 to the Columbian Exposition of 
1893, and upon the further stride already made since the close 
of the latter, it is easy to believe that Avhen another hundred 
years shall have given ampler scope for inventive genius and 
scientific application, the 500th anniversary of the discovery 
of America will reveal conditions, which now, at least mth 
reference to some of them, have no place in the calculations of 
the average mind. He who questions this statement only 
needs to recall the fact that in 1893 the X-rays had not come to 
light, so that since the close of this greatest of the "World's Ex- 
positions, when it was fairly supposed by most people that we 
had got " about to the end," this marvelous discovery has been 
made, rivaling in importance, within its own field, the old- 
time discovery of the circulation of the blood, and the later dis- 
covery of anesthesia, to go no further into the realm of scien- 
tific and beneficent discovery. 

The Centennial of 1876 had no electric light, and its great 
exhibition buildings, and Eairmount Park itself, were closed at 
sunset to all visitors. Contrast that with Jackson Park in 
1893, fairly aglow with electric lights, from one end to the 
other, and through all of its exhibition buildings, to such ex- 
tent that when the moon rose out of Lake Michigan, it seemed 
as though it hastened to hide its pale light behind a convenient 
cloud — so brilliant was the scene upon which it looked 011 
Jackson Park. 

Those who visited the Centennial will recall the exhibit 
of the first practical type-writing machine, and they will possi- 
bly remember the pretty girl who operated it. She wrote dic- 
tated letters for visitors to show the capabilities of the machine,, 
and the fee was 25 cents. In 1893, type-writing machines had 
come to be something more than a mechanical curiosity, — in- 
deed, a requisite in evers- business ofiice that made any preten- 
tions toward keeping abreast of the times. 



156 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The phonograph had not been heard of at the time of the 
Centennial, but at the "World's Pair of 1893 it was employed 
for business purposes, and visitors to the Shoe and Leather 
Building will distinctly remember how it enunciated clearly 
the merits of " H-u-b Hub, G-o-r-e Gore, Hub Gore!'' 
Whether or not some form of phonograph may come into wider 
practical use remains to be seen, but the fact of its success as a 
practical toy out of which fortunes have been already made, by 
which the world has been delightfully entertained, and will 
continue to be more and more entertained as its use is amplified, 
shows conclusively that in 1876 inventive genius has not ex- 
hausted itself. 

As to that most marvelous of latter day inventions — the 
telephone — it was patented during the Centennial year, but 
not i]i time to attract special attention as an exhibit at Philadel- 
phia. Had xllexander Graham Bell then asserted that the time 
would ever come when the voice of an acquaintance could be 
recognized at a distance of one thousand miles, or that it 
would ultimately be such an indispensable business requisite as 
it has now come to be, with what a vast number of grains of al- 
lowance his assertion would have been received, l^evertheless, 
during the AYorld's Fair, the writer clearly distinguished the 
" hello " of one of his Connecticut friends through about 
twelve hundred miles of wire, the recognition being so distinct 
as to be unmistakable. 

Another advanced step in scientific discovery since the Cen- 
tennial Exhibition, and one that has almost entirely revolu- 
tionized the then prevailing methods of hand-engraving, is the 
" half tone " process of the present day. If those who are not 
well versed in the advancement in illustration during the past 
few years will compare Harper^ s WeeMif, for instance, or the 
illustrated magazines of to-day, with the same periodicals of 
twenty years ago, they will readily observe the marked im- 
provement. This advance is mainly due to experiments with 
the camera conducted by a former Connecticut boy, rrederic 
Ives of Litchfield. The process is known as the " Ives process." 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLDS FAIR. 157 

Besides being of much higher grade than can be done by even 
the highest grade of hand engraving, because of the absolute 
correctness of the camera's work, its cost has been reduced 
many fold. Without the aid of the camera the superb half-tone 
illustrations of the World's Fair of 1893 would not have been 
possible. It will interest the reader to know that Mr. Ives, 
when about 15, while serving as an apprentice in the office 
of the Litchfield Enquirer, began experimenting with a cigar- 
box camera, made by himself; and that his present field of 
scientific enterprise (E'ovember, 189Y), is London, in connec- 
tion with " The Photochromoscope Syndicate, Limited," a 
concern which, by use of the ^' Kromskop " (Mr. Ives' inven- 
tion), produces colored photographic pictures successfully. 

The next, and still more wonderful use that inventive 
genius has made by means of the camera — that of showing 
moving pictures by the Kinetoscope and other processes — has 
been the result of experiments made since the close of the Ex- 
position of 1893. What opportunities for reproducing moving 
pictures were offered on the Midway Plaisance, the lagoons, 
with gondolas and electric launches, the multitude of moving 
exhibits in Machinery Hall, to say nothing of the splendid 
sight presented by Connecticut's Governor Bulkeley and Staff 
and the Governor's Foot Guards on Michigan Avenue at the 
time of the dedication observance in October, 1892! These 
brief references are sufficient to outline the possible photo- 
graphic effects that await those who survive the great exposi- 
tion which will probably be held to commemorate the 500th 
anniversary of the advent of Columbus upon the shores of this 
Western world. 

WHO CAN GUESS WHAT SCIENCE AND INVENTION WILL 
DO FOR THE FUTURE ? 

During the next hundred years, who shall say what invent- 
ive genius and scientific discovery may not be able to accom- 
plish? In these latter days nearly all things seem to be ] ossible 



158 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

for man to do. If tlie battlesliip of eiglitv years ago ^vas to 
Byron a " huge leviathan/' how shall the poet of this end of 
the nineteenth century characterize the marine monsters that 
now plow the seas? Who can guess what transatlantic passage 
may be reduced to after another hundred years shall have 
elapsed, if during the present century it has been reduced from 
several weeks to about five days? How nearly can we guess 
as to the changes that may be made in the line of inland 
transportation during the coming century? The "Empire 
State Express/' now called the fastest train in the world, 
covers the distance between ^ew York and Buffalo, 440 miles, 
in 495 minutes. This is a marked advancement on the time 
made at the beginning of this century, to say nothing of the 
methods of travel, when settlers in the " 'New Connecticut " 
(the Connecticut Beserve), now northern Ohio, journeyed by 
ox-wagon and stage coach. And though twenty-four hours 
from ISTew York to Chicago is fast enough for the generality of 
mortals of the present day, there continues to .be a demand for 
more rapid transit — a demand that may ultimately send a car 
by pneumatic tube between these two points in four hours in- 
stead of twenty-four. The problem of aerial navigation may 
possibly be solved in the lapse of another hundred years, if 
it is ever to be solved, though possibly only those who delight 
in extra-hazardous journeyings would' care to avail themselves 
of opportunities for aerial flight. I^evertheless, standing in 
the light of the marvelous progTess human achievement has 
attained during the past quarter of the nineteenth century, it 
would be futile to assert that man has come near to the limit of 
his capabilities. 

We have neither time nor space here to outline except as 
to a few possibilities, we may say probabilities, in the line of 
progress reserved for the future, though they are referred to 
more for the sake of indulging in prophetic entertainment 
than othermse. Let us say, to allay the apprehension of those 
who weep over the possibility that the coal deposits of the 
world will be exhausted of their supply of fuel in about twenty 
thousand years, that, before the twentieth century shall have 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 159 

run its course^ i^^ovision Avill most likely have been made 
whereby the water that now runs to waste everywhere will 
be made to store ujo energy with which to reduce the demands 
upon the coal fields. If the electric current in the trolley wire 
of to-day cannot only propel, but also light and heat the mov- 
ing car, it can also heat, as well as light, the dwellings of men, 
and water enough now runs to waste which, if employed fully, 
might greatly lessen, if not exempt, the use of coal. Though 
not as yet common in use, the electric cooking range is a prac- 
tical verity, and in a few years a house equipped with all the 
modem improvements will include a cooking apparatus that 
will require neither matches, kindling wood, nor kerosene 
can, from start to finish ; only the placing of a plug in an elec- 
trical switch-board will be needed to bring a hot current to 
the electric range. Tidy housewives will delight in the absence 
of dust and ashes, when the coal scuttle has been relegated to 
the junk heap. 

And then there is waste of energy in the ever-moving tides, 
and in the surf of the restless sea sufiicient to furnish all the 
power and light and heat the world has need of when inventive 
genius shall have harnessed them. Already the practicability 
of the surf -motor has been demonstrated on the Pacific Coast, 
which furnishes electrical power at very much less cost per 
horse power than it can be obtained from coal. There is plenty 
of surf power running to waste, night and day, winter and sum- 
mer, along the Atlantic Coast, as well as above and below the 
Golden Gate of the Pacific. 

But the world is not limited to coal mines and ocean waves 
for sources of energy. Probably enough wind blows to waste 
to furnish all the energy required to run the activities of the 
globe if it could be fully utilized. It might be difficult to 
catch all the winds that blow and make them spend their entire 
strength in the service of man, but it would be possible to-day 
for the suburban dweller to charge storage batteries vfith suffi- 
cient energy to furnish all the light and heat he required, es- 
pecially in localities where Boreas and other members of the 
howling quartette residing in the Cave of the Winds, could all, 



160 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

in their turn, have opportunity to do their share. Shoukl there 
still be lack of energy to keep mundane affairs moving, after 
other handmaids have done their full share, the inflammable 
gases that are latent in water will be sufficient to supply any 
deficiency, to say nothing of what might be obtained from con- 
centrated rays of solar heat. Sources of energy for power, and 
consequently for light and heat, are so vast and illimitable, as to 
preclude the necessity of our worrying over the question as to 
future supply. Science and inventive genius will solve that 
problem in due time. 

WILL MAN ALWAYS EAT IN ORDER TO LIVE? 

If there is nothing else to worry over in behalf of those who 
are to make up this country's population, of possibly a thou- 
sand millions at the time of the 500th anniversary, will it not 
be as to whether they can all get enough to eat? If the State 
of Texas is, of itself, large enough to furnish an eighth-acre 
building lot for every man, woman, and child of the esti- 
mated population of the globe, — more than thirteen hundred 
millions, — it is, perhaps, not unreasonable to regard the rest 
of the country large enough, and fertile enough, to adequately 
sustain its prospectively large population with all requii-ements 
in the way of " daily bread." The question that worries us 
just now is this: Is man always to be subjected to the gTOSs 
propensity of eating? It may be somewhat extravagant to 
advance the idea, but when we consider what scientific activity 
has been doing for mankind during the past few years, the 
inquiry seems pertinent, mil eating be a physical necessity, 
in order to sustain life, a hundred years hence ? The man who 
now enjoys life simply to the extent of gratifying his appetite; 
the hon vivant whose life would be largely devoid of pleasure 
could he not appease the demands of his palate — they will 
take no delight in the hypothetical picture I am about to de- 
lineate. On the other hand, many a tired housewife, who is 
wearing her life away in the never-ending task of providing 
meat for her household, 1,095 times a year, will wish the pic- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 161 

tiire were real, and that she could take a Eip Yan Winkle nap 
long enough to wake and find it in practical operation. This is 
the picture : Such an advanced stage of chemical and electrical 
science as would make it possible for the human body to be sup- 
plied with chlorides, phosphates, carbonates, etc., in such 
quantity and quality as are required for its proper maintenance 
without resorting to the present method by knife, fork, and 
spoon. Already, by means of the electrical battery the opera- 
tor can transmit to the hidden recesses of his patients' anatomy 
liquid hypnotics that will allay pain; by similar process wdiy 
may not liquid iron be transmitted through the system for the 
strengthening of the blood, phosphates for maintaining the 
structural portion of the individual? "Why may we not as well 
learn what proportions of liquid carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and 
nitrogen are required to build up and m^aintain the human 
body in all its parts? Malt is the vital principle of bread, and 
there is but little goodness left in beef after it has been sub- 
jected to the Liebig process of extracting its juices. It is al- 
ready an easy task for the chemical laboratory to reduce iron 
to liquid form; why may not the time come when floimng 
mills are converted into laboratories which shall turn out liquid 
beef, wheat, corn, sugar and potatoes with which to supply 
household galvanic batteries the Avorld over ? 

If gold, silver, and nickel can be transferred from the solid 
block, and deposited upon forks and spoons, why, in due time, 
may not all the necessaries of life be vulcanized by chemi- 
cal process, and transmitted in like manner by the mysterious 
current, and restore to man his wasting vitality ? What a relief 
this process would be to the digestive organs, and who knows 
but that through some such manner of living man may bring 
back his lost birthright of longevity? 

The electric launches that rendered such excellent sendee 
on the lagoons at the World's Tair were placed in their stalls 
at night, and in seven hours their hidden batteries were re- 
stored Avith sufficient energy to run sixty miles, ten hours at six 
miles an hour. Is it impossible that in a hundred years such 



162 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

aclYancement as has been here outlined may not have been 
attained, whereby when a mortal lays himself down to pleasant 
dreams, he can bnckle around him his electric belt and then, 
after w^rapping the drapery of his conch about him, touch a 
button Avhich shall set in motion a current, that in seven hours 
will restore in his system the wasted tissues of the day gone 
b»y ? This picture will not be complete without the embellish- 
ment it naturally suggests — such relief from care as will per- 
mit of rational enjoyment of the highest order — enjoyment 
wdiich the imaginative reader can picture to suit himself. The 
man who required a resting hour at midday, or at sunset, and 
with it a little toning up of wasted energies, could he not 
buckle on his electric belt, and spend an enjoyable hour in his 
easy chair with his newspaper or the latest book from the press, 
and so keep himself abreast of the times ? Think of the number 
of untouched books that gather dust on library shelves for lack 
of time for reading ! What a vast amount of information and 
literary enjoyment might come to him, who, 1,095 times a year, 
prefers reading to eating! 

Perhaps this hypothetic picture is too strongly drawn to 
suit some conservative minds, who may argue that because man 
was provided with digestive organs he ought not to try to cir- 
cumvent his Creator by devising some way to put them on the 
xetired list. Such conser^^atism is out of date in these days, and 
belongs to the age of the Scotch Covenanters, who railed 
against tlie use of fanning-mills for winnowing grain; they 
"winnowed their grain, with the wind the Lord furnished, and 
it was to them like rebuking the Almighty to devise any new- 
fangled method. Then, again, the suggestion may not be alto- 
gether pleasing to those who regard the alimentary canal as 
especially designed for the encouraging of sociability during 
life's journey, and who, moreover, regard that as the surest, 
and in some cases the only, channel by which man's affections 
may be reached. If such be the case, let it be understood that 
palatable liquids (we shall not attempt to enumerate them all, 
for good reasons), including tea, coffee, milk, and soda-water, 
shall be exempted from the electrical process; also grapes, 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. IQ^ 

peaches, oranges, and other tasteful fruits that can be served 
without fiu'ther preparation than the accompaniment of finger 
bowls. This will restrict the storage-battery process to such 
features as will eliminate the principal part of kitchen drud- 
gery, and will also help to solve the servant girl problem. 

If the reader considers this picture as altogether Utopian, 
and entirely out of the range of possibilities, let him go back 
a hundred years and imagine some -Mother Shipton predict- 
ing the Atlantic cable, the telegraph, telephone, phonograph, 
biograph, photograph, the perfecting printing-press and type- 
setting machine;, motor carriages, the trolley car, the " ocean 
^I'eyhound," the dynamite gun, the sewing-machine and type- 
writer, the electric light, smokeless powder, and the X-rays, 
and then ask himself if, in the light of what has been achieved, 
our strange picture is very trying to the imagination. 

AN INCENTIVE TO CONNECTICUT STUDENTS TOWARD 
# SOLVING MYSTERIOUS PROBLEMS. 

To Professor Asaph Hall, an honored son of Connecticut, 
was reseiwed the task of discovering the Martian moons. Dur- 
ing the twentieth century, now almost dawning, may not the 
further gTatifying honor fall to the lot of some one of her gifted 
sons of discovering other hitherto unrevealecl luminaries in the 
stellar depths, or, at least, be the discoverer of something, if 
nothing more than a law or theory, as Xewton did, and so im- 
mortalize himself? 

There seems good reason to believe that the telescope may 
be so improved in years to come as to give the astronomer much 
gTcater range of vision than now, though even with all of man's 
capabilities, many times multiplied, it may well be doubted 
if he will be able to " loose the bands of Orion " or find out 
the source and dwelling-place of the Almightv. Since the days 
of Job, however, having been able to " send lightnings," and 
taught them to say with audible voice " Here we are," may he 
not be able, later on, to demonstrate that their source is in the 
great solar battery; that the mission of fast-speeding comets is 



164 CONNECTICTJT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

to restore wasted energy tliroiiglioiit the Avicle realm of space, 
and that the beneficent influeoices of solar heat are transmitted 
to lis by never-ceasing electrical currents? May it not be possi- 
ble for modern science, now that it has demonstrated its ability 
to not only weigh distant spheres in its scales, but to show 
by the spectroscope of what they are composed, to overt-urn the 
Xewtonian theory of gravitation as a propelling force, and sup- 
plant it by a well-defined demonstration which shall show 
that the law of gravitation operates upon moving spheres sim- 
ply as a " governor " control* the speed of an engine — regu- 
lating rather than being its propelling force? Sir Isaac knew 
a good deal, considering the time in which he lived, but the 
electrical age had not dawned in his day. It may be that some 
later-day genius will discover, after awhile, that electricity is 
the force that propels the spheres in their orbits. 

And when you come to reflect upon the subject, does it 
not seem reasonable to think that in order for the sun's warm- 
ing rays to do a full day's work for the benefit of humanity 
upon earth, they should start from home early in the morn- 
ing, and come through space by the " lightning express." If 
it is a fact that the electrical current moves at the rate of 
285 thousand miles a second, the distance from the sun to the 
earth can be traversed by it in -Q.Ye or six minutes, and we 
know of no other element that travels as fast — distancing 
light by about a hundred thousand miles a second. 

Should the electric current theory prove unteuable from a 
more scientific standpoint than ours, a substitute theory is of- 
fered as a compromise: that the sun's direct rays may be re- 
fracted through the earth's convex atmosphere, in similar man- 
ner as they are refracted and concentrated by a sun-glass, 
focusing at or near the earth's surface. If this theory is ac- 
cepted, it will possibly lead us to worry less about the sun's 
rays pelting unbearably upon the heads of our near neighbors, 
who may chance to dwell upon Mercury, which is more than 
fifty millions of miles nearer the sun than the earth is, for, of 
course, the atmosphere of all habitable worlds would be so 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 165 

fixed as to make tlie conditions of lieat and cold just suited to 
popular needsj tlie same as ours is. "We should also be less 
anxious as to the number of degrees below zero that might 
otherwise bo the portion of our distant relatives, the ISTep- 
tunians, living thousands of millions of miles away from our 
great source of light and heat. May some Connecticut youth 
who is eager for immortal honors be incited to study in the 
direction of these mysterious problems ; perchance he may win 
rare prizes in the realm of fame, and so merit recognition from 
him who shall write of Connecticut at a World's Fair a hun- 
dred years hence. 

IS LONGEVITY ONE OF THE LOST ARTS? 

Does it occur to the reader that it may be possible at some 
future period, for conditions to be such as to bring about a 
return of the good old times when patriarchal longevity 
enabled mortals to live hundreds of years instead of the more 
limited span of to-day ? Is it not a little strange that it should 
have been possible for Methuselah to live 969 years, while as 
for us the days of our years, as the Psalmist said, are threescore 
and ten, and if by reason of strength they be fourscore years, 
yet is their strength labor and sorrow, for it is soon cut off 
and we fly away. Is longevity one of the lost arts ? Has mod- 
em science a more inviting field than that of endeavoring to 
restore to humanity its apparent birthright of long life? 

Look at the family record. Methuselah, 969; Jared, 962; 
:N"oah, 950; Adam, 930; Seth, 912; Cainan, 910; Enos, 905; 
Mahalalel, 895; Lamech, Y77; Shem, 600; Eber, 464; Ar- 
phaxad, 438: Salah, 433; Enoch, 365; Peleg and Eeu, 239; 
Serug, 230; Terah, 205; Isaac, 180; Abraham, 175; IS^ahor, 
148; Jacob, 147; Moses, 120; Joseph and David, 110. This 
shows a fearful degeneration, and science ought to bring itself 
to the task of finding out the causes from which it has resulted. 
It surely cannot be traceable to moral degeneracy, for 930 was 
the lot of our first j)arent. 

" Whose mortal taste 
Brought death into the world, and all our woe." 



IQQ CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

If tlie gradual lessening of the years of human life lias not 
come from the sin of eating forbidden frnit it must also be ap- 
parent that it has not resulted as the penalty from indulgence 
in the fruit of the yine^ for Xoah, the head of the only ante- 
deluyian family worth saying, is said to haye allowed his bibu- 
lous tendencies to get the better of him, and he was hardly 
excusable on the plea of youthful indiscretion, haying then 
passed his 600th birthday. Eyidently, too, it would be futile 
to assert that to the non-obseryance of the proprieties of social 
ethics can be attributed this seeming diyine disapprobation, 
manifesting itself in the period of human life, for Joseph, the 
most conspicuous exemplar of social proprieties, liyed no longer 
than Dayid, who conspicuously yiolated them. 

We don't know ydiat can be done toward solying this prob- 
lem of restoring longeyity to our fallen race — and it is a good 
deal of a fall from Methuselah's great age to that of our " cen- 
turions," as Mrs. Partington used to call them — better than to 
offer large cash prizes for the oldest and best-preser^^ed speci- 
mens of himianity to be exhibited at the next Columbian Ex- 
position in 1993. Of course, there would be no trouble in 
getting large purses guaranteed, for people eyerywhere would 
be interested, expecting, naturally enough, that all of the yari- 
ous medical schools — allopaths, homeopaths, hydropaths, elec- 
tropaths, and others that follow no well-de£ned paths — would 
each do their best toward raising the ayerage of longeyity 
among their respectiye adherents. It is not many yeai*s ago 
that a syndicate of publishers offered a cash prize — a million 
dollars, if we remember correctly — for what should proye to 
be the best type-setting machine. Xow almost eyery well- 
equipped printing establishment throughout the ciyilized 
world is supplied with maryelously intricate machines that can 
set type much faster, and at less cost, than the work can be 
done by hand, and the pages of this yolume indicate how well 
the work is done. "Where there is a will there is a way, espe- 
cially if in connection with the will there is promise of en- 
ticing reward. Just at present the bicycle industiw appears to 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 1^7 

be tlie most attractive realm for tlie employment of inventive 
genius, Connecticnt still maintaining the lead in the race, and 
that for the reason that the " Columbia " wheel, in addition tO' 
its perfection in all other respects, has the gTeatest longevity. 
What humanity wants, and is willing to pay for, is the utmost 
longevity, of course, with all of its active faculties to the utmost 
extent unimpaired. If the comparatively new theories of 
Christian Science and Osteopathy Avill enter the contest and 
show as fruits of their respective systems at the next Columbian 
Exposition, nimble and well-preserved exhibits of humanity,, 
who were visitors at the last one, — ranging in age from 125 
to 150 years, — what a flocking there would be to the standards 
of their school ! AVhat the world Avants most of all is the dis- 
covery of the Fountain of Perpetual Youth, and we indulge 
the hope that its source may be found by some searcher from 
the " Land of Steady Habits." 

WILL AERIAL NAVIGATION BE POSSIBLE IN ANOTHER 
HUNDRED YEARS? 

The marvelous advancement achieved during the latter 
part of the nineteenth century in the realm of locomotion 
naturally inclines us to wonder what changed conditions may 
be attained when the year 1992 shall have dawned and plans 
are being laid to attend the Columbian Quincentennial an- 
niversary. By that time an intelligent people, demanding 
what they had long been entitled to, will not lack good roads. 
The " great multitude, which no one can number," now 
mounted on bicycles, have thoroughly inaugurated that de- 
sideratum, and the multitude of motor wagons soon to fol- 
low in their wake will emphasize the demand. But there is 
plenty of time before 1992 for human ingenuity to bring about 
aerial navigation, if it is ever going to. As to the possibility 
of a human being flying a hundred years hence, does not tlie 
bicyclist almost fly now when he goes a mile in a minute and 
twelve seconds, a record already made, with a "century" record 
of a hundred miles in three and one-half hours ! As to flying 



168 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

througli the air, the fanciful dreaming of " Darius Green and 
his flying machine '^ may only have been prophetic. Alumi- 
num is several times lighter than iron; nohody knows how soon 
some one may be able to produce a gas that will have several 
times the buoyancy of hydrogen gas, and, possibly, one that 
will be incombustible. I^ot many years ago experiments were 
made in the hope of producing a smokeless powder; now it can 
be bought by the carload. The invention of gunpowder 
brought a marvelous force into the world; to-day it cannot be 
compared with dynamite and nitro-glycerine. There is plenty 
of room in the air for aerial navigation, and the time may come 
when travel there will be safer than by land or water. The 
imaginative mind can picture Connecticut people going to the 
"World's Fair in Chicago, in 1993, by an aerial train of cars, or 
by airship, and having delightful birdseye views, of Niagara, 
the great lakes, the Hudson, and the Ohio, with indeed a 
charming panorama all the wav, and the trip made entirely by 
daylight. A hundred miles an hour on an " air line " ought not 
to overtax an imaginative mind in these days, when railway en- 
gines have already been sped at the rate of 120 miles an hour. 
Safe? No misplaced switches; no absent-minded telegraph op- 
erators; nO' broken rails; no grade crossing; nor delaying hot- 
boxes. How would it land ? It might not land at all, but, per- 
haps, glide down, and settle upon the surface of Lake Michigan 
as gracefully as a duck settles upon the surface of a mill pond. 
Don't believe it possible? Neither do I, but would our grand- 
fathers, in 1793, have believed it possible for us to go from New 
York to Chicago on the " Exposition Flyer " in nineteen hours? 
Would they have believed in the transmission of messages by 
ocean cables; that the human voice could be unmistakably 
recognized a thousand miles away; would they have believed 
the present achievements of the camera possible, and the pene- 
trating powers of X-rays; the wonderful resources of steam 
and electricity, and the present perfection now reached in the 
art of printing; in the attainments in the realm of engineering 
like that of the Brooklyn Bridge, or that in a hundred years 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. Jgg 

the navies of the world would be floating fortresses of iron? 
Truly, Ho who gave man dominion " over all the earth " hath 
not limited his powers. 

FORECAST OF AMERICA'S FUTURE GREATNESS. 

The forecasting of America's greatness, when another hun- 
dred years shall have rolled away, and there is a call to celebrate 
the 500th Columbian anniversary, affords an interesting sub- 
ject for contemplation. If there is anything left of Cuba after 
the present unhappy conflict over it, we may not unreasonably 
expect that the " gem of the Antilles '' will some day glisten 
in the crown of " Columbia, the gem of the ocean." As to 
Hawaii, whose fate just now seems to be in the balances, it 
would perhaps be twisting Scripture unwarrantably to assert 
that the prophet Isaiah referred to this particular case when he 
said " the inhabitant of this isle shall say in that day, behold, 
such is my expectation." AYith reference to the great domains 
that lie upon our borders, there seems to be no- good reason 
why they should be added to our now sufficiently large terri- 
tory. 

Predicting the possible population of the United States in 
a hundred years, is, perhaps, a more reasonable undertaking, 
for there seem to be somewhat well-defined laws which may 
bear upon the subject. When the population of the American 
Colonies was about two millions, a writer in an English maga- 
zine is said to have estimated that in 1890, it would have in- 
creased to sixty-four millions, an estimate that was less than 
three per cent, higher than the census of 1890 showed — 62,- 
622,250. Applying the same rule to 1990, estimating that the 
population will double itself every twenty-five years, would 
make the population of the United States aggregate upwards 
of 1,000 millions at the time of the celebration in 1993, of 
which Connecticut's quota would exceed eleven millions. 
Such a Connecticut population, more than 2,300 to the square 
mile, against 149 as by the census of 1890, is not likely to be 
reached, however, and we shall do well not to be too anxious. 
Restricted immigration is coming in for its share of Con- 
12 



170 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLDS FAIR. 

gressional consideration one of these days, if political promises 
are kept. Tlie day of large families seems also to liave gone 
by, nnliappily. The writer's great-grandfatlier was one of 
eighteen children; three generations later the average in the 
same line was less than three. If there be an inclination to 
worry about an over-populated country a hundred years hence, 
let it be the lamentable lot of him w^ho w^orries lest our coal 
supply may be exhausted in twenty thousand years. 

BRIEF DURATION OF THE EXPOSITION REGRETTED. 
Of those who visited the Columbian Exposition of 1893, 
there were few, we imagine, who did not greatly regret that 
the marvelous exhibition was not permitted to continue during 
the corresponding months of 1894. It is true, that it would 
have been impossible to keep the Exposition running during 
the intervening mnter months, for Chicago can boast of ther- 
mometers that go as low as her buildings do high, but no one 
cognizant of the marvelous work she had already performed 
could doubt her ability to successfully continue the Fair an- 
other season if she decided to undertake the task. It will 
always seem a pity that such a lavish expenditure of money — 
for the auditor's books showed a total expense of more than 
26 millions of dollars — could have allowed only the oppor- 
tunity of a few months in which to ^ee it. Those whose good 
fortune it was to be able to attend the Exposition were so 
thoroughly pleased with it that they would have wished to 
see during the second season what they failed to see the first, 
and it would have required no further advertising to draw 
largely-increased attendance than the story of its gTandeur as 
told the world over by those who had traversed Jackson Park 
by gondola, electric launch, intramural railway, or wheeled 
chair, and who had reveled among the strange sights and 
stranger sounds of the " Midway." It is said to have been the 
great desire of Mayor Carter Harrison to have the Exposition 
temporarily closed and reopened during the summer and fall 
months of 1894, and it is not improbable that he would have 
brought about such an arrangement had not an assassin's pistol 
brought his life to an untimely end. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 171 

THE CHICAGO SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF CONNECTICUT. 

It is pleasant and desirable to liave a " friend at court/' and 
such the World's Fair Managers had in the organization known 
as the " Chicago Society of the Sons of Connecticut." Hardly 
had the Connecticut Board of Managers begun to make ar- 
rangements to visit Chicago to participate in the Exposition 
dedication ceremonies than Governor Bulkeley received a tele- 
gram from the president of the Chicago Society, E. St. John, 
general manager of the Chicago & Rock Island railway, ten- 
dering a reception to the Connecticut visitors, and offering 
them other kindly attentions. During the progTess of the Ex- 
position the Executive Manager was frequently under obliga- 
tion to this organization for courteous and efficient assistance, 
and especially to Mr. A. A. Dewey, secretary of the Society. 
Members of the Society were frequent visitors to the State 
Building, and on one June afternoon a banquet was given by 
the Society in its parlors, its hospitality being shared by all 
Connecticut visitors who chanced to be present. 

CONNECTICUT'S SOUVENIR BADGE. 
A complete collection of souvenir badges at the TTorld's 
Fair would make an exhibit, that, in number and variety of 
design, would rival the famous Tingue collection of buttons in 
the Capitol at Hartford. The Connecticut badge was designed 
by Miss Etta Andrews of Xorwalk, a young lady of rare gifts 
in the direction of art, and who, since the Exposition, has heen 
pursuing her studies in Paris and in Sweden. Miss Andrews'^ 
design was adopted by the Board of Lady Managers, several 
others being in competition. Briefly described, the badge 
shows the Connecticut coat of arms; its motto — Qui Trans- 
tulit Sustinet; the flags of the United States and Spain, and 
the lettering: " Connecticut; World's Fair, 1893." It is made 
of fine-gilded brass, the face being inlaid with white enameL 
The flags are represented in their natural colors, in enamel. 

CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S CONGRESSES. 

The coimter attraction of the World's Congresses, held at 
the Art Palace in Chicago during the Exposition season, drew 



172 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

away from Jackson Park, from time to time, many prominent 
Connecticnt visitors; some to edify, others to be edified. We 
are not in possession of a complete list of residents of Con- 
necticut who took part in its various sessions, but recall from 
memory tliat addresses were made as follows: By Dr. Henry 
Barnard of Hartford, before the Educational Congress ; Elwood 
S. Ela of tbe Manchester Herald, and Nathan W. Kennedy of 
the Putnam Standard, at the Press Congress; Dr. William 
M. Hudson of Hartford, Prof. W. O. Atwater of Wesleyan. 
University, and Henry C. Powe of ^ew Haven, before the 
Pish and Fisheries Congress; Hon. E. H. Hyde of Stafford, at 
the Agricultural Congress, and Prof. Simeon E. Baldwin of 
Yale University, at the Law Congress. 

EXTRACTS FROM BULLETINS TO CONNEGTIGUT NEWS- 
PAPERS. 

In Chapter X, relating to work of the Executive Depart- 
ment, reference is made to bulletins sent to publishers of Con- 
necticut newspapers. Beside giving a list of Connecticut visit- 
ors to the Exposition from time to time, they contained occa- 
sional paragraphs, which, it was thought, might be of some 
interest to Connecticut readers — references to- notable ex- 
hibits, items of more than ordinary moment, suggestions to 
intending visitors, — in short, anything that would be 
likely to increase the attendance from home, or in any way 
serve to entertain those who were unable to visit the great 
Fair. A few of the paragraphs are reproduced herewith, as a 
closing feature of the last chapter of " Connecticut at the 
World's Fair." j j 

[From Bulletin of June 17.] 

May weather at the World's Fair was anything but agreea- 
ble or comfortable, but June is making ample amends for the 
sourness exhibited by her older sister. June is proverbial for 
rare days, and when visitors to the Fair recall how raw the open- 
ing month was they are inclined, if they still remain here, to 
exclaim " Avell done.'' Possibly all tastes have thus been suited. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I73 

The largest attemdance at the Fair, since opening day, was 
yesterday — about 193,000 all told. It was Germany's day, 
and the lovers of tlie fatherland were out in full force. The 
force was full too — the fullness consisting of sentiments of 
affection for the home of other days — (possibly some came 
from " Bingen on the Rhine,") — and also the sentiment of 
appreciation of a home in this blessed land of liberty. If any 
of the fullness was the result of undue libations of German 
tonic — that sounds better than " lager," though it tastes very 
much like it, so I hear — it did not behave itself unseemly. 
Hon. Carl Schurz came all the way from 'New York to deliver 
the oration. 

People who are now attending the Exposition think they 
have struck it just right. Uncomfortably warm days are rare, 
and the nights are so comfortable that a good night's rest can 
be secured. That is essential, for sight-seeing is a tiresome 
pastime. Chairs and seats are being multiplied daily, adding 
much to the attractiveness of the gTounds, and to its comfort. 

The Tiffany exhibit was open to the public yesterday for 
the first time. Its display of set diamonds and other precious 
stones in a single show-case is valued at a million dollars. Prob- 
ably most of the gems were real diamonds — maybe all of 
them — but people are sometimes deceived thereby, though 
perhaps not by Mr. Tiffany. 

Close by the Tiffany pavilion is that of the Meriden Britan- 
nia Co., whose booth alone is said to have cost $22,000. It is 
of solid mahogany. Their exhibit attracts great attention — 
possibly on account of its sterling qualities. Kichard W. Miles, 
who has charge of this marvelously fine exhibit, had charge of 
the same company's display at the Paris Exposition, and at 
Melbourne also. His career as a salesman began in Camp's 
store, Winsted — an establishment which has graduated many 
successful men. 

People who take pleasure looking at fine textile goods of 
American manufacture can see something which will make 
their bosoms swell with pride by looking at Pockville's dis- 
play of what we suppose are trouserings. They are from the 
mills of the Hockanum, ^ew England, Rock, American and 
Springville manufacturing companies of that busy and enter- 
prising town. The goods are superbly displayed where they 
now are, and later on those who wear them will be superbly 
dressed. 

The Read Carpet Company of Bridgeport exhibits as 



174 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

handsome carpets and rugs as can be seen anywhere in the 
Department of Mannfactures — so at least I heard a, lady say 
who stood in front of its display a few days ago. 

The Department of Transportation has an antique exhibit 
which is in distingnished company. It is the E'ancy Welles 
wagon belonging to Peter Lux of Hartford. Nancy was a 
lineal descendant of Miles Standish, and the wagon is about 
125 years old, and very likely was regarded as a Lux-ury in the 
olden time, before Peter became owner of it, for wagons were 
heavily taxed in days when saddles and pillions were in com- 
mon use by our great-grandfathers. ISTear by the old wagon 
is an old carriage which belonged to Daniel Webster, and other 
old-time vehicles. 

The bicycle exhibit in the Transportation Building is 
mainly on the gallery floor, but it will amply repay a visit up 
up there to see the fine display, and free elevators make the 
ascent as easy as the descent to Avernus used to be, and possi- 
bly is now, for some people. Connecticut easily takes the 
lead on bicycles, as visitors will see when the beautiful brass 
pavilion of the Pope Manufacturing Company is observed. 

The Chicago Tribune says nothing seems to attract and 
hold the crowds in Machinery Hall so permanently as does 
the exhibit of the Willimantic Linen Company, and suggests 
that no visitor to the Exposition should miss seeing it. The 
company has made such an advance in the quality of their 
goods that their threads made from long staple Sea Island cot- 
ton are pronounced by experts to be superior to^inen thread. 

The Sons of Connecticut, resident in Chicago, had a meet- 
ing in the Connecticut State Building this afternoon, pre- 
sided over by Everitte St. John, general manager of the Rock 
Island road, a former resident of ISTorwalk. Secretary A. A. 
Dewey (formerly of Middleto^vn) reports that about fifty new 
members were added to the organization to-day as the result 
of the meeting. 

[June 30.] 
People in Xew England, who are staying away from the 
World's Fair lest it may be hot in Chicago, will perhaps be- 
interested to know that no such apprehension has been justified 
thus far. There have been a few summery days, but the nights 
have been delightful, and there has been but little complaint 
about heat. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I75 

If one would have the world see what he has to exhibit 
the AVorld's Fair is the place to show it. The Hendey Ma- 
chine Company of Torrington recently received an order for 
one of their machines to go to Germany. 

Hon. O. B. King of Watertown is spending the Exposi- 
tion season in Chicago, where his daughter lives. He is not 
now^ interested in Devon stock, but it may be remembered by 
some people that he was very much interested in them in 1876. 
Queen Victoria, good woman, will perhaps remember the fact 
when her attention is called to it, for Mr. King's herd took the 
first prize at the Centennial at Philadelphia, though the 
Queen's Devons were on the list. The King usually beats the 
Queen — I am told. 

Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these. 
I refer to the Cheney silks, which may be seen in the northeast 
section of the Manufactures Building. If a bride could have 
her pick of a trosseau from their exhibit the wedding day 
would most likely be long delayed, for it would be difficult to 
decide which to choose from the beautiful array. 

It is frequently remarked by visitors that none but good- 
natured people come to the World's Fair. Everybody seems 
willing to answer questions courteously, and it iS' hard to 
realize that the gTeat throng are not all Bostonians. 

It is especially noticeable also that there are no drunken 
men on the grounds, notmthstanding the fact that beer is sold 
at nearly every restaurant and lunch counter. I have not 
seen a drunken person here in the two months since the Fair 
opened. 

The illumination of the " Court of Honor," which is now 
observed every evening, presents a scene which will be long 
remembered by all who see it. It is hard to realize that a 
scene of such marvelous beauty could be witnessed in this land 
of popular government. It is much easier to imagine it to be 
a foreign picture — one in which imperial grandeur was the 
object lesson. Three evenings each week, as a rule, the most 
exquisite fireworks add to the attractions of the general illu- 
mination. They are made by Pain, the world-renowned pyro- 
technist — a pain nobody cares to drive away. 

A¥hen the last display of the evening has been made the 
whistles on all the steamers, little and big, toot their thanks 
for the hour's entertainment, and then signal also that the show 
is over. If you listen attentively to these whistles you will 
observe that some are more musical than others. I call atten- 



176 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLDS FAIR. 

tion to them from the fact that they are Connecticut chime 
whistles — made by Kinsley & Frisbie of Bridgeport. They 
have been adopted by the Exposition as a sort of official 
whistle, and may be seen over the roof of the Machinerj^ Hall 
power house. The time will come ere long — and it can't 
come too soon to suit most people's ears — when they will be 
on all railway trains and stationary engines. 

[July 5.] 

In my limited wanderings in the department of Fine Arts 
I have thus far seen no painting which has so much impressed 
me as the one entitled " Breaking Home Ties/' by Hovenden. 
Many Connecticut people mil find an added interest in the pic- 
ture, from the fact that the same artist painted the picture of 
John BrO'Wn on his way to execution — now owned bv Hon. 
Eobbins Battell of N'orf oik. 

Connecticut hardware firms make a good sho^ving at the 
Fair. The Russell & Erwin exhibit from I^ew Britain is one 
of the best in its line in the Manufactures Building. It is en- 
closed in fine ebony cases, and its superb builders' hardware, 
door knobs, etc., remind one of the old conimdrum: Why is 
a door knob like an attractive woman? Because it is some- 
thing to adore. The exhibit is in charge of Mr. F. D. Stid- 
ham of l^ew Britain, who has ordered a new bronze railina^ to 
t^ke the place of the plush rope which has surrounded it, and 
which has been found to be insecure. 

The sanitary features of the Exposition grounds are well 
looked after by a former Connecticut boy, C. M. Wilkes, a 
native of Manchester. Mr. Wilkes is an expert sanitary engi- 
neer, and has charge of the sewerage system. The sewage is 
not allowed to contaminate the water of Lake Michigan, but is 
pumped out of the sewer at the south end of the grounds and 
burned. There is no prospect of typhoid fever here this sum- 
mer, as there was at the Centennial in 1876. The world has 
learned something in this direction during the past seventeen 
years, 

John W. Hutchinson, of the well-known Hutchinson 
family of singers of other days, was at the Connecticut build- 
ing a few days ago, and as he sat near the old clock on the 
stair landing he sang, at my invitation, Longfellow's " Clock 
on the Stairs," to music composed by himself many years ago. 
(That old clock was very likely of Connecticut manufacture, 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. I77 

for its owner, Thomas Gold, of Pittsiield, Mass., whose grand- 
daughter w^as llrs. Longfellow, was bom in Cornwall in 1759, 
and graduated at Yale in 1778.) Mr. Hutchinson is an old 
man now, the only survivor of his family, but he retains his 
singing qualities to a remarkable degree considering his years. 
On the 17th of June he sang " The Sword of Bunker Hill '' at 
the Massachusetts State Building, and at the dedication of the 
IN'ew Hampshire State Building last week he sang " The Old 
Granite State." 

Dr. George F. Boot's home is on Cornell Avenue, near 
the Exposition grounds. I spent an evening at his home re- 
cently, and had the pleasure of hearing him sing some of the 
popular war songs of his own composing — " Rally 'Bound the 
Flag," " Tramp, Tramp, Tramp," and the like. Dr. Boot still 
sings with remarkable vigor for a man of 72, and is a charming 
man to meet. He was of Massachusetts origin, but Connecticut 
can claim connection with his family, for his sister, Mary, now 
Mrs. James Bidwell Beck, was organist of the Congregational 
Church in Litchfield during the writer's boyhood. 

Bev. Dr. Hiram Eddy of Canaan, Conn., has recently re- 
turned home after a ten-days' visit to the Fair. Dr. Eddy 
stands 6 feet 4 inches in his shoes, and a good deal 
higher than that in the estimation of his friends, is something 
over eighty years of age, and is said to be a pretty good repre- , 
sentation of an ideal Jove. There is nothing mythological, 
however, about Dr. Eddy. As chaplain of a three-months Con- 
necticut regiment, he was captured at the battle of Bull Bun 
(they say he had a musket in his hand at the time), and he was 
the first Union prisoner to darken the door of Libby prison. 
The last day the doctor spent in Chicago was partially devoted 
to Libby prison, which as all well-informed readers are aware, 
is now a Chicago exhibit, and a very interesting one. To no 
one, however, would it be more interesting than to the venera- 
ble " war parson," who was its first victim. 



[July 7.] 

The heated term has arrived, but thus far the shore of I^ake 
Michigan is a more comfortable place than people generally at 
the East may imagine. There is usually a good breeze from 
the lake, so that the temperature is perceptibly modified by it, 
and as the Connecticut building is located near the lake shore 



178 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR, 

many Connecticut visitors seek the sliade of its verandas dur- 
ing the heated midday hours. 

The tribe of Stanley ^as well looked after here on the 
recent Fourth, also some other Xew Britai peojDle. A boat- 
ing party was gotten up for them, and they were thus enabled 
to have a charming view of the fireworks from the lake. Among 
the guests were ^Ir. and ]\Ii*s. James Stanley, Mr. Isaac Stan- 
ley, Misses HaiTiet, Minnie, Alice, and Emily Stanley, Mr. 
and Mrs. Howard S. Hart, Miss Peck, Miss Larned and Mr. 
Cooley. 

Perhaps there was no more attractive exhibit at the Fair 
during the early part of the month than that of Pain's fire- 
works. A whole pavilion made of fire-crackers was enough to 
drive the average American boy to distraction. It is a pretty 
structure, surmoimted by the English coat of anus,- and resting 
on an apparently substantial base of rockets, Roman candles, 
etc. 

A party of Hartford girls doing the Fair spent a day very 
agreeably in Cairo street. They saw the conjurors performing 
their wonderful feats, inspected the curios about them on every 
hand, witnessed the wonderful wedding procession, and lis- 
tened knowingly to the gibberish rattled off so glibly by the 
queerly-dressed, dark-visaged denizens of the place, and then 
moimted the camels and took a billowy ride on the ungainly 
creatures. It was rather exciting to girls of doubtful eques- 
trian ability at best, and as one beast after another doubled 
himself up after his manner to let them dismount, one of the 
girls excitedly exclaimed : '' TTell, that was the most delight- 
ful agony I ever experienced." 

People cannot keep too sharp a watch of their pocketbooks, 
umbrellas, etc., while they are at the Fair. An umbrella left 
unprotected two minutes is likely to walk off under the arm 
of a new possessor. Yesterday two ladies' purses were laid down 
in the Connecticut State Building, and the owners walked 
away without them. One of them was brought to the execu- 
tive manager's office, by Charles A. TTright, of Chester, and 
the other by Miss Almira Lovell, formerly of Sharon. It is 
not often that lost articles fall into honest liands like these. 

[July 12.1 

A. D. Quint of Hartford doesn't occupy much space in 
Machinery Hall with his one exhibit of a turret head drilling 
machine, but the machine occupies a good deal of attention 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 179 

from macliinists. This is a comparatively new machine, pat- 
ented last year, but it is doubtless able to do' all its inventor 
claims for it — to do what no other drilling machinei in the 
world can do for he has sold over eighty of them already. 

At last reports a Connecticut cow was getting to be almost 
as famous as her sister that jumped over the moon. She is 
owned by ex-State Treasurer E. S. Henry of Rockville, and 
stands second in the class of twenty-five Jerseys as a butter- 
prodiicer. She mil prove herself still more of a treasure in the 
estimation of the ex-treasurer if she succeeds in jumping over 
the cow who just now stands at the head of the class. 

The appalling disaster of Monday afternoon — the burn- 
ing of the cold storage building and the loss of a score of lives 

— has thrown a cloud over the " White City," but after a little 
it will be forgotten, except in homes where an absent one 
will never return. It is consoling in some measure to believe 
that there is nO' other structure within the entire grounds which 
may be called a fire trap, as the cold storage building was. 

[July 17.] 

The scoring of butter of the July exhibit is now being 
made, and my next bulletin will let Connecticut people know, 
if Connecticut butteo' is as rank as butter from other states. 

There was a time when the " lightest word '^ would harrow 
up one's soul — according to the plaintive prince of Denmark 

— but when it comes to harrowing up one's soil, why, that's a 
different matter, and to do that in an effective manner re- 
quires a modern cutaway harrow. The Cutaway Harrow Com- 
pany of Higganum is among the exhibitors in the annex to the 
Agricultural Building, and if it does not carry home one of the 
medals, provided by the Bureau of Awards, we shall be sur- 
prised, and the company will be disappointed. Their exhibit 
merits the attention of all tillers of the soil. 

[July 20.] 

In a recent bulletin I said the Jersey cow belonging to 
Hon. E. S. Henry of Bockville, stood second in her class of 
twenty-five. I was misinformed, and beg pardon of the Bar- 
oness of Argyle for the injustice done her. She stands at the 
head! Her record for the first thirty of the ninety-day test 
was 68.95 pounds of butter, the next highest being 68,19. 



180 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

I am unable to give the comparative figures of the butter 
test in the July exhibit, the score not yet ha^T.ng been 
made public, but I have reason to believej from what I 
have heard from a semi-official source, that when the 
scores are completed Eastern butter will scale somewhat higher 
than the Western article. It should be understood, however, 
that no poor butter is exhibited here from any of the Western 
states. In the test just completed the butter from Connecti- 
cut co-operative creameries scored a higher average by from 
one to two points than the average in which private creameries 
and dairies are included. In the former the range is from 86 
to 98, the average 94 to 95 out of a possible 100. The highest 
score was obtained by the Windsor Creamery Company, 98, 
with several others close following. !N"ew England butter lacks 
mainly in flavor, in which particular it is at a disadvantage 
when compared with butter from states near by, like Illinois 
and Wisconsin, whose samples were fresher by nearly ten 
days. Connecticut cheese scored an average of 90.25, ranging 
from 86 to 96, the latter score being obtained by Edward Nor- 
ton's pineapple cheese, from Goshen. The highest score on 
domestic cheese, 94, was awarded to Mrs. E. B. Chafiee, of 
East Woodstock. 

Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, of Xew Haven, w^ho decorated 
the Connecticut room in the Woman's Building, has returned 
home after a sojourn here of several months. Miss Sheldon's 
work has brought her almost no end of commendation — in- 
deed more praise than pecuniam — but if she has lacked re- 
mimeration to which her artistic work has entitled her, she 
can at least have the satisfaction of knomng that her work is 
appreciated, and that her departure is much regTetted. Dur- 
ing Miss Sheldon's stay in Chicago there was no social atmos- 
phere so rarefied but that she floated in it with rare gTace. 

[July 28.] 
A recent bulletin contained reference to Miss E. B. Shel- 
don of jSTew Haven, the gifted artist who decorated the Con- 
necticut room in the Woman's Building. I have since learned 
an interesting bit of news regarding the lady and her work 
which I cannot keep to myself. The Kentucky Board of Lady 
Managers decided that the design for the decoration for their 
room in the Woman's Building should be open to competition. 
The design selected by the jury of award was presented by 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 131 

Miss Sheldon, but wlien it was discovered tliat tlie lady was not 
a Kentiickian the next best design was awarded the honor. 

I have a singular story to relate. A woman^ of seyenty- 
one called at the Connecticut State Building recently, and 
said she was born in Otsego County, X. Y., but that she had 
registered in the Rhode Island Building in honor of her 
mother, who was a native of that State, and, inasmuch as her 
father was bom in Connecticut, she asked the privilege of reg- 
istering here " in his honor." She was, of course, permitted 
to do so, and as she was inclined to be communicative this 
story was gathered from her. She has been a widow for thirty 
years, supporting herself by laundry work, or, to quote her 
o^vn. words, '' by taking in washing." She was in good health 
and wished very much to see the World's Fair. Having no 
money with which to pay her passage, she borrowed enough to 
meet her needs in this respect. Upon her arrival here she en- 
gaged to do housework in a family about three miles from the 
Exposition gTounds at $3 per week, mth the privilege of '^T.sit- 
ing the Fair one day in each week. She said her friends at 
home told her she was crazy to think of going to the Fair, but 
she thinks she wasn't, for she has already paid back the money 
she borrowed; says she lives better than she did at home, 
and that as she expects to live to be 100 years old she will have a 
good many years in which to think of and talk over the wonder- 
ful siorht she beholds here. Surelv, this humble woman can 
be regarded as having strength of purpose sufficient to make 
her title clear to genuine Puritan ancestry, and to character- 
istics akin to those who sailed from Palos and Delf thaven. She 
has certainly discovered a way in which a poor woman can 
see the World's Fair. 

[August 1.] 

Elizabeth Stuart Phelps wrote : " Pealing, the clock of 
time has struck the woman's hour." There is, perhaps, no use 
trying to keep woman in the background after her hour has 
struck, so it seems proper to refer briefly to a beautiful volume 
which has recently been published under the direction of the 
literary committee of the Connecticut Board of Lady Man- 
agers for the Columbian Exposition. Its title is " Selections 
from the Writings of Connecticut Women." It is a beautiful 
volume and contains upwards of fifty selections — almost ex- 

* Mrs. Esther Preston of South Edmeston, N. Y. 



182 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

clusivelj fugitive pieces, gathered from newspapers and maga- 
zines — from the pens of Connecticut's gifted literary daugh- 
ters. The edition was limited to 200 copies (the price to be 
$3.50), and already 150 have been sold. The selections were 
edited by ]\Irs. J. L. Gregory of ;N'orwalk, of the Literary Com- 
mittee, and sales of the book are made by her. 

If Columbus was not afraid to brave Atlantic storms with 
his trio of queer-looking little ocean craft — the Santa Maria, 
Xina, and Pinta — what may not be said of the bravery of the 
Xorsemen, who sailed in the Yiking six hundred years earlier ! 
The little Yiking, which recently " came over," said to be an 
exact reproduction of its famous prototype, now lies near the 
battle ship " Illinois,'' and thousands of visitors inspect it daily. 
It is about eighty feet long, and though stanchly built is not an 
inviting craft to undertake much of a sea voyage in — nor even 
a sail on Lake Michigan in weather such as has been seen here 
since the Exposition opened. 

Mr. and Mrs. 'W". H. Higgs of Hartford are now visiting 
the Fair, and are quartered at Hotel In^Tam as guests of Hon. 
"W. F. Cody, alias "Buffalo Bill." The Calhoun Printing 
Company, of which Mr. Higgs is general manager, does the 
entire printing for the " "Wild "West " show, and the exhibit 
of color printing is almost equal to the show itself. 

[August 8.] 

When it was decided last year that Connecticut would 
make a crop exhibit at the World's Fair the time for gathering 
samples of gTasses and grains had passed. The crop of 1893 is 
now being garnered here, however, and the Connecticut 
pavilion in the AgTicultural Building has been greatly im- 
proved in appearance of late by Mr. Parker, its new attendant. 
But it should not be supposed that Connecticut will attempt to 
rival in agricultural display the great grain-growing states of 
the West. Hers is a different domain. In the realm of manu- 
factures she is on the throne. Only a ^ancy Hanks can out- 
strip her Columbia bicycles, the thread of our lives snaps more 
easily than Willimantic spool cotton; John L. Sullivan cannot 
pulverize an antagonist to half the fineness that a Cutaway 
harrow will pulverize old Mother Earth ; neither the orient nor 
autumnal nature can produce a more beautiful carpet than 
Bridgeport exhibits at the Fair. Silkworms never spun for 
silks of more exquisite designs than those of the Cheneys ; the 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. Igg 

Coe Brass Company spins German silver wire to the fineness 
of S.OOOths of an inch, and the structures of the Berlin Iron 
Bridge Company will resist the rhythmic tread of an army 
with bands and banners. ]^ evertheless, Connecticut is to have 
a very creditable display in its agricultural pavilion. 

The crop exhibit of the Dominion of Canada is as fine 
as anything of its kind in the Agricultural Building. It looks 
as though she were striving to win favor in the eyes of annexa- 
tionists on this side of the line, and she has done it. 

Hon. Clinton B. Davis, of the Connecticut Board of 
World's Fair Managers, is at the Fair, and during his stay he 
will give special attention to matters "relating to " Connecticut 
Day.'' 

Senator Brooker of Torrington, is also at the Fair, sum- 
moned to attend meetings of the N^ational Commission as al- 
ternate of Hon. Leverett Brainard. 

The Pope Manufacturing Company has withdrawn its ex- 
hibit of Columbia bicycles from competition on account of 
dissatisfaction with the rules which govern the bureau of 
awards. The Columbias are part of the World's Columbian 
Exposition all the same, and in the estimation of all who 
know what high grade wheels are they will not suffer from the 
lack of one of the bureau's bronze medals. 

[August 12.] 

■ Connecticut people who wish to come to the Fair should 
not delay their departure simply because they have not made 
arrangements for boarding places, etc. There is no lack of ac- 
commodations close by, and those who so report themselves at 
the Connecticut State Building can be provided for at an 
hour's notice. 

There hasn't been a rainy day here since the first of June, 
and day after day the weather has been almost perfect. There 
have been not more than six or eight real hot days all told, with 
the mercury above ninety, and not more than two consecutive 
hot days. 

Kev. J. B. McLean, of McLean Seminary, Simsbury, i^ 
now a visitor at the Fair, and so favorably impressed with it 
that he thinks he may come out again later in the season bring- 
ing a lot of his scholars with him. He thinks it would be tlu- 
best kind of schooling for them. 

The Electrical Building is full of surprises for the unin- 



184 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

itiated. Genuine thunder and liglitning are here made to 
•order; all sorts of messages are sent far and near, and all sorts 
of lightning apparatus dazzle the eye. In the north end of the 
g^allerv cooking is going on without the aid of a match, and re- 
freshments are served, cooked by wires in the most satisfac- 
tory manner. The gTeatest attraction in the building is proba- 
bly Gray's TelautogTaph. It is located in about the middle of 
the western gallery. Here, before innocent-looking little ma- 
chines, about the size of a sewing-machine cover, sit the opera- 
tives sending messages in their own handwriting, drawing pic- 
tures, etc., which are exactly reproduced at the other end of the 
line. To see the little pencils bobbing about, apparently of 
their own accord, and doing their work so accurately, fills one 
with renewed wonder at the ingenuity of man; and certainly 
the old woman who recognized her son's handwriting in the 
telegram she received was only a few days ahead of the times. 



[August 18.] 

H. S. Hinman, late chief clerk in the office of Secretary of 
State, is now at the Tair, accompanied by his son. ]\Ir. Hin- 
man represents the Connecticut Farmer, and his letters to 
that paper will be interesting reading to Connecticut farmers. 

To go through the Transportation Building and give its 
exhibits a thorough study is worth a good deal more than it 
costs. The Baltimore & Ohio road has a wonderfully interest- 
ing display of locomotives, antique as well as modem, and some 
■of the former are enough to make an iron horse laugh. Then 
for contrast between olden time and the present in the matter 
of road wagons one should see the IJ^Tancy T\"elles wagon, of 
"Wethersfield, 125 years old, and a " 6-passenger brake " of the 
present day, made by the 'New Haven Carriage Company. 

A Connecticut visitor here, who doesn't want his name 
divulged, asks that people from that State be warned against 
the German village on the Midway Plaisance, or, at least, 
against some of its charges. There was no fee for admission, 
so he thought he would patronize the place bv ordering a bottle 
of beer for himself and another for his wife, expecting the 
charge would be about fifteen cents a bottle. The principal 
reason why he doesn't care to be known in connection with 
the matter is because the two bottles cost him $1, and not be- 
cause of the sin of beer-drinking. Indeed, it may almost be 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 185 

regarded a sin — tlie wages of which is typhoid fever — to 
drink Chicago water. 

The first rainj day at the AVorld's Fair since the first of 
June, was on the 16th of Angnst^ and even then the rain was 
all over before noon. 

The section of the Agricnltnral Building which most at- 
tracts the Connecticut farmers who visit the Fair, is the annex 
— devoted to implements. 

The babies on the Plaisance are among the curiosities. 
There is one in the Dahomey village that attracts considerable 
attention. Simply clad in an abbreviated shirt he crawls about 
in front of the hut where his mother sits, and with great glee 
deposits the pennies thrown to him in her lap. The clothes 
which the Dahomey baby lacks seem to be piled in a mass of 
dirty color on to the Arab baby, who rejoices in pants and 
skirts, and shawls, and coats enough to smother an ordinary 
child, and the powerful, strong-featured woman who coddles 
it seems to forget for the time that she is part of a show, and 
possibly dreams that she is far away again on her native sands. 
The little Indian boy has been very gorgeous of late in fairly 
fashioned trousers and waist of bright turkey-red calico figured 
with black. His hair is closely cropped and he will never 
have the air of the noble red man if he is allowed to become 
so civilized. The little Chinese girl, clad in the quaintest of 
garments, sits just outside the door of her mother's room, and 
replies to the questions of all passers-by, her one phrase of 
English being "two-year-old.'' Her brown little face and 
hands, and queer little slanting eyes, her shaven head with a 
little pig-tail sticking out over each ear, make her a funny 
little object, and the ease with which she manages her chop- 
sticks is certainly surprising. 

The American Hosiery Company of 'New Britain has a 
fine display of underwear of all sorts. The great variety of 
dainty silk garments is fitly displayed in Chicago, where the 
belles of the ballroom and the ballet vie with each other 
in the delicacy of their apparel. 

[August 23.] 

One of the most attractive exhibits to be seen now at the 
Fair is the corps of West Point cadets in camp near the Govern- 
ment Building for a few days. Their dress parades, held twice 
each day, draw thousands of admiring spectators. All the 
"is 



186 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

State Buildings were illuminated and opened to them last night 
(22d), and thej danced — not to their hearts' content, how- 
ever — with a host of pretty girls, some^ of them from Con- 
necticut. Our State is represented in the corps by a fine lot 
of young fellows, namely: W. J. Barden, of Salisbury; "W. H. 
Paine, of Westford; Geo. H. Shelton, of Birmingham, and S. 
A. Cheney, of South Manchester. Cadet Barden is one of the 
cadet captains, stands at the head of his class, and is very popu- 
lar withal. 

Possibly the time is coming when the use of pneumatic 
and rubber tires will not be confined to bicycles and trotting 
sulkies. In the Transportation Building at the World's Pair, 
may be seen pleasure carriages with rubber tires. If rubber 
horseshoes can take the place of iron ones there would be im- 
mediately eliminated, say, seventy-five per cent, of the noise of 
the streets. 

The Bell-Telephone Company have two telephones in the 
Electricity Building, so adjusted that one reflects a ray of light 
to the other, ninety feet distant, and on this ray of light mes- 
sages are sent from one telephone to the other. The communi- 
cation is hot yet sufiiciently clear and satisfactory to alarm 
copper-wire manufacturers, but it aflords a glimpse of what 
scientific investigation will do. 

Some time ago it was reported that the Hendey Machine 
Company of Torrington had sold one of its machines to a Ger- 
man visitor. More recently it has sold machines to parties in 
England and in Switzerland. Mr. Hendey thinks it pays to 
show wares at a World's Fair. 

Prank J. Dugan of Norwalk, manufacturer of clay novel- 
ties, was an early applicant for space at the Pair, but before 
assignment of space was made some enemy forged his signature 
to a letter which mthdrew his application. The forgery was 
not discovered for several weeks, and when it was discovered 
there was really no space left for him. Chief Pobinson, of the 
machinery department, was so incensed over the injustice done 
Mr. Dugan by his unknown enemy that he determined to help 
him, and allotted him space about a week before the Pair 
opened. His potter's wheel is now surrounded by visitors, and 
his exhibit is one of the attractions of that great department. 

Dr. and Mrs. P. H. Ingalls of Hartford, left Chicago and 
the Exposition on the 2 2d inst., on their homeward trip, going 
by way of St. Paul and Duluth, thence by steamer down the 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 187 

lakes to CleYeland. Their boat ride will be about five days 
long. 

Connecticiit bas no mortgage on tbe World's Fair tbat I 
am aware of, but nearly every building on tbe gronnds is en- 
circled by Connecticut chains, made by the Bridgeport Chain 
Company. The company also has an exhibit in the Transporta- 
tion Building. 

[August 29.] 

There are some rules which Connecticut visitors to the 
World's Tair will do well to observe when they are here. Drink 
very sparingly of Chicago water, for, say, the first month. 
Those who do not heed this rule are liable to discover that it 
has a decidedly debilitating effect. The change of air is 
enough without the change of water. 

Tiffany has a finer exhibit of diamonds than any lady or 
gentlemen in Connecticut. It may be considered sensible ad- 
vice that visitors leave valuable gems, etc., at home. If 
brought here they will be likely to bring the owner lots of 
anxious moments lest they may be stolen. The same rule will 
well apply to valuable watches. A $4 short winding " Water- 
bury " will answer as good purpose as a $400 chronometer, and 
the loss of the former would occasion only a $4 pans:. 

Of course no visitor contemplates losing his (or more likely 
her) pocketbook; nevertheless, it is a good rule to have a card 
in it bearing the name and address of the owner. 

Connecticut visitors are cautioned, also, about lea^dng any- 
thing uncared for any^vhere. Thieves are almost as 

Thick as leaves that strew the brooks 

In Vallombrosa, 

thick enough, cprtainly, and an umbrella, hand satchel, opera 
glass, or guide book is soon missing if laid down and left un- 
guarded. A lady took off her gold-bowed spectacles to wash 
her face in the ladies' toilet-room at the Connecticut State 
Building a few days ago, and when she had completed her 
ablutions her spectacles were missing, as was also the imknown 
lady who had been talking with her. 

[September 6.] 

Xo day passes that some son or daughter of Connecticut, 
now resident elsewhere, does not come to the State Building 



188 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

in tlie hope of finding some acquaintance of other days, or pos- 
sibly that they may show their regard for the land of their 
birth. A few instances of this kind merit especial mention. 
An elderly gentleman called and remarked that he was bom 
in Litchfield, signifying a msh to enter his name on the regis- 
ter. He did not appear to be more than seventy-five, bnt he 
divulged his real age before he departed, for he said he left 
Litchfield in 1818, where he was bom in 1802, whereby it ap- 
peared that he was ninety-one! He was Wm. H. Seymour of 
Brockport, N". Y., a relative of the late chief justice, Origen S. 
Seymour, and he still remembers people now living in Litch- 
field who were his associates in boyhood days. 

A recent visitor to the Connecticut State Building was the 
venerable Wilford AYoodrufi of Salt Lake City. Mr. Wood- 
ruff was bom in Farmington; in his younger days was a miller 
in the employ of the Collins Company of CoUins^ulle, and was 
one of tlie pioneers to Utah in 1847, when the site of Salt Lake 
City was only a waste of sand. He is now eighty-five, and one 
of the bright and shining lights of the Mormon church. I say 
" bright " understandingly, for notwithstanding his extreme 
age his eye does not seem to be dimmed nor his natural force 
abated. Mr. "Woodruff is president of the Mormon church, 
though in his boyhood he sat under the preaching of the ortho- 
dox Doctor Porter in Farmington, and was a schoolmate of the 
late ex-President iN'oah Porter of Yale. Mr. Woodruff is 
here to take part in the Congress of Religions, whose sessions 
will begin September 11. On Saturday of this week, " Utah 
Day," the great choir of the great Mormon tabernacle in Salt 
Lake City will sing in Festival Hall. 

Another interesting visitor to the Connecticut State Build- 
ing of late is Mr. J. L. Swift of Chicago, a native of Hartford. 
Mr. Svdft has been a resident of Chicago many years, and his 
property was entirely wiped out of existence by the great fire 
of 1871. He had lots of " sand," however, and though offered 
a position in Hartford after the fire he decided to stick his 
stakes again on the spot where he was burned out, and later on 
success again sprang, phoenix-like, from the ashes of his lost 
fortune. 

Still another notable visitor is a Mr. Abbott, who left Hart- 
ford in 1854, equipped with a Sharps' rifle and bound for Kan- 
sas. He was one of the sturdy pioneers to that state in the 
troublesome Kansas-I^ebraska days. Mr. Abbott was an inti- 
mate acquaintance and co-worker with John Brown, and re- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 389 

lates many interesting incidents of those times that tried the 
souls of the free state men. Mr. Abbott is a relative of Presi- 
dent Watrons of the Wm. Rogers Manufacturing Company of 
Hartford. 

[September 9.] 

People who do not msh to be bothered beyond what they 
are able to bear will leave their trunks at home when they 
start for the World's Fair. A hand satchel will hold every 
article needed during a fortnight's stay. It should be remem- 
bered, however, that the cool nights have come, and warm 
wraps should be brought along, for they'll be needed. Xo man 
should start away mthout at least a light-weight overcoat, and 
it will not feel uncomfortable these cool evenings if it is not a 
very light one. 

The attendance at the Fair has gTadually increased since 
the ides of September made their appearance, and the visitors 
are having fine weather for sight-seeing. 

Connecticut visitors to the Fair about the time of ^' Connec- 
ticut Day " will be likely to see more people than they will 
ever see again on earth or possibly elsewhere. Chicago day 
will be October 9, two days in advance of Connecticut's day, 
and Chicago proposes to get together the biggest assemblage 
that was ever together on one spot since the foundations of the 
earth were laid. Her idea is at least to beat the record of the 
biggest day at the Paris Exposition, and in order to do that 
the turnstiles must record about 400,000 people."^ It should 
be remembered that Chicago's motto is " I will!" 

[September 13.] 

An enthusiastic Litchfield county farmer, who is now at 
the Fair, says if he had but a hundred dollars in the world he 
would think fifty of it well spent in seeing the Fair. 

The clergy who are now at the Fair are in a quandary 
whether to see the sights in the limited time at their disposal or 
attend the meetings of the Congress of Religions at the Art 
Institute in the city. They will most likely divide their time, 
giving the larger portion, however, to sight-seeing. They 
think they can get the principal benefits of the CongTCSsional 
papers from the printed reports. 



*The number of visits on Chicago Day exceeded 700,000. 



190 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

One of the finest sights on the Exposition grounds in the 
evening is the illuminated Ferris wheel. It is surrounded on 
each side by two circles of incadescent lights, one at the 
periphery and one interior, giving an effect somewhat like the 
rings of Saturn. 

[September 19.] 

The Ferris wheel is certainly a great attraction to children 
from all over the world who visit the Fair. A lady, benevo- 
lently inclined, took some little folks, a short time ago, who had 
never been inside the gates. Entering at Eifty-seventh street, 
she showed them the Florida Building, with its cocoanut tree, 
the Iowa Building, with its corn palace, the battle ship, etc. 
On coming out from each place the qu.estion was always tim- 
idly asked, " When are we going to the World's Fair?" and 
the ..nswer was always given : " Why, this is the World's Fair, 
all of it and much more." Finally, light broke on the subject 
when the smallest of the party, a mere infant, inquired: 
^' AYhen are we going to the World's Fair wheel?" The hint 
was taken and the children were gratified. 

The parade through the grounds on Transportation Day 
was certainly unique. Elegant coaches, baby carriages, bicy- 
cles, camels, hammocks suspended between the heads of the 
South Sea Islanders, palanquins, donkey and ox carts, and all 
sorts of unheard-of vehicles found place in it. The building it- 
self was thronged throughout the. day. A Stratford lady stood 
in front of the I^ew York Central exhibit, and looked with in- 
terest at the' old train — the first ever run in this country, in 
1831. " My mother rode on that train," said she, '' from Al- 
bany to Schenectady when she was a girl." The old lady still 
lives, and has had many a ride since on the moving palaces 
which the road now furnishes. 

There came near being a sensation at the Connecticut State 
Building Monday morning. A well-known Connecticut 
clergyman, a doctor of divinity at that, and standing at the 
head of his denomination, remarked to a party of friends that 
he " spent yesterday at polo." We knew that many Chicago 
theaters were open Sunday, and that the race tracks made good 
records of time — if not for eternity — on that day, and had 
almost reached the conclusion that the strain of sight-seeing at 
the Fair had unsettled the good doctor's mind, as well as his 
morals, when it dawned upon us that he had been to Polo, 111. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 191 

[September 23.] 

" Wliere do tliey feed tlie lagoons/' was asked by a World's 
Fair visitor at the Woman's Bnilding the other day. She had 
heard of the lagoons, evidently, and had seen the various water 
fowl that float upon its surface and waddle on the shores of the 
wooded island; we can guess the rest. 

There are doubtless almost numberless instances of renewal 
of acquaintance at the World's Fair by men who have not seen 
each other since the war. One of these re-unions occurred at 
the Connecticut Building recently — after thirty-one years — 
between General H. C. Dwight of Hartford (27th Massachu- 
setts Volunteers) and Captain E. E. Yaill of Litchfield, who 
commanded the flagship Guide, of the Burnside expedition 
(1862). I^umerous mutual acquaintances were called to mind, 
and interesting events of the war recounted, relating princi- 
pally to scenes on deck and shore in and around North Carolina 
waters. Grant, Sherman, and Sheridan had hardly been heard 
of at that early period of the war, and Pat Gilmore, leader of 
the flagship band (24th Massachusetts) had not yet achieved 
musical fame. 



[September 28.] 

People who decide not to visit this World's Fair, under the 
misapprehension that in 1900 or some other eventful year 
they will have a chance to see something surpassing it, make a 
mistake. Every person who has seen it will tell you that no 
person now living mil ever be likely to see its equal again on 
earth. The like of this Fair could be put nowhere else except 
in Jackson Park, with its marvelous side show of a mile in 
length up the Midway Plaisance. There the ends of the 'earth 
meet, and the middle of the earth is there too. A stroll up the 
Plaisance makes one feel as though he had stopped at every 
port on the Mediterranean sea, at every far-off island on the 
globe, and, indeed, among the people of every civilized and 
uncivilized country that the sun shines upon, as well as some 
upon which the sun doesn't shine very often. 

Early in the season the Connecticut State Building was 
criticised by a few Connecticut visitors as not reflecting credit 
upon the state. On the other hand, people from other states, 
and especially those who indicate the highest degTee of intelli- 
gence and culture, pronounce the structure one of the most at- 



192 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

tractive of all tlie State Buildings, and almost the only one 
tliat would serve as a model for a dwelling place. 

These are great days for the World's Eair, and the daily at- 
tendance of paid admissions reaches close up to 200,000. And 
not a sight-seer goes away mth any other sentiment than this 
— that the Fair surpasses his highest anticipation, and that 
there is no use trying to describe it. 

[Octoher 3.] 

If any one doubts the ability of Connecticut to let its light 
shine before men let them behold the exhibit of carriage lamps 
in the Transportation Building. Tine displays are there made 
by the White Manufacturing Company of Bridgeport, and by 
C. Cowles & Company of ]^ew Haven. 

There is an exhibit in Manufactures Building which has a 
great attraction for Chicago people, to whom the word " fire " 
has a deeper significance than to many others, and that is the 
fire proofing and mre4atliing exhibit of Gilbert and Bennett, 
together with Hammond's metal furring, of George t0T^^l. 

The Wheeler & Wilson Sewing Machine Company has a 
fine display in the patent ofiice department of the Government 
Building. The latest improvements in their machines are 
shown there. Besides the machines for ordinary sevdng and 
embroidery are those for hemstitching, tailoring, for cutting 
and stitching button-holes at the same time, machines with two 
needles for vamping shoes, and four needles for stitching 
gloves. 

There is a funny display in the Government Building of 
articles from the dead-letter office. There are false teeth, 
cocoanuts, skulls, stuffed animals, fishing tackle, articles of 
clothing, furs, jewelry, boats, fruit, toys, farming implements^ 
false hair, seeds, plants, keys, lamps, etc. The assortment 
rivals that of any country store. The directions on missent 
letters must be seen to be appreciated. Besides those in every 
known and unknown language are many in which the English 
is past finding out, and others which only an expert could de- 
cipher. Behold one directed in a clear, bold hand to Bev. H. 
H. Stratton, L. Siner P. O., Carter Co., Mo. The govern- 
ment stamp on the envelope explains that the letter was duly 
received at Ellsinore, Mo. 

I do not remember to have seen William J. Broatch since 
he was down " at the front," thirty years ago or thereabouts, 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. IQg 

but his name was discovered on the register in the Connecticut 
State Building recently, his residence being given as Omaha^ 
of which city he was mayor not long ago, and possibly is now. 
I think he was of Middletown origin, or somewhere in that 
sandstone region. 

[October 17.] 

Connecticut's exhibit of working oxen arrived at the Fair 
last week, with Mr. Augustus Hamilton of Bristol in charge. 
There are six pairs, all told, owned as follows : DaAT.d Strong, 
Winsted, one pair; Granger Brothers, Broad Brook, one pair; 
J. M. Berris, Stamford, two pairs ; and E. W. Lyon, Xorthfield, 
two pairs. The latter are trained steers — taught to perform 
many wonderful tricks, though I do not credit the story that 
they say " JSTow I lay me " every time they lie doA^^i. I have 
no hesitation in saying that Connecticut will take " first 
money '' on working oxen, for there are no other entries except 
from our state. 

A Connecticut lady who had not intended visiting the Ex- 
position came here a few days ago to make a week's stay — 
compelled to undertake the trip and the task of World's Fair 
sight-seeing from the high-colored reports of it from her friends 
who had been here. ]!^otwithstancling the fact that she had 
seen most of the art galleries of Europe, and, of course, 
nearly all European attractions, from the Giant's Causeway 
to the Bosphorus, she says that when she had been here two 
days — just long enough to take in the exterior sights, such as 
could be obtained from electric launches, including the sights 
of the Court oi Honor with its electric fountain, the lagoons 
with their marvelous surroundings, and a view of the TVliite 
City from the upper deck of the whaleback steamer, Christo- 
pher CohimhKS, — she was amply repaid for the time and ex- 
pense of coming. H you haven't seen the Fair, reader, don't 
let the 30th of October pass ere you have seen its wonderful 
sights. 

[October 20.] 

One of the most interesting colonial exhibits in the Connec- 
ticut State Building is a photograph of the old charter granted 
by Charles II in 1680, or thereabout. It was secured by ex- 
Comptroller C. C. Hubbard, of Hartford, who has reproduced 
several colonial documents in a very creditable manner. 



194 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

» 

Connecticut lias a triple part in the Congress on Fish and 
Fisheries held this week. Dr. Wm. M. Hudson, of the Con- 
necticut Fish Commission, presided at the opening session on 
the 16th; Prof. W. O. Atwater, of Wesleyan University, de- 
livered an address on the 17th on " The Correlation of Land 
and Water in Kelation to Food Supply and Agriculture,'' and 
on the 19 th Henry C. Eowe of 'New Haven delivered an ad- 
dress on '*' The Methods of Deep Water Oyster Culture.'' Mr. 
Rowe is authority on bivalves, and if his address was as good 
as the Xew Haven oysters he recently shipped to a friend 
of ours in Chicago (of which we had a satisfactory taste), it 
must have been a good one. 

[October 30.] 

At a recent banquet at the Auditorium hotel given in 
honor of President Palmer of the Columbian Commission, I 
sat across the table from President Charles P. Clark, of the 
J^ew York, ^ew Haven and Hartford road. The last pre- 
vious banquet I attended at which he was a s'uest was twenty 
years ago, in 1873, at Poughkeepsie, when the people of that 
city desired to interest ISTew England railroad interests, and 
capitalists generally, upon the subject of a bridge over the 
Hudson River. The bridge is built, but many of those who 
attended the banquet, especially the older ones interested in 
the project, did not live to see the structure completed, passing 
over another river, which railway trains never cross. Mr. 
Clark came out to the Fair, accompanied by Hon. Leverett 
Brainard, one of Connecticut's United States Commissioners to 
the Exposition, in a special car tendered to him»by Yice-Presi- 
dent Webb of the IsTew York Central. Mr. Brainard, by the 
way, has concluded his labors with the Columbian Commission, 
and returned to his home in Hartford, and merits the most em- 
phatic commendation for the excellent service he has tendered 
Connecticut during his long service as a member of it. 

[^N^ovember 3.] 
The Cheney tapestry which has beautified the walls of the 
parlors in the Connecticut Building at the Exposition received 
its final compliment a few days ago. Two feminine visitors 
were making a tour of observation through the house, when 
one queried of her companion after this manner : " Say, Mar- 
thy, see this tapistiy the Cheney Brothers have given 'em. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 195 

D'je spose it's bonyfidj? " " I^o; I guess it's real/' was tlie 
complimentary response. 



[:N'ovember 20.] 

The siirewdness of the Connecticut Yankee is proverbial. 
An instance in which this characteristic is well-defined comes 
to light just now when the State Buildings on Jackson Park 
have to be disposed of. The various State Boards of Managers 
are required by the Exposition Company to remove their build- 
ings and leave the premises in good, condition. Some of the 
buildings are offered to wreckers for nothing ; for some a mere 
pittance is received, and as for such a palatial structure as the 
Xew York Building — it can't be given away! Executive 
Commissioners are worrying by day and lying awake by night 
over the question — How shall we get rid of it? The Con- 
necticut Board of World's Fair Managers, on the other hand, 
saw this state of things from the outset and decided to avoid 
the annoyance at the close. They stipulated that the- State 
Building should revert to the possession of the builders at the 
close of the Exposition. The builders were also Connecticut 
Yankees (the Tracy Brothers of Waterbury), and they sold 
the building more than a year ago to a resident of Chicago, 
for $3,000 — to be delivered to him at the close of the Fair. 
Is'ow the aforesaid resident of Chicago is worrying himself 
about it."^ The present consensus of opinion in and about 
Jackson Park is that there was much good business sense dis- 
played by the Connecticut Board of World's Fair Managers at 
the outset, and that the shrewd, common-sense Yankee still 
abides in the land of wooden nutmegs. 



Some Connecticut newspapers have recently been publish- 
ing extracts from an address delivered before the Agricultural 
•Congress in Chicago last month by " Abram " Hyde. Abram 
is a good scriptural name, but the right name for Mr. Hyde is 
Epliraim — in other words, ex-Lieutenant-Governor E. H. 
Hyde of Stafford. 



* The purchaser of the building failed to consummate his contract, 
in consequence of which its ownership remained with the Tracy 
Brothers, which made possible the subsequent and more gratifying 
disposition of it as related in Chapter Y. 



196 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



CONNECTICUT VISITORS TO THE WORLD'S FAIR.* 

The total nuinber of visitors to tlie World's Fair from Con- 
necticut, as shown by registrations at the State Building, was 
a little more than 26,000. The following list shows attend- 
ance by towns, including only places from which at least fifty 
visitors registered. There were 316 towns and villages from 
which there were less than fifty registrations. 



Greenwich, 195 

Ansonia, 192 

Killingly 175 

Putnam, 174 

Milford, 157 

New Milford, . . .^ . . 150 

Torrington, 134 

Wethersfield, 129 

Litchfield 125 

Wallingford, 125 

Naugatuck, 121 

New Canaan, ..... 120 

Bethel, 118 

East Hartford, .... 117 

Windsor, 117 

Collinsville, 106 

Weistport, 105 

Guilford, 104 

Stafford Springs, .... 99 

Branford, ...... 95 

Stratford, 95 

Ridgefield, 95 

Simsbury, ♦ . 92 

Southington, 92 

Glastonbury, 90 

Lakeville, ...... 86 

Southport, 81 

Colchester, 80 

Essex, 77 

Newtown, 74 

Norfolk, 74 



Thompsonville, 








73 


Clinton, . . . . 








73 


Somers, . . . 








73 


Pomfret, 








72 


Woodbury, . . 








70 


Groton, . . . 








68 


Berlin, . . . 








67 


Sharon, . 








67 


Seymour, . . 








66 


Fairfield, . . 








65 


Windsor Locks, 








64 


New Hartford, 








64 


Thompson, . 








62 


Orange, . . . 








60 


Portland, . . 








60 


Farmington, . 








58 


Lyme, . . . 








58 


Woodstock, 








58 


Jewett City, . 








57 


Granby, . . 








56 


Washington, . 








56 


Enfield, . . 








55 


Canaan, . . 








. 55 


Plainville, . . 








55 


Chester, . . 








54 


Cheshire, . . 








. 53 


Darien, . . . 








53 


Watertown, 








. 53 


Thomaston, 








. 52 


Plainfield, . . 








51 


Warehouse Point 








. 50 



* Omissions in the foregoing list, as it originally appeared in 
the Bulletin of November 20, will be accounted for by referring to a 
statistical section that forms part of this chapter, in which a few, 
errors in the original list have been corrected. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



197 



SUBSCRIBERS TO THE CONNECTICUT BOARD OF WORLD'S 
FAIR COMMISSION FUND. 



Willimantic Linen Co., Willimantic, 

Cheney Brothers, Manchester, 

New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, New Haven 

Bridgeport Board of Trade, Bridgeport, 

Governor M. G. Bulkeley, Hartford, 

J. D. Dewell, New Haven, . 

L. Brainard, Hartford, 

Billings & Spencer Co., Hartford, . 

L. Wheeler Beecher, New Haven, . 

T. Attwater Barnes, New Haven, 

Bradley & Hubbard Manufacturing Co., Meriden, 

Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Co., Hartford, 

Derby and Shelton Board of Trade, Derby, 

Nathan Easterbrook, New Haven, 

James Graham, New Haven, 

George F. Whitcomb, New Haven, 

Hartford Carpet Co., Ehfield, 

F. B. Loomis, New London, 

S. E. Merwin, New Haven, . 

Edwin Milner, Plainfield, 

Pope Manufacturing Co., Hartford, 

Plimpton Manufacturing Co., Hartford, 
Thomas R. Pickering, Portland, 

Rogers & Brother, Waterbury, 

Schuyler Electric Co., Middletown, 

Coe Brass Manufacturing Co., Torrington, 

Winchester Repeating Arms Co., New Haven, 

Winsted Board of Trade, Winsted, 

Berlin Iron Bridge Co., Berlin, 

Collins Co., Collins ville, 

Hartford Cycle Co., Hartford, 

HoUey Manufacturing Co., Salisbury, 

Strong, Barnes, Hart & Co., New Haven, 

Henry Sutton, New Haven, 

J. Howard Whittemore, Naugatuck, 

Dwight, Skinner & Co., Hartford, 

Hockanum Co., Rockville, 

Hammond & Knowlton Co., Putnam, 

H. C. Judd & Root, Hartford, 

New England Co., Rockvilie, 

Putnam Business Men's Association, Putnam, 



$5,500 
5,000 
5,000 
5,000 
2,500 
2,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
1,000 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
500 
300 
250 
250 
250 
250 
250 



198 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Rock Manufacturing Co., Rockville, 

Springville Manufacturing Co., Rockville, 

Cook & Hapgood, Hartford, 

C. T. Stuart, Hartford, 

J. W. Denison & Co., Mystic, 

John K. Bucklyn, Mystic, 



250 
250 

100 

100 

50 

25 



$52,825 



REPORT 

OF THE 

WORK OF THE WOMAN'S BOARD 

OF COMMISSIONEES 

FOR THE 

WORLD'S Fair at Chicago, 
. 1893. 



PREFACE. 

The comparatively recent decision of Congress to postpone 
the printing of tlie official reports of the late Columbian Ex- 
position has made it necessary for each State to print for itself 
whatever history of that event it finds desirable to preserve 
among its records. 

At the close of the World's Fair an urgent appeal for a de- 
tailed report of work was made to each State. The National 
Commission proposed to publish an official history which 
should embody a carefully compiled record of whatever was 
of unusual interest in the reports from States. Eminent 
sociologists, statisticians, and educators were to join with scien- 
tists, artists, and experts in every field to sift out and preserve 
for all time the proofs of the tremendous progress in civiliza- 
tion which this marvelous conception furnished. 

In the white heat of enthusiasm generated by the mag- 
nificence of the World's Fair as a spectacle, it was impossible 
to remember that men are influenced more by appearances 
than realities, and that national glory, rather than gaining a 
fragmentary knowledge of things to be seen, is the object of 
expositions. It was equally impossible to realize that 

" Time, who in the twilight comes to mend 
All the fantastic day's caprice," 

would gently weave these fragTaents into a delightful, un- 
broken remembrance, infinitely more satisfactory to the pos- 
sessor than any written reminder of opportunities forever lost 
in the swift progress of those enchanting weeks. Each State 
had somewhat in its work which, separated it from every other. 
The result was far more eloquent than the details could ever 
become, but to the people who had wrought out those details 
14 (201) 



202 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

by months of vigorous, untiring effort, tlie parts seemed in 
their way quite as interesting and well worth considering as 
the whole. We were asked to " omit nothing " in our reports, 
and it is to be feared that this request was fulfilled to the very 
letter of the law in one ?mall State at least. 

And since by every mail and in a great variety of phrases 
we were urged to put our best foot foremost, and, realizing that 
now was the time for anyone owning mates to the Seven- 
Leagued boots to put them on and take strides in them, we did 
not hesitate to remind the rest of the world that as a State we 
were not always so small in area as the World's Fair found us 
— that magnificent, enterprising Chicago, and even the White 
City itself, stood upon what was originally Connecticut soil, in- 
cluded in that first far-reaching grant to the colonies, " From 
the said JSTorrogansett Bay on the east to the South Sea on the 
west part." 

We could also claim that the Constitution of the United 
States was modeled upon our Constitution, as were those of a 
majority of the State Constitutions now existing, and that we 
gave the present system of money to the country when a 
change was made from pounds, shillings, and pence, even the 
copper for coinage coming from the mines of our inland town 
of Simsbury. The model far all the tremendous business 
operations carried on in the civilized world was also a 
" Yankee l^otion," since the first stock company originated in 
Connecticut, as did that priceless boon to the illustrated papers 
the world over, the figure of the original " Brother Jonathan,'' 
and when one adds the fact that three-fourths of the me- 
chanical part of the World's Fair came from Connecticut, and, 
by inheritance, the landscape gardening and construction, and, 
last touch of all, the fact that all the medals for the final 
awards were made and sent out from our own small State, it 
is difficult to believe that the World's Columbian Exposition 
could have been held without us. 

Behind facts like these that have become history lie the 
distinguishing traits of a people who have made such his- 



PREFACE. 203 

tory characteristic of themselves. And wMle^ for a national 
report, destined to have an international circulation, and aim- 
ing to become, within certain limits, a distributing center of 
knowledge for its own country and the rest of the world, it 
was necessary to sketch the individuality of Connecticut with 
such broad outlines as should, in a measure, represent the past 
with vividness, yet it was also necessary to remember that any 
record of recent events important enough to become in turn 
history would prove valuable only in proportion to the thor- 
oughness of its description of small things as well as great, of 
means as well as ends. 

Therefore, the committee appointed to finish satisfactorily 
the work of Connecticut at the World's Fair decided to print 
for their own State an official record which would be entirely 
separate from the national report, hoping to secure by this 
means, and without further delay, such a history of that time 
as should by its accuracy and detail prove valuable as a book 
of reference for Connecticut people. 

The following account of the work of the "Woman's Board 
is a simple statement of how they succeeded in certain direc- 
tions, and why they failed in others, in their effort to interpret 
liberally the requirements of the act creating them, which de- 
clared " It shall be the duty of said Board of Lady Managers 
to secure desirable exhibits of woman's work in the arts, in- 
dustries, and manufactured products of this State." 



IT^TEODUCTION, 



Nothing but great weight in things can afford a quite literal speech.'''' — Emerson. 



The literature of tlie World's Fair must, for many a day 
yet, consist of impressions. Indeed, no other word so fitly de- 
scribes this greatest of illusions. Whatever earnestness of 
purpose the visitor may have started with, moved thereto by 
the true 'N&w England spirit of improving one's opportuni- 
ties, it was impossible, once within the magic circle, to take 
soberly this delightful blending of Arcadia, Bohemia, and the 
Arabian nights, which with its thousand lights and shades 
alternately dazzled and uplifted the beholder. 

Fortunately, neither time nor change can alter its per- 
manent value as an influence and educator, although as a spec- 
tacle 

" Boldly o'erleaping in its great design 
The bounds of Nature," 

it has become a thing of the past. 

It is difficult, however, even after sufficient time has 
elapsed to enable one to sift out impression from experience and 
change enthusiasm info calm judgment, to follow the request of 
the committee having in charge the compilation of a record, 
and to present faithfully and in detail the work of the Connecti- 
cut women at the World's Columbian Exposition with such 
accuracy as shall make the result of value to that student or 
historian of the future who, when all this has become a tradi- 
tion, shall have the courage to unearth and consult some an- 
tique report for a hint of ancient methods. Living in the recol- 
lection of the fortunate beholder as a priceless possession, 
which he would share if he could, an effort to do so discovers 
anew the poverty of words. Happily, one can fall back on the 
assurance that " there is no such thing as pure originality in a 
large sense; that by necessity, by proclivity, and by delight 



206 OONNEiCTIOUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

we all must quote, since old and new make the warp and woof 
of every moment.'' We are told that " a great man quotes 
bravely, and lacking a new thought finds the right place for 
an old observation." Especially must this be true of him who 
writes as an eye-witness of the Columbian Exposition, and if, 
because of limitations within himself, he must chain his fancy 
and touch upon the matter-of-fact details which lie within the 
province of the statistician, then indeed does he long to be 
great enough to quote bravely, choosing the glowing words 
and delicate appreciation of the artist rather than the simple 
sturdy touch of the workman, and withal uplifting it with that 
leaven of truth which is stranger than fiction, and yet realiz- 
ing how helpless are mere words, however glowing and forc- 
ible, to convey the picture to those who were outside its in- 
fluence, one finds himself praying, like the chronicler of Barty- 
Josselin in the Martians, " for mere naturalness and the use 
of simple homely words " with the same hope of " blundering 
at length into some fit form of expression." 

The methods and extent of the work of the "Woman's Board 
of Managers of Connecticut is told with some detail in the fol- 
lowing chapters. There was no thought of competition in that 
which was attempted. For many reasons there was hardly 
a fair representation of woman's work in any broad sense. We 
were sharing in a celebration, rather than helping on an exhi- 
bition. Alone, it might not have been missed, yet as a part it 
served its purpose. There were many reasons why the work 
of the wom-en of Connecticut was only a bit of detail rather 
than a perfect whole. Maybe the principal one lies in that 
characteristic reluctance of the real native of the soil to exert 
himself, or herself, distinctly to impress anyone. Gentle and 
simple possess it alike, and it abounds as vigorously to-day 
as when Fitz-Greene Halleck wrote: 

" They love their land because it is their own, 
And scorn to give ought other reason why, 

Would shake hands with a King upon his throne, 
And think it kindness to his Majesty. 

A stubborn race, fearing and flattering none, 
Such are they nurtured, such they live and die." 



INTRODUCTION. 207 

With tliat spirit inherent in the population it is needless to 
saj that the thought of competition or of any commercial ad- 
vantage did not enter into the work done. 

The time for preparation was limited, and the appropria- 
tion small, because, while the country at large was dealing 
with Exposition matters, Connecticut, as represented by both 
political parties, was repeating the history of the first settlers, 
each struggling to secure " popular control of legislation." 
Public sentiment and private citizenship gave the first sub- 
scription of fifty thousand dollars. The Scriptural tenth was 
devoted to the Woman's Board, and with that for a beginning 
— and, for aught thoy knew then, the end — they began their 
work. 

Meanwhile, the fact that Congress had recognized the 
possibilities which lay in an organized effort upon the part of 
women to aid and abet the Exposition, by an exhibition which 
should embrace all the advancement which the last fifty years' 
attempt at equality had wrought in woman's achievement, 
gave the ilsTational Commission of Women an opportunity to 
urge upon their sisters of the State Boards the serious con- 
sideration of the possibilities which apparently lay within their 
grasp. Reams of circulars were printed and sent out from the 
headquarters at Chicago, recommending, urging, outlining, 
planning, suggesting, and asking questions. Tons of letters 
went flying back and forth. Nothing was left untouched in 
these plans. The heavens above and the earth beneath, and 
the waters under the earth were to be searched. Woman, it 
seemed, had had an astonishing part in the development of 
things. All the bright and shining lights of our own sex who 
had figured in history were recalled to our minds and glorified 
anew — or all but Eve. Very considerately, nobody men- 
tioned her or the Fall. It was as if we were given another lhA 
more intelligent chance, letting such bygones be bygones. 
But Sappho was mentioned, and Joan of Arc. Matilda of 
Flanders with her wonderful needle painting (of her husband's 
prowess, be it noted) was recalled, and plenty of opportunity 
offered for any modern Matilda to develop her gifts in similar 



208 CONNEOTIOUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

directions. All these who had come wandering down the 
ages as an ornament and example to our sex were again mar- 
shaled before ns. Helen of Troy escaped mention, and Rosa- 
lind; and Maud MuUer was forgotten, though she was prob- 
ably saving the wages of a " hired man '' that charming June 
day when the judge showed himself such a laggard in love, 
proving anew the occasional truth of the saying, " A man's 
foes are those of his own household.'' A few others were 
omitted in the roll-call of famous women, and even poor 
Ophelia's rosemary did not serve for remembrance in the 
stirring days before the Columbian Exposition, but enough 
were brought to mind to spur the present generation. 

With something less than a year before us in which to 
awaken interest, develop methods of procedure, and obtain re- 
sults, it would have been fatal to attempt large things in Con- 
necticut. Instead, we contented ourselves with the far more 
difficult, even if more commonplace, task of trying to do small 
things well and of winning a definite place for Connecticut in 
the permanent history of the World's Columbian Exposition. 
We were urged to be up and doing with hearts that were 
strong enough to compel Eate. We had learned to labor. 
We need no longer wait for recognition, at least. So we re- 
called Joan of Arc with renewed pride, and the diplomatic side 
of Cleopatra. Catherine of Russia, too, and Queen Elizabeth 
became once more real personages to us. The Queen of 
Hearts we deliberately turned our backs upon. Her accom- 
plishments were too hopelessly old-fashioned. She probably 
was content to broil herself while baking those tantalizing 
t^rts that summer day, which were eaten without doubt by the 
Knave and King of her own suite, or some other, and who can 
tell whether they were even gracious enough to admit after- 
ward that they were as good as those they had eaten when they 
were boys? Certainly, the history of her own times made no 
mention of it. 

Not only were famous personages held up to us for our 
imitation by the Central Board, but lessons in history were 



INTRODUCTION. 209 

recommendedj and courses of study were pressed upon us. As 
for instance : 

"The first two lessons are on history, comparing 1493 with 1892. 
Then follows : Electricity ; Forestry ; Pre-Historic Man, which includes the 
Cliff-Dwellers, Mound-Builders, Ruins of Mexico, Yucatan, and Peru ; 
Lessons on Government Departments, Lighthouses, Life-Saving Stations, 
Postal Service, etc., etc. 

"Then, there are lessons on Art, explaining characteristics of histor- 
ical epochs and the different schools of painting ; two on modern uses of 
electricity ; besides the exhibits of Transportation, Horticulture, Floricul- 
ture, Machinery, and the Woman's Department." 

But alas! though we felt our limitations but too keenly, 
■we had no time to make ourselves over. The time and tide 
which wait for no man were equally prompt and disobliging 
when it came to waiting for women, and so at the risk of being 
classed with the heathen who, in his blindness, persists in say- 
ing his prayers in his accustomed manner to familiar gods of 
wood and stone, despite the self-sacrificing and well-directed 
efforts of the missionary, we felt compelled to follow the 
familiar and beaten path of our foremothers, trusting to simple 
earnestness of purpose for results. 

Of modem Portias, capable of expounding the law,' we 
had a few; of Joan of Arc not even one imitator, though that 
sturdy old fighter, Israel Putnam, imtrained as a carpet knight, 
but with clear insight into realities, recognized that patriotism 
has no sex in his emphatic answer to the Britisher who claimed 
that five thousand British soldiers could march through the 
continent. " ^o doubt," was his answer, " if they behaved 
civilly, and paid well for everything they wanted, but if in a 
hostile manner, though the American men were out of the 
question, the women with ladles and broomsticks would knock 
them all on the head before they could get half through." 

There was not one daughter of the Amazons left among us. 
But of the old Hebrew type, the woman in whom the heart of 
her husband doth safely trust, whose children rise up and 
call her blessed, who rears the soldier, helping him fight his 
battles with the smokeless powder of self-sacrifice and uncom- 
plaining endurance, who makes the home that is worth fight- 



210 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

ing to save — dying to save, maybe — of these there were 
many. That to such simple lives, already full, women were 
willing to add the tremendous amount of hard, detail work in- 
volved in furthering the fuccess of the Exposition, gives us 
some idea of the depth of real interest which was aroused and 
maintained. 

At the very outset we decided to write co-operation so 
plainly at the head of each plan of work that we should lose 
neither time nor effort in a vain struggle for new devices, and 
therefore we were quite ready to adopt the suggestion from 
Chicago that the Woman's Building should receive our best 
work. Studying carefully the printed directions sent us, we 
read with dismay, " It is intended that this building and all its 
contents shall be the inspiration of woman's genius." 

In our first awe-struck moments we felt that the mountain 
of glass from the children's fairy tale had suddenly taken the 
place of the beaten path we had planned to follow. Like 
Constance, we realized that being born women, we were far 
more naturally subject to fears than to geniuses, but, fortu- 
nately, the first demand for real action came in the form of an 
appeal for help to build a house for little children. The 
Board of Lady Managers had secured a location adjoining the 
Woman's Building, on which they would be permitted to 
build a children's home if the necessary funds for its erection 
could be provided T\^thin sixty days. Their appeal was full of 
promise : 

"In many cases it will be impossible for the mothers to visit the 
World's Fair without taking their children, and in so doing they will wish 
the little ones, as well as themselves, to take the fullest advantage of the 
educational facilities there offered. With these ends in view, the Chil- 
dren's Home has been designed, which will give to mothers the freedom 
of the Exposition, while the children themselves are enjoying the best of 
care and attention. 

"No plan having been made by the Board of Directors for a Chil- 
dren's Building, and no funds having been appropriated for this purpose, 
the Board of Lady Managers feels it necessary to take up the work of 
building and equipping a beautiful structure, which shall be devoted en- 
tirely to children and their interests. The board has secured a desirable 



INTRODUCTION. 211 

location adjoining the Woman's Building, on which to build the Children's 
Home, but only on the condition that the necessary funds for erecting it 
be provided within sixty days. 

" In the Children's Home will be presented the best thought on sani- 
tation, diet, education, and amusement for children. A series of manikins 
will be so dressed as to represent the manner of clothing infants in the dif- 
ferent countries of the world, and a demonstration will be made of the 
most healthful, comfortable, and rational system of dressing and caring 
for children according to modern scientific theories ; while their sleeping 
accommodations, and everything touching their physical interests, will be 
discussed. Lectures will also be given upon the development of the child's 
mental and moral nature by improved methods of home training. 

" The building will have an assembly-room containing rows of little 
chairs, and a platform from which stereopticon lectures will be given to 
the older boys and girls, about foreign countries, their languages, man- 
ners, and customs, and important facts connected with their history. 
These talks will be given by kindergartners, who will then take the 
groups of children to see the exhibits from the countries about which 
they have just heard. They can make these little ones perfectly happy, 
and yet give them instruction which is none the less valuable because re- 
ceived unconsciously, and without the coercion of the ordinary classroom. 

Here was sometliing we could understand and to which we 
could most heartily respond. 

The county fair is one of 'N&w England's most cherished 
institutions. We had all seen the young and anxious mother 
with rows of tense little fingers clutching her skirts, and in her 
arms a fretful little bundle of nerves with which she was con- 
stantly compelled to divide her interest in the many-pieced 
bedquilt, the biggest pumpkin, the large and thriving-looking 
cucumber in the small-mouthed bottle, and the all-pervading 
and by no means " over-trained " brass band. To be counted 
among those who could help change such conditions as these 
for the things promised in the children's building w^as like 
being granted a foretaste of the Millennium. 

Most eagerly we answered that we could, and hereby did, 
contribute the three hundred dollars asked, — an answer 
that guaranteed the first contribution from any State, and 
which was made the occasion for general rejoicing in the Board 
meeting at headquarters. That it was a step well taken, the 
following figures will show : 

Between ten and eleven thousand children from everv 



212 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

State and Territory in tlie country were cared for. At first 
the number averaged fifty a day, later tlie average increased 
to one hundred a day. Of these, twenty-five were fed daily, 
in addition to the care and amusement furnished them, at a 
uniform cost of twenty-five cents for each child. The method 
of identification was a simple one of three checks ; one for the 
mother, one for the back of the child's frock, the third for the 
outer garments. Out of the great number but one unfortu- 
nate little waif was left in the hands of the people in charge. 
After doing what we could to insure a certain measure of com- 
fort and happiness for the children, the next step led us quite 
naturally to do what we could toward securing the best pos- 
sible conditions of safety for the large number of women in 
our State who must see. the fair unattended, and under the 
simplest possible conditions, or not at all. 

For these the Woman's Dormitory Association seemed to 
promise a veritable ark of safety. The names of the directors, 
both men and women, were too well known to admit of doubt 
as to the sincerity and disinterestedness of the plan; the charac- 
teristics of our wage-earning American girls, upright, capable, 
self-respecting, made such a plan entirely practicable upon 
American soil. As it was outlined, it was in no sense a 
charity; it simply made it possible for women to build their 
own lodging-houses, and the eagerness with which the oppor- 
tunity was seized upon every hand proved that, as the adver- 
tisements say, it filled a long-felt want. Originally designed 
to benefit working girls, so called, the freedom and safety in- 
sured induced a great many other women who, like John Gil- 
pin's wife, while they were on pleasure bent, must have 
frugal minds to make application for admission, and the 
buildings were filled with artists, teachers, and self-supporting 
women from all walks in life. Capable oversight, cleanliness, 
and simplicity were all that was promised. We could not 
guarantee comfort; we could only hope that the mattresses 
would continue to preserve the beautiful level of the surround- 
ing prairies, instead of falling into the picturesque outlines of 
our own Connecticut hills and dales; but the safety that lay in 



INTRODUCTION. 213 

numbers was the principal attraction, a condition that seemed 
sadly overworked when, May proving cold and cheerless, a 
double number elected to come in June, thereby forcing the 
committee in charge to try and solve anew the old problem of 
how to put eight into six and have nothing left over. 

But somehow we seemed farther than ever from being able 
to furnish any of that awesome thing, the "Inspiration of 
Woman's Genius." AVhen Daniel Deronda filled the public 
mind, there was a delightful definition of genius which made 
it a twin of painstaking hard work, and that did not seem so 
unattainable, but that word " inspiration " was our stumbling- 
block. From tihe first it seemed to involve a Micawberish 
" waiting for something to turn up,'' and, however wide we 
might open the door, if it refused to enter there did not seem 
to be any chance to take it by a metaphorical coat-collar and 
compel its presence. Like the quality of true mercy, we 
knew that it must not be strained. 

Meanwhile, we tried to meet intelligently the demand for 
needlework. "Not the gusset and seam and band familiar to 
the women who look well to the ways of their households, but 
in the newer field of modern fancy work. And here again 
we were met with the rule, " Only original work desired." 
•• 1*^0 stamped articles will be accepted." This meant that 
first we must find an artist able to originate a design of beauty, 
and willing to place the free-hand drawing upon mere cloth. 
Then we must find the artistic needle-woman who, with a 
proper knowledge of color, combined the patience to bring 
out the design stitch by stitch. The two do not often in- 
habit the same earthly tenement of clay, and, when the work 
was finished, whose would it be ? It was like the matrimonial 
puzzle in the 'New Testament, and, like cowards, we gave it up, 
salving our conscience with the reflection that the Sisters of 
Charity of France would exhibit infinitely finer plain sewing. 
The Mexican women with their exquisite drawn work could 
give any American spider of our acquaintance an object lesson 
in cobwebs. The Senoritas of Spain with their needlework 
portrait medallions of royalty left us nothing but the kodak 



214 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

for fair competition, while the fact that the Egyptians made 
and wore lace thousands of years before " the little yellow spot 
upon the map '^ which represented ns was even dreamed of, 
made ns feel so hopelessly and unpleasantly new in our efforts 
that we decided competitive needlework in any of its branches 
was not for us. 

We knew better than to try and alter the rules governing 
these things. The father of the Woman's Building was a 
Mede and the mother was a Persian; their rules were not made 
to be altered. This strong new roll of red-tape put into 
women's hands for the first time was not to be trifled with. It 
Avas by no means tied in bow-knots simply because women let 
it pass between their fingers. Instead, the old-fashioned 
square knot which tightened under pressure, was the rule. 

Gladly we availed ourselves of the opportunity to follow 
the familiar, even if more commonplace, duty of finding suit- 
able furnishings for the Connecticut State Building. It was 
a relief to drop the terrible feeling of responsibility for not 
having been discovered earlier, in time to take the first train, 
as John Burroughs says of something else ; we comforted our- 
selves by remembering that one of our own literary men had 
assured us that Columbus was a well-meaning man, and if he 
did not discover a perfect continent he found the only one that 
was left. We could not compete with the countrywomen of 
Columbus, nor with the Egyptians in lace-making, but we 
could, and we did, bring together some delig'htful examples of 
the cabinetmaker's art. Art is not too fine a word to use in 
describing the work of the men who wrought out, piece by 
piece, no two alike, the simple, strong, graceful, eminently 
suitable furnishings for the early homes of the Colonists. It 
may be true, as has been asserted, that the first settlers were 
strongly opposed to all forms of amusements, but that they 
were not beyond the pale of feeling the keenest artistic pleasure 
these lasting examples of beauty and service wrought together 
plainly show. That the Connecticut house was real was not 
by any means because as a State we felt superior to the prevail- 
ing shams of our neighbors. There was neither time nor money 



INTRODUCTION. 215 

for anytliing pretentious, even had there been inclination. 
That it takes both to differ from one's surroundings there was 
ample opportunity to discover later, as, for instance, in the 
simple matter of paint for the finished buildings, our neigh- 
bors, who leaned upon " Staff " for their effects, were able to 
finish their productions by the aid of a machine which dis- 
tributed the paint with the freedom and vigor of a bottle of 
pop unceremoniously trifled with, while our own structure of 
good honest wood, nails, and plaster had to have its outward 
adornment supplied, line upon line, in the good old way set 
down in the copy books. 

Completed, the Connecticut House was, as Judge Baldwin 
charmingly says elsewhere, " such a mansion as anyone could 
wish his grandfather had lived in before the Revolution, and 
could be certain that he did not." When one entered the 
door he turned his back upon that delightful modern inven- 
tion, the Intramural Railway, which had brought him swiftly, 
noiselessly, and almost instantaneously through space. 
Within doors he had to turn his back also on electric lights, 
plate-glass, and modem hardware, or else accept them as a 
need of the times with the two-cent postage-stamp, the en- 
velope, the typewriter, and the telegraph. 

The furnishing committee tried to reach a happy medium 
between the earliest simplicity and the later luxury. Between 
the "fitting out'' of the Rev. Thomas Trowbridge, for in- 
stance, in the days when the clergy were the aristocracy, a de- 
scription of which reads, " I have purchased a clock, brass 
kettle, iron pot, coffee mill, pair of flats, pair of brass candle- 
sticks, brass andirons, and looking-glass, so I hope we shall be 
able, on the whole, to set up housekeeping with some little 
decency," and the fitting out of that governor who paid fifteen 
dollars a yard for the first Brussels carpet sent to this country, 
and whose house, even unte this day, is the envy and despair 
of all those lovers of the antique who are condemned to the 
const-ant falling out of those modem dragons, steam-heat and 
glue. 

It is interesting in looking over the list to note that the 



216 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

"American rocking-chair/- that typical illustration of our 
national restlessness, was, like some of our other sins and short- 
comings, a direct importation from English ancestors. Ex- 
cept for the very few who treated the sight-seeing as a moral 
obligation, there was no attempt to study things in detail. 
The hand-made fringes and old brass bosses at the windows, 
the " drawn in " rugs, braided mats and rag carpets in the bed- 
rooms, the embroidered curtains and tester of the " high 
poster," the fringed dimity ones of the quaint " bow bed " 
with their hints of drafts, and warming pans and flickering 
candlelight, the low, straight-backed chairs — all these es- 
caped general attention. The high-backed settle from the 
governor's reception room with its suggestion of open fires, 
fans and coquetry, the knee-breeches, powdered wig's, lace 
fichus, scant satin gowns, and wedding slippers; the knee- 
buckles reminding one of the man " who would have died as 
the fool dieth " rather than give his to the British soldier; 
the medicine scales of the time, when every doctor had to be 
his own chemist; the bridal chests, and the chair which held 
every president from Washington to Grant; the parch- 
ments and old deeds from the Indians; the foot-warmers 
and firearms reminding one of the cold churches and the armed 
guards; the pathos of the old sampler, wrought with tears, 
and " cherished in memory of two deceased children " — the 
whole story of life was here, its pomp and circumstance, its 
joys and sorrows, its tears and laughter, its early privation and 
final victory. ~Ro one had time to realize it except the pains- 
taking committee under whose tireless hands the parts were 
fitted into the whole, but into many a quiet life, a thousand 
miles away, came something of the stir and charm and vigor 
of the beautiful White City through the cheerful offering of 
priceless possessions at the prompting of that compelling 
quality we call State pride. It was both a surprise and grati- 
fication at the end of it all to find that one of Chicago's most 
successful architects felt that he had received more inspiration, 
more actual help for his future work from the Connecticut 
house than from anv other house upon the grounds. 



INTRODUCTION. 217 

And then, suddenly, v/e discovered that the gold which we 
coveted did not lie at the end of the rainbow as we had feared, 
but, like the cobweb cloth woven for the King's armor, its 
very fineness made its invisibility and its strength; wo had, 
indeed, to learn that " the eye altering alters all.'' That 
stately phrase, " the inspiration of genius," like the botanical 
names of our favorite flowers, had made us feel that we were 
being presented to the mysterious and the unknown. In bow- 
ing too low we had failed to recognize the faces of familiar 
friends. Our eyes had, indeed, been holden while we gazed 
covetously after the strange gods of our neighbors. 

At last we no longer stood abashed before the rules for- 
bidding copies in art and stamped articles. We were the 
proud possessors of not only the originals, but the originators 
as well, for in our exhibit of literatu.re^ we confined our col- 
lection to the productions of real daughters of the State. We 
could now send galleries of pictures to the World's Fair, the 
outlines of the stem 'New England hills, the rocky pastures, 
the early farmhouses, built like boats with their keels turned 
up to the heavens. The very fragrance of the old-fashioned 
flower garden with its lad's love and " meetin' seed," its 
sweet briar and dainty little lady's delight, the great, great 
grandmother of our cherished pansies, its marigolds, holly- 
hocks, and princess feather. Portraits of little children, too, 
and flower-faced girls, and spare, upright, tender-eyed women, 
the meeting-house, the minister and the deacons, the village 
squire, and the country doctor, guide, philosopher, and friend 
all in one — all that related to the narrow, simple, self-respect- 
ing life of the Puritans as it survived in the distinguishing 
traits and traditions of their descendants we could offer, and 
^' so largely writ " that he who ran might read. 

Our artists had taken that which lay before them, and 
whether it was the pathos and the humanity in " Pishin' 
Jimmie," the salt air in Cape Cod folks, or the ghostly White 
Birches of our hillsides, made human and familiar to us by 
" the jackknife's carved initial," always standing, as ghosts 
should stand, at least in tradition, beside the fatal hemlock, 
15 



218 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

eacli carried its message straight from heart to heart, because 
each had in it that true touch of nature which makes the whole 
world kin. 

Every season had its translator in our collection, " Spring- 
time, Summer, Tall of the Leaf, and "Winter," and if we did 
not talk learnedly of depth of color, light, and shade, or mat- 
ters of detail, it was because that which we offered needed no 
interpreter. Having once found that which met all the re- 
quirements of the laws governing the Woman's Building, we 
made our collection of literature as full and as unique as the 
time at our command permitted. Following somewhat the 
methods of the private collector, first editions were secured 
whenever possible. 

Many writers of to-day contributed autograph copies of 
their works to the' exhibit. An old book of compositions writ- 
ten in Catherine Beecher's school, long before the angular 
hand had become fashionable, and bearing such names as Har- 
riet Beecher, Fanny Fern, and many others from whom the 
world has long since heard, stood beside Julia Smith's transla- 
tion of the Bible. The portrait of Mrs. Sigourney, lent us by 
her son-in-law, the Rev. Thomas Bussell, rolled back the years 
and brought us face to face with her in her early womanhood. 
Several leaves from her diary, larger than foolscap, were kept 
with such beautiful precision that even in this statistical age 
one could learn a lesson in reimarkable detail from them. 

In them was contained a minute record of calls made, 
books read, lines written, and garments mended or made dur- 
ing the year. Each page began with a text of Scripture, and 
ended with a moral reflection, usually of disappointment in 
herself. An autograph copy of the first edition of her poems 
was also of great interest. 

At first we were limited to one copy for each author, 
enough to simply show the possibilities of our literary work; 
but later, too late to make as large a collection as we might 
easily have done had we been granted space earlier, we were 
asked to contribute more fully. In some cases it was possible to 
send a number of volumes from individual ^vriters, but in the 



INTRODUCTION. 219 

majority of instances it was impossible, with, tlie time at our 
command, to make furtlier additions. But, altliougli we 
limited our collection, almost without exception, to tlie works 
of women bom within the borders of one of the smallest of 
the States, the writers themselves knew no arbitrary boundary 
lines. What one might call the home manufacture in litera- 
ture had the characteristics of many other Connecticut 
products; there was enough for themselves and a great deal to 
offer to the rest of the world. 

Between the voyage made for the first Survey of the Coast 
in 1612, and the journey to the stars in the Determination of 
the Orbit of the Comet of 1847, there lies a beautiful table- 
land out of which grew, quite naturally, the gentler things 
of literature and art, biography, and poetry, as well as history, 
and its charming shadow, romance. 

The Bible had its interpreter and translator among us. 
The difiiculties of the Russian tongue blossomed into simple, 
graceful English in Connecticut hands. There were volumes 
of Latin and English Quotations for the chronic borrowers, 
and Domestic Economy for the housekeepers. Beginners had 
Botany made charming for them, and beautiful bridges of 
Bedtime Stories carried tired little feet into the Sandman's 
enchanted country. 

There was the story of Noble Deeds of American Women 
to stir one's envy, one's ambition, and one's pride, and quiet 
hours of restfulness in the Garden of Dreams. The very es- 
sence of the l^ew England character has been caught and pre- 
served for future generations by some of these women. In 
deep understanding of human nature, appreciation of its pos- 
sibilities, sympathy for its shortcomings, hope for its future, 
they have no rivals, no equals outside the dwellers in the hill 
countiy of Drumtochty and of Thrums. 

In claiming Catherine Beecher as a daughter of Connecti- 
cut, it is to be feared we lay ourselves open to the charge of 
" assuming a good deal for relationship's sake." But the family 
were so completely a Connecticut family that the mere acci- 
dent of her birth on Long Island we simply set down among 



220 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

the visitations of Providence^ the kind of thing which no 
amoTint of regret will alter. Her work and the impress of her 
life are here still, handed down from family to family, as traits 
and tendencies persist in being long after the source of in- 
spiration has long been lost to sight. The value of her book, 
" Domestic Economy," from a man's point of view, is rather 
interesting. 

The translation of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " into Dutch, pub- 
lished in 1853 in Batavia, Java, was sent to Mrs. Stowe by 
Mr. Samuel "W. Bonney, accompanied by a letter dated , 
" Comet," at Sea, Eeb. 21, 1855. This edition was trans- 
lated from the French and includes an interesting introduc- 
tion by George Sand. Mr. Bonney mentions the fact that a 
second Dutch translation had also been made and printed in 
Java. In a postscript to his letter he says: 

" Last October, having occasion to write to the King of 
Siam in reference to a letter from him, I improved the oppor- 
tunity to send him a copy of your sister Catherine's ' Domestic 
Economy ' as a present for his Queen. It will aid her in im- 
proving, by a good model, the domestic departments of the 
palace at Bangkok! " 

The making of the book Selections from the Writings of 
Connecticut Women, including as it did short stories, poems, 
and essays, grew, quite naturally, to prove a necessary part 
of the exhibit of literature, for many of our writers of short 
stories had won world-wide reputations. Most beautifully 
was it boimd and printed, the cover and design being the work 
of a Connecticut woman. Upon the cover was a band of oak 
leaves, a reminder of the service of our Charter Oak, and be- 
sides this the State seal and its motto. Qui transtuUt sustinet, 
an earnest of the spirit which went to the gathering of what 
lay between the covers. The frontispiece represented a colon- 
ial clock with the hands at twelve, and the quotation, " Pealing, 
the Clock of Time has struck the Woman's Hour." 

Heading the preface is that verse from the book of Kuth, 
" I pray you let me glean and gather after the reapers among 
the sheaves." A very limited edition de luxe bound in Suede 



■ INTRODUCTION. 221 

"was brouglit out, one of which remains in Mrs. Palmer's hands 
until the permanent building is an accomplished fact. The 
main edition bound in scarlet and white, and blue and white 
with gold, was also limited and of value. 

In placing a copy in every State library and in the college 
libraries of our country, the committee were given a grateful 
sense of work well done by the appreciative letters of thanks 
which came from librarians, secretaries of States, college presi- 
dents, and commanding officers of posts in western States 
where public libraries were unknown. We were assured that 
the " volume was both tasteful and interesting,'' and " the idea 
a happy one," " giving pleasure as one encountered again and 
again familiar names and titles," " a reflection of the pleasure 
felt upon first becoming acquainted with them." 

Two acknowledgments from the British Museum were in- 
teresting, one from the Keeper of the Department of Printed 
Books, the other from the trustees of the Museum. In judging 
of the contents of the volume as a whole, it would be too much 
to claim that in every instance the most fortunate representa- 
tion of each one's work had been given. It is always a haz- 
ardous thing to select for others. Criticism is so elastic an art 
that it is apt to contrac or expand in accordance with the point 
of view of the reader, and that would indeed be a rare collection 
which did not fail to include some one's favorite. Unhappily, 
the committee cannot claim that they have " gleaned after the 
reapers among the sheaves " with thoroughness, for, in the 
necessary haste of compiling, much that was choice must have 
been left unseen and therefore ungarnered. 

'No effort was made to give this book a market value. It 
served its purpose when it won instant and cordial recognition 
in Chicago, and a place among the rare and beautiful things 
in the library of the Woman's Building, a place further re- 
served for it in the permanent building. Noy does it claim 
originality except for its design. Each writer represented had 
already found within herself the mysterious password which 
admitted her into the enchanted land of authorship. Be- 



222 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

tween tlie covers of this volume tliej are simply gathered 
together as neighbors bj that golden thread of kinship with 
which all the daughters of one State are bound. The book 
found it^ value in the fact that the edition was extremely 
limited, impossible tO' repeat, and unique among the souvenirs 
of the great Exposition, since no other State had so honored the 
work of her writers of short stories as to give it a definite place 
among the beautiful and permanent reminders of the greatest 
of World's Fairs. 

In preparing our exhibit of literature we did not attempt 
to follow the gTaded path by which one of our sister states 
showed to the world the successive steps in the progress Ameri- 
can women had made in the fields of literature from colonial 
times until the^ present. Our own path was morei like the In- 
dian trail through the wilderness, blazing a tree here and there 
simply to keep our direction toward the^ heights tO' which the 
exhibition of everything relating to Uncle Tom's Cabin natur- 
ally led. 

Holding in our hands two little black-covered volumes of 
the first edition of that book, we felt the keen pleasure of the 
collector at having taken the first step successfully, little real- 
izing that it was in truth " not one voice but a chorus " which 
was ready to proclaim that we did indeed possess such an ex- 
ample of woman's genius as no other State or country in the 
wide world could claim for its own. 

In our first enthusiasm it seemed a comparatively easy 
matter to* secure a complete collection of every translation 
and edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin extant, but the longer we 
worked the more hopeless it became, and the more our wonder 
grew at the far-readhing irofiuenoe of thisi marvelous book, and 
with our wonder grew also a certain feieling of mortification 
that nowhere in our broad land, outside Mrs. Stowe's own 
home, could there be found any collection worthy the name. 
The authorities of the British Museum alone had done for the 
most remarkable book of the age that which Americans might 
easily have done from equal appreciation, and with an addi- 
tional incentive in their very real pride of possession. But if 



INTRODUCTION. 223 

we could not secure a comparatively complete collection of 
translations and editions in time for the "World's Fair, we could 
at least secure titles, and a great deal of that kind of informa- 
tion w^hicli, as a people, we are fond of grouping under the 
heading " Facts and Figures." 

In giving this information in its present form we are under 
the greatest obligation to Messrs. Houghton & Mifflin, Mrs. 
Stowe's publishers, who, in addition to many other kindnesses 
shown us with, the readiest, most delightful courtesy, have al- 
lowed us to use their own plates for Mrs. Stowe's portrait and 
the cut of the silver inkstand which are used as illustrations in 
this history. 

From Mr. Richard Garnett, Keeper of Printed Books in 
the British Museum, we have also received such invaluable as- 
sistance as has enabled us tO' give to the people of Connecticut 
the fullest, most accurate record in existence of all that relates 
to Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

And yet, full as are the data given in the chapter devoted to 
the subject, it does not cover all the ground, as will be seen by 
the following extract from a recent letter from Mr. Garnett, 
in which he says : " We cannot claim to have a complete col- 
lection of translations of Uncle Tom's Cabin in the Museum, 
although our collection is certainly extensive. I enclose a 
copied list of it, supplemented by information from other 
sources." 

This list, prepared with great care by Mr. J. P. Anderson, 
clerk of the reading-room in the British Museum, to whom we 
owe especial thanks for a great service most freely and cordially 
given, will be found entire among the translations. The forty- 
two translations and editions which we were able to exhibit at 
the World's Fair, through the kindness of Mrs. Stowe and her 
family, were mainly presentation copies to Mrs. Stowe. The 
story of the autograph letters and inscriptions with the bits of 
history connected with each one would make a book of itself. 
A collection of the prefaces alone, as some one has already said, 
would make a remarkable contribution to literature. Take as 
a single instance the translation of Uncle Tom's Cabin into the 



224 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

charming rrencli of Madame Belloc, and tlie translation of 
that rrencli into Dutch, with an introduction by George Sand. 
Translate the Dutch into the original English of Miss Ophelia, 
of St. Clair, and of Topsj, and the result would be a literary 
curiosity, to say the least. 

Although nearly a half century has pa^ed since Uncle 
Tom's Cabin was printed as a serial in the National Era in 
"Washington, it is to-day one of the household books which 
generation after generation seems to read with the interest, if 
not with the intensity, of other days. When one of the best 
critics of our time speaks of its author as " the one American 
woman of this century whose fame is likely to outlast the 
memory of the generations immediately within the sphere of 
her influence," we feel justified in thinking that the last 
word has not yet been said about the book which created that 
fame. 

France, England, Germany, Austria, Eussia, Italy, Hol- 
land, Denwark, Belgium, Sweden, ITorway, Portugal, Japan, 
Siam, Algeria, Cape Colony, Ceylon, Brazil, the Argentine 
Eepublic, Spain, Mexico, Cuba, Mcaragua, Colombia, Ecua- 
dor, Yenezuela, Panama, and the Islands of the Sea, all joined 
in the celebration of the discovery of America. Almost with- 
out exception each of these had had translated into its own 
literature the story of Uncle Tom's Cabin. Probably if the 
contents of our single cabinet in the library of the Woman's 
Building had been distributed in that pathway of nations, the 
Midway Plaisance, every representative there might have seen, 
each in his own tongue, the tribute his country had paid to this 
foremost American woman of letters. 

It was like the harp of a thousand strings. The key- 
note was struck in America, the vibrations reached in truth to 
Egypt and Mesopotamia and the uttermost parts of the earth. 
Civilized and barbarian, bond and free, alike felt its influence. 

Upon reading the story of stereotyped plates duplicated 
and reduplicated, of printing-presses that were run day and 
night to satisfy the demand of the public, one cannot but feel. 



INTRODUCTION. 225 

even at this distance from the event, something of the stir 
which the book made at its birth. 

Five thousand copies sold in one week! One hundred 
thousand copies sold in the first eight weeks after the book 
went to press! Thirteen different German editions within the 
first year! Eighteen different publishing houses striving to 
satisfy the demand ! A million and a half copies sold on Eng- 
lish soil alone ! If we were dependent upon the barren testi- 
mony of figures to prove that this was, in truth, the story of the 
age, more widely read than any other of the century, we might 
safely leave them to speak for us. 

With all his popularity and his familiarity with the plain 
people, even Dickens was not translated into the language of 
the l^orth Britons. And yet one of the most charming trans- 
lations in Mrs. Stowe's possession was a copy of Uncle Tom's 
Cabin in "Welsh, with illustrations by George Cruikshank. 

To one unfamiliar with the Welsh language, and therefore 
forced to stand speechless before the double-barreled spelling 
of its unutterable tongue, there seems to have been a touch of 
genius as well as of premeditation on the part of the publishers 
in securing so delightful a key as Cruikshank's illustrations to 
unlock the text for (we privately believe) even the native 
reader. 

Without doubt the message of Uncle Tom's Cabin was the 
secret of its immediate popularity in America, possibly also 
the secret of its restricted sale in Portuguese and Russian, but 
its genius alone carried it round the world. 

Answering in a remarkable degree to Sir Walter Besant's 
test of a gTeat book " that it appeals to every age and all ages,"' 
we find, even in the first year of its publication, paper-covered 
editions issued in German to bring it within the reach of the 
poor class. Sixpenny and shilling editions were issued in Eng- 
lish for the same purpose, and this at a time when cheap edi- 
tions were comparatively unknown. 

Eive years after its first publication the story of Uncle 
Tom's Cabin was given in a versified abridgment for the chil- 
dren of Hungary. Sixteen years after, an abridged edition for 



226 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

cliildren was printed in Sweden. An effort in otlier languages 
" to adapt it to the understanding of tlie youngest readers '^ 
tells its own story of how far it had entered into the literature 
of the people. 

Forty years after its publication in America the attempt of 
a handful of people to re-read this story of their youth bore 
witness, in the faltering voice of the reader and the tear- 
stained faces of the listenersi,. that the secret of its power lay, 
not so much in the stress of the times in which it was written, 
as in the truth that the lights and shades of the lives it pictured 
were painted in the enduring " flesh tints 'of the heart." 

It was a matter of course in making Uncle Tom's Cabin the 
principal attraction in their exhibit of literature that the 
Woman's Board of Connecticut should bring as many details 
as possible to the attention of the public. 

Besides all that they could gather in relation to the book 
itself, enough of a purely personal character was given to 
satisfy the natural desire of the public to get a glimpse of what 
manner of woman this was, whose name, a household word for 
so many years, yet seemed so familiar, so much a part of the 
present that it might have been yesterday that her wonderful 
book was the talk of the world. 

Besides the books within the cabinet, an open letter showed 
the fine, clear hand ; an early portrait showed the strong, sweet 
face, and more than common beauty of Mrs. Stowe's young 
womanhood. 

The famous silver inkstand, a token of English apprecia- 
tion, was the only exhibition of the priceless treasures which 
the world had made the outward sign of reverence, admira- 
tion, and affection for Mrs. Stowe. A number of valu- 
able autograph letters were incidentally a part of the collec- 
tion, but of these the world of sight-seers were mainly in igno- 
rance. They contented themselves with collecting the writ- 
ten description of the contents of the cabinet with such tire- 
less industry that finally a strong leather case chained to the 
top of the cabinet was used to hold what proved by these means 
to be a permanent record. 



INTRODUCTION. 227 

Among tlie many letters kindly placed at our service by 
Mrs. Stowe's piiblisliers we have chosen for reprint only 
enoiigli to show once again that there was no life too busy, no 
life too sheltered to make way for the story of Uncle Tom's 
Cabin. ' I , i 

Macanley's first and second letters are given, and Canon 
Kingsley's appreciation of it through the tender eyes of his 
mother, the picture of the brotherhood of monks on their quiet 
island printing the story for themselves, the delightful touch 
about the " pagan blacks '' with its unconscious emphasis of 
the difference between Western conviction and Eastern con- 
version, the forceful words of Frederika Bremer; the deeds, 
speaking louder than any words, of the slave-holding woman 
at the Court of Siam; Florence ^Nightingale's vivid picture of 
misery borne with greater fortitude, and pain forgotten as her 
wounded soldiers listened to sorrows greater than their own; 
the pen-portrait of himself given by brilliant, imaginative, 
critical, skeptical Heine, one of the world's masters of letters, 
coming at last, by his own confession, to the level of fervent, 
faithful, unlettered Uncle Tom, able, like him, to face the 
mystery of the hereafter only through simple faith in the ten- 
der mercies of a personal God. These are but single voices in 
the chorus. 

"Wherever we turn, however varying the conditions of life, 
the refrain is the same, always in that heart-searching minor 
which is our unconscious recognition of the common heritage 
of human suffering. 

Dwelling as it must on the history of things exhibited, and 
the reasons for their selection, the tribute of deeds rather than 
words, of the printing-press and the translator rather than 
the voice of the people, has been given in this simple record 
prepared for the people of Mrs. Stowe's own State. Many of 
these had the privilege of knowing her well, and remember 
how completely she hid the woman of genius behind the de- 
voted wife and mother, the sympathetic neighbor, and the 
faithful friend. Fortunate, indeed, is the country which can 
claim her for its own. Fortunate the association of women 



228 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



wIlo, in Mrs. Stowe's lifetime, were given siicli an opportunitj 
to do Iter lionor as was offered by tlie celebration of the dis- 
covery of tbe country of wbicb sbe was so proud. 

Since tben sbe bas gently closed tbe door of old age be- 
hind her, and entered into the radiant pathway of eternal 
youth, leaving her own works to praise her in the gates, and the 
children's children of the dusky race whom she befriended to 
rise up and call her blessed unto who can say how many gen- 
erations! 



In the circulars and appeals through which contributions 
were solicited, both for decoration and exhibit in the Woman's 
Building, we were assured that no effort would be spared to 
make that building and its contents a faithful representation of 
the greatest achievements of women. It was proposed to trace 
their footsteps from prehistoric times to the present. Only 
the most brilliant things they had accomplished were to be ex- 
hibited; "work of supreme excellence alone," whose accept- 
ance would be equivalent to an award. 

Forcibly emphasized as these conditions were in the begin- 
ning, and restrictive as they were meant to be, nevertheless 
Miss Elizabeth Sheldon's designs and scheme of color for the 
decoration of what was known as the Connecticut room in the 
Woman's Building were accepted without hesitation, both by 
our own board and by the judges for the Exposition. 'Nov were 
we alone in our appreciation of the great beauty and value of 
her work. A sister State also gave her designs the honor of 
first place and acceptance. That Miss Sheldon preferred to 
give the labor of all those difficult weeks as a free-will offering 
to her own State is but another example of the closeness of 
the tie which binds Connecticut people to each other and to 
their commonwealth. 

Great as our anticipations were, the results of Miss Shel- 
don's work more than justified them. The courage, endur- 
ance, and strength of purpose which were necessary to bi*ing 
about these results are but faintly shadowed in her report, 
which, happily, we are able to give in her own words. Full 



INTRODUCTION. 229 

appreciation of wliat it meant to be a pioneer in the early days 
•of the "White City, is only possible to those of her fellow- 
workers whose patriotism and enthusiasm were, like her own, 
of that sterling kind which double under diffionlties. Hap- 
pily, an international reputation was one of Miss Sheldon's 
rewards for the successful treatment of the Connecticut room. 

The Connecticut room, reserved for the use of the Foreign 
Commissioners, held exhibits and objects of unusual interest 
to the public, among otheirs the miniature mineral palace 
of gold, silver, and alabaster, given by the women of Colorado, 
the golden nail from Montana, and the jeweled hammer from 
ISTebraska, all of which were used at the dedication ceremonies 
of the Woman's Building. 

Confirming as this did their decision that it was better to 
encourage and further some one work of intrinsic value than to 
undertake a variety of small exhibits, the recollection of their 
small share in bringing about this result is one of the most 
gratifying memories of the Woman's Board. 

The women of the !^ational Commission had a very keen 
appreciation of the opportunity and responsibility placed in 
their hands when a government appropriation gave them a 
-definite share in the success or failure of the Columbian Ex- 
position. To many it seemed as if this golden opportunity was 
all that American women needed to show their ability and their 
strength. In their anxiety to make the contents of the 
Woman's Building reach the high-water mark of woman's at- 
tainment in every direction, it followed inevitably that in the 
methods of procedure decided upon in their first enthusiasm 
they should have failed to take into sufficient account the very- 
real difficulties which lay thick in their way. 

A World's Fair with the responsibilities of a Woman's 
Building upon its shoulders must deal with all sorts and con- 
ditions of women as well as men. Any rigid process of selec- 
tion of things that were to be " the best of their kind " involved 
having competent judges for each variety of thing offered, 
-^oapable in truth of discriminating with the nicest accuracy. 



230 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Tlie parts in tbeir minutest divisions must be worked upon with 
the most exacting attention to detail if the whole was to show 
only the highest achievements of women. 

We of the State boards were counselled to let no foolish 
considerations of sentiment tempt us to lower the high stand- 
ard set up in the rules and regulations made for our guidance. 
But, unfortunately, woman's work in directions suitable for 
exposition purposes lay principally in some half dozen out of 
the many lines in which she was asked tO' exhibit her progress. 
Almost at once the accumulation in these half dozen offered 
a good imitation of one of ^Nature's first laws, that of excess. 
Unhappily, there was no time to' wait and imitate I^ature's 
remedy as well in the survival of only the fit. 

Contributions from every quarter of the globe, and repre- 
senting every condition in life, came pouring in; offerings 
from the women of royal families in every country, and from 
the natives of India and Iceland; the lace of centuries ago 
from a queen's treasures, and the lace of yesterday from re- 
vived cottage industries; weavings in gold and silk from 
the Associated Artists in ISTew York, and buffalo skins 
tanned by Indian women in the far "West; Highland stock- 
ings and Shamrock table centers ; altar cloths of exquisite em- 
broidery and patchwork bedquilts with Scripture texts; 
beautiful carvings in wood and in ivory; plans and photographs 
of thoroughly good architecture; work in leather, in brass, 
stone, and marble; exquisite work in stained glass, the Rook- 
wood pottery, and examples of the gold china, with its well- 
kept secret; pearls from Wisconsin; needle-work and em- 
broidery from the whole world; contributions in the fine arts 
which could stand upon their merits anywhere; portraits of 
women famous in art, and letters, and philanthropy; statistics 
of every known charity, and of every educational movement; 
countless treasures of historical value — each and all of 
these things bore witness to the world-wide interest and en- 
thusiasm which had been awakened and developed every- 
where. It was impossible at that late day tO' separate that 
which was simply curious from that Avhich was valuable; the 



INTRODUCTION. 231 

Mgjiest attainment possible in commonplace tilings from the 
liigL. attainment whicli showed ability without any question of 
sex. 

Immediate acceptance and installation were imperative if 
the exhibits were to be in readiness at the specified time. It 
followed that the rules, and regulations had to be stretched to 
their utmost to find a happy medium between courtesy to the 
offerings of guests and justice to the offerings of earnest work- 
ers in our own country. The happiest solution of the difficulty 
lay in acting upon the suggestion of the Director-General, that 
the Woman's Building be made one of exhibits, open like the 
others to competition and award. 

When this decision was reached it was too late for Con- 
necticut women to profit by whatever advantages lay in the 
new order of things. Under the old order we had decided 
that, although the Board was willing to bear every expense for 
them, the benefit to be gained would not compensate self-sup- 
porting women for the loss of time involved in turning aside 
from their usual occupations to prepare work for exhibition 
only. For this reason, Connecticut women had but a small 
share in the exhibits in the Woman's Building outside the 
two departments of art and letters, to which women naturally 
seem to devote whatever leisure is left from the exactions of 
daily life, horaemaking, education, charity, and philantliropy. 

The arbitrary rule that exhibits in that building must rep- 
resent only the work of women, shut out at once all that related 
to work in industrial lines where men and women must work 
together. The opportunities and duration of a World's Fair 
are not sufficient to justify the labor involved in separating and 
labeling the proportion of work done by each sex. The out- 
come could not fail to seem trivial. A single example will 
serve as an illustration of the difficulties which were to be met. 
In our own State an exhibit of silks prepared with great care 
and skill could not be exhibited in the Woman's Building be- 
cause in the preparation of the dyes a man's help was neces- 
sary. As a natural result, there was no representation of in- 



232 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

■dustrial work from a State where tliousands of women are em- 
ployed side by side with men. 

In many of the arts and sciences the restrictions were neces- 
sarily equally arbitrary. As a result, the mass of things seen 
■did not fully represent the actual work which women, under 
the keen spur of competition, have learned to do well, but 
rather the things which gr-ew into occupations from having 
been first taken up as a pastime in leisure hours, such as em- 
broidery, lace-making, and decorative work of various kinds. 

It is true that the "Woman's Building presented to the 
casual observer an unfair example of woman's attainments. 
It did not accompKsh what it promised; it could not accom- 
plish what it hoped. Like a woman's life, it seemed to be full 
-of things which did not count, necessary things, but absolutely 
valueless for purposes of dress parade. Here and there in art 
and science and invention one found the unusual. Two widely 
differing examples of woman's work in new directions lay, 
in the record of Kate Marsden's heroic work among the lepers 
and her 7,000 miles of travel in Siberia, and in Mrs. French 
Sheldon's exhibit of the outfit with which she crossed the 
Dark Continent. A woman, alone, at the head of ^ve hun- 
dred men, she undertook an expedition which hitherto had 
tested the courage and cost, the life of more than one brave 
man. Doing a man's work in a woman's way, she accom- 
plished it without a single drop of bloodshed. Armor of 
cloth of gold and cuirasses of silver sequins, stuffs rivaling in 
liue the brilliant Tyrian purple of the ancients, amulets and 
beads and shining things of every kind were the weapons she 
used. One could imagine the Queen of Sheba m_aking her 
formidable visits with such 

" Flashing of jewels and flutter of laces," 

.and possibly Solomon in all his glory may have presented just 
such a spectacle to the children of the desert, but one cannot 
imagine a Livingston, a Gordon, or a Stanley attempting to 
cross Darkest Africa in such an array. Grace Darling's simple 
^outfit for her deeds of heroism found its place among the boats 



INTRODUCTION. 233 

in the Transportation Building. Beyond her name there was 
nothing to separate it from other boats of its kind. She did a 
man's work in a man's way and with a man's weapons. They 
were glad to make room for her, and the life-saving service 
exists to-day as her lasting monument. 

Among the world of sight-seers who crossed its threshold, 
the student alone could do justice to the Woman's Building. 
For him the statistics became eloquent in their story of the 
tremendous educational and preventive work which women 
are doing everywhere. The variety and abundance of ap- 
pliances for nursing the sick, the records of the friendly hands 
stretched out in every direction toward the suffering, the poor, 
the prisoner, and the helpless show that Florence N^ightiugale, 
Dorothea Dix, and Elizabeth Fry have had followers and fel- 
low-workers, who have multiplied as human need has grown, 
until we accept them as if they had always existed. 

Some of the paintings in the Woman's Building may, as the 
critics claim, have lacked something in depth of feeling, but 
no one could charge that against the pictures, unconsciously 
presented on every side, of woman's work in the simple, 
homely, necessary things of everyday life. 

For the hopeful ones who remembered the exceptional 
women who have now and then astonished and blessed the 
world, there was, until the end, a sort of faith that the unusual 
coiiditions for women, of which we heard more than we saw, 
would result in some new type of womanhood, as distinct and 
impressive, in its way, as the Golden Goddess of the Lagoons. 
But to those of us who were so old-fashioned as to believe that 
men and woonen had a fair start together in the garden of 
Eden, or wherever the cradle of the race was rocked, and who, 
consequently, felt that the entire Exposition was as true a 
picture of woman's advance in civilization as it was of man's, 
it was a great relief to feel that, apart from the developing 
power of responsibility, the World's Fair had left us very 
much as it found us, able still to think of the familiar figure of 
Patience on her monument as the only example of the sex who 
had been able to occupy successfully a lofty position with sus- 
16 . ' 



234 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

tained, even if unfeeling, cheerfulness. It would have been 
humiliating in the extreme to feel that, like America, we owed 
the discovery of our possibilities to Columbus — our only op- 
portunity for real appreciation to a chance appropriation of 
Congress. 

The statistics presented in the chapter devoted to that 
subject are not offered as the point of any moral; they cannot 
be said to even adorn the printed page when one compares 
them with the neat figures with which the modern zealous 
statistician slays his thousands, perhaps even his tens of thou- 
sands, when he really girds himself to bring confusion to the 
enemies of progress. And although there has been an oc- 
casional astronomer among womenkind, and also an occasional 
schoolmistress capable of teaching the multiplication table and 
the rule of three to the sterner sex in its youth, still no tradi- 
tion is more firmly fixed among the unchangeables than the 
one declaring that " women have no head for figures." 

Realizing our inherent limitations, therefore, we do not 
attempt to " deduce " anything; we are content to leave that 
to the second sight of the trained sociologist, for whose use this 
data was secured. 

Looking over the list, one realizes that, for women as well 
as men, work is, in truth, the chief business of life. Count- 
ing the ownership of homes, one ventures to hope that the 
answer to Agur's prayer, " ^Neither poverty nor riches and 
food convenient for me," has been granted often enough to be 
the prevailing condition. 

The large number of women employed in the usual ave- 
nues open to unskilled labor tells its own story, even to the gen- 
eral reader. For his benefit, too, the unusual has been selected 
from among the occupations of women. 

" In other lines," says the circular. Considering " other 
lines " one forgets to be statistical and begins to be curious. 
He finds himself hoping that the woman who is a butcher 
simply keeps the shop, and knows nothing of the things, 
big and little, especially little, which are condemned to death. 
He wonders if the blacksmith is a widoAV, finding in the 



INTRODUCTION. 235 

shoeing of other people's horses the only way to cover the 
little feet that tramp in and out over her own doorstone ; and 
the teamster! can she be a Yankee Tom Grogan carrying 
on her husband's work in the interest of the family and 
the neighborhood mth a tender heart and a fearless conr- 
age^, or is she some strong, hearty, farmer's daughter, accus- 
tomed to horses from her babyhood, gaining her first lessons 
when too young to know fear, and growing up with her four- 
footed friends so familiarly that tO' work in the world with 
them is but a natural step from her own father's dooryard! 
And then the two carpenters — what a long-sought opportunity 
for closets and rearranged building plans ! But if such things 
continue what mil become of the tradition that nails are much 
safer in a womau's fingers than on them? Surely, the foun- 
dations are being trifled with, even if they are not moved ! 

Remembering Bluebeard's favorite wife, one is not sur- 
prised at discovering feminine locksmiths, but somehow we 
had thought that Tubal Cain's descendants, those natural 
artificers in brass, must be of the masculine persuasion. And 
the bell-hangers ! Can it be that in a State where family names 
and types show so little change there can have been handed 
down from generation to generation that love of bells which 
caused the first settlers to bring with them from Massachu- 
setts the only bell in the country above Virginia, and that 
the music of that can have found expression in the occupations 
of the daughters when there were no longer sons to carry it 
on? 

There is so much in the list tOi excite surprise that at 
first we find ourselves unconsciously occupying Dr. Johnson's 
attitude toward a woman's preaching. We do not ask if these 
things are done well in our astonishment that they are done at 
all. And yet, in this day of keen competition, when ability 
and not chivalry gives a woman her place, the fact that work 
which has a market value continues to be done by women is 
convincing proof that it is done well. But, however faith- 
fully we may collect and collate statistics, we have yet to dis- 
cover a method which mil show the brave struggle, against 



236 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

odds of sex and surroundings, wMcli self-supporting women 
have made in their effort to take their places, upon merit alone, 
in new fields of the world's work. It takes courage of a high 
order to differ from the prevailing conditions. Isolation 
seems to be the price of the unusual, even outside of exposi- 
tions. 

ISJ'othing at the World's Fair so fully emphasized the 
widening influence of modern education as the statistics show- 
ing the number of interests and occupations which women 
have added to the original three of housework, sewing, and 
teaching, which, for a time, seemed the natural order and ex- 
tent of their accomplishments. 

For women themselves to have taken the step from the 
summer term at the dame school of a hundred years ago to 
the yearly course at the college of the present time is to have 
stretched and hurried the processes of evolution to the snapping 
point, if Ave are to believe all we read in this progressive age. 
There is a grain of leaven, however, in the discovery that 
women were the first among English-speaking people to ap- 
preciate the value and benefits of education, even if they were 
incapable of receiving them in their own persons; and we find 
one of them founding the first college for men as early as the 
thirteenth century, l^ot a moment too soon, evidently, if the 
weaker sex were ever to have its chance, since it seems to have 
taken all these intervening centuries for men to learn and un- 
learn their physiology often enough to be at last convinced 
that probably l^ature did not, after all, intend to make such a 
sweeping difference in the original gray matter of infants in 
arms. Baliol and Wadham colleges in Oxford, Clare, Pem- 
broke, Queen's, Christ, and Sidney colleges in Cambridge, 
owed their existence to the English women of hundreds of 
years ago. That is something to remember when we are ac- 
cepting gratefully from the men of our own times the oppor- 
tunities of Yassar, Wellesley, and Smith. 

A faithful record of the means toward an end is the utmost 
that even the enthusiastic compiler of statistics can hope to at- 
tain. The record of the large number of helpful societies, of 



INTRODUCTION. 237 

every degree and kind, which women in Connecticut have 
established, and still maintain with surpassing ahilitj, is power- 
less to show the fine spirit which lies behind them. That de- 
lightful phase of 'New England life which is known outside of 
large cities as neighborhood kindness, the ready hand, the keen 
sympathy, the deeds which come easier than words to a reticent 
people, this it is impossible to reproduce ; no classification, how- 
ever complete, can include it. 

The Connecticut statistics, valuable as they were for the 
sociologist, show to the general public two things especially: 
One the tremendous amount of work done hy women of the 
State in industrial lines. The other the tremendous amount 
of work done for women in social and educational lines. We 
discovered nothing in these statistics to prove that we were 
downtrodden or deprived of our natural rights. It isi true 
that in some directions, teaching for instance, the infiuence of 
supply and demand make the salaries of women far lower than 
the salaries of men. In this profession there is much keener 
competition than in any other which men and women share, 
but in uncrowded lines we found that women who were capable 
of doing a man's work received a man's wages. In industrial 
lines, at piece work, women often earned more than men. In 
educational matters our largest, most famous university has 
opened its doors to women for post-graduate studies with a 
hearty, ungrudging welcome. 

The domestic relations of the Connecticut woman are as 
old-fashioned as those of the Roman matron. She, too, can 
both inherit and endow. She is her husband's equal in the 
home, and (tell it not in Gath) sometimes his superior. She 
is a recognized influence, uplifting and refining, heroic if 
necessary, patriotic always, accepting life as it presents itself, 
and men as they are. Largely of the type of whom Ian Mac- 
laren says, " If a woman will find his belongings, which he has 
scattered over three rooms and the hall, he invests her with 
many virtues, and if she packs his portmanteau he will asso- 
ciate her with St. Theresa. But if his hostess be inclined to 



238 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

discuss problems with him he will receive her name with 
marked coldness; and if she follow up this trial with evil food, 
he will conceive a rooted dislike for her, and will flee her house. 
So simple is man! '^ 

And so simple are we all, really; dependent at every point 
upon this same spirit of helpfulness which makes up the com- 
monplace, wholesome, natural atmosphere of the home. 

When we had collected and contributed the statistics asked 
of us, our work of preparing exhibits for the Woman's Build- 
ing and the World's Fair was ended. We had tried to send 
whatever was characteristic of our State and people and times, 
rather than to marshal all our single exceptions. We could 
show nothing that was being done better than it had been done 
before, offer nothing which should make us an exception in the 
eyes of the world. We sent priceless pieces of silver, and so 
did Germany. We sent early portraits of famous women, and 
so did England. We sent treasures in lace, and so did Queen 
Margharetta of Italy. We sent valuable statistics, and so did 
the women of France. 

In literature. Uncle Tom's Cabin was our shining example, 
and even that, we soon found, had been taken into the life and 
literature of every civilized country in the world. As a 
record, simply, and not as an example, our work must stand. 
Whatever merit it possessed lay in its simplicity, and in the 
singleness of purpose with which it went forward. A willing 
service, we sent nothing to Chicago that was half-hearted or 
incomplete. 

It is quite true that for a time the extraordinary interest 
shown in the event by the outside world, and the stir of prepa- 
ration in our own country, swept us along with a kind of fresh 
vigor which took all our fancies captive, and made us long for 
the splendid and covet the impossible with which to dazzle 
visiting nations; but, fortunately, the intervening months of 
hard, unremitting, detail work served to give us a truer sense 
of our own importance, and convinced us that even so praise- 
worthy a pursuit as national glory would prosper none the 



INTRODUCTION. 239 

worse for coming under " tlie restraining gTace of common 
sense.'' 

Our work of preparation and installation had ended with- 
out misfortune or mishap. The Men's Board had been will- 
ing to share a part of their appropriation, a few of their re- 
sponsibilitieSj and all their festiyities with us, from which it 
will be seen that the simple conditions of everyday life had 
prevailed even in Exposition matters. 

Twice the united boards accompanied the governors and 
their staff to Chicago to be present on certain ceremonious oc- 
•casions. I^ot that we needed to follow the suggestion of the 
Illinois senator who thought that- the people of " the stable 
East/' which means Connecticut, if it means anything, needed 
to take stated trips to Chicago to become " inoculated with 
unrestrained enthusiasm." 

There were three occasions, at least, when we " had it " in 
the good old-fashioned way rampant before inoculation itself 
was dreamed of, and long before the economical advantages of 
the ounce of prevention over the pound of cure had caught the 
public ear. 

The first time came when, standing in that wonderful 
building of manufactures and liberal arts, its forty acres all too 
small to hold the representatives who had come from every- 
where to celebrate the discovery of this youngest nation, to 
rejoice in her rapid growth in the past and her splendid pos- 
sibilities for the future, we realized something of what the old 
Hebrew prophets had seen in their visions, " the mighty host, 
the multitude whom no man could number." 

There was something so magnetic in that impressive gather- 
ing of tens upon tens of thousands; an enthusiasm so wide- 
spread, so powerful, so contagious, that no one could face it 
unmoved. It stirred the soul, quickened the pulse, and made 
of every man a patriot and a musician at heart as he tried, with 
faltering voice, tO' join in the first verse of his national hymn. 

The second occasion of unrestrained enthusiasm was cumu- 
lative. In accepting the invitation of Chicago to join in the 
dedication ceremonies at Jackson Park, Governor Bulkeley 



240 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

felt tliat Connecticut slionld assist in a manner befitting a State 
wliicli counted among its citizens descendants of not only the 
men who had helped settle the colonies, but also of those who 
had helped defend and maintain them for freedom and the 
future. 

Therefore, although we did not furnish all the king's 
horses nor all the king's men for the celebration, we had 
enough of each in the mounted staff and the uniformed Guards 
to do honor to both our State and the occasion. The difiicul- 
ties of precedence, and some other things, made the masters- 
of-ceremonies decide that as this was to be, finally, a strictly 
civic parade, anything so military as the Connecticut Foot 
Guards did not properly belong to it. Governor Bulkeley's 
reply was characteristic : " The Foot Guards are as much my 
escort as my staff are. They will go where I go. I brought 
them here for that purpose." 

And go they did, winning round after round of applause on 
every side, and so universally that the next day they were 
offered the place of honor in the line, when such an ovation was 
again given them that the spectators from their own State felt, 
once more, that they would rather be born Connecticut Yan- 
kees than princes of the blood, and that, however severe and 
rock-ribbed her soil, howe'ver thrifty and commercial her in- 
terests, there was still that in a Connecticut inheritance which 
brought forth the very fiower of manhood. 

There was another moment of this occasion when we were 
compelled to agree that Chicago was, after all, the very birth- 
place of unrestrained enthusiasm. We had seen the mag- 
nificent promise of the coming Exposition; we had seen and 
listened to some of the best, and ablest, and most eloquent of 
the sons of a great nation, united in their desire to do her honor 
in the eyes of the outside world, which had, in turn, sent its 
best as representatives and sharers in the event. We had 
joined in the pomp and circumstance of the great reception 
and the magnificent ball, with its representatives of Pope and 
prelate and ambassadors from foreign courts, the brilliant 
robe of the cardinal and the purple cassock of the priest, the 



INTRODUCTION. 241 

jeweled court costumes of Eastern nations, and the scarlet 
coats in Her Majesty's service, shining resplendent beside the 
plain black of our own democratic rulers. The beauty of the 
White City and the inspiration of the occasion had called out 
all our enthusiasm; the orators had used up all our adjectives^ 
the wonderful heart-stirring procession, in truth like an army 
with banners, had kindled afresh our patriotism, and won . 11 
our cheers, and now, at last, it was ended, and we w^ere stand- 
ing, silent, in the gTeat hall of the Auditorium, filled to over- 
flowing with governors and representatives and dignitaries of 
every kind, waiting, like ourselves, to turn their faces toward 
home, when, sudden as a bugle call, the strains of " Hail to the 
Chief " were played with such spirit and enthusiasm, followed 
by such an instantaneous and hearty burst of applause that 
every eye was turned, eager to find the occasion; and when we 
saw that it was the appearance of Connecticut's governor on 
the staircase, looking every inch a man, which is much more 
to the point in a republic than looking every inch a king, we 
may surely be forgiven for confiding to the unread privacy of 
a State report the fact that we would not have exchanged Con- 
necticut as an abiding place, nor Bulkeley as a governor, for 
all that we saw at Chicago. 

A year later the united boards were again asked to accom- 
pany the governor and his staff to Chicago, this time for the 
purpose of celebrating Connecticut Day in the State building, 
and again the women of the board were equal sharers in all the 
privileges of the occasion: in the special train, the comfort- 
able rooms, the prompt arrival of their belongings, and front 
seats in the synagogue whenever there was occasion for them. 
True to their belief that all men were born free and equal, 
and all women were bom a little more so, the men of the board 
had asked us to share as fully in the preparations for the cele- 
bration of the State day as we had already shared in the prepa- 
ration of the State building for service. 

In the reception given to the representatives and officials 
of other States, in the governor's reception, and again in the 
exercises of Connecticut Day, when a review of their year's 



242 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

work was given in a sliort address, the TToman's Board was rep- 
resented by tlieir president. 'We had changed governors in 
the meantime, and also the distinguishing name of the govern- 
ing policy in the State, bnt except for the daily press the 
TToman's Board would never have known it. 

For unfailing courtesy, out of which grew wishes antici- 
pated and privileges secured, and for a thousand thoughtful 
kindnesses, we were under the same obligations to Grovemor 
Morris and his staff that had made us grateful debtors to Gov- 
ernor Bulkeley and the membei^ of his staff. 

And when, that brilliant October day, we saw every ap- 
proach to the small Connecticut building crowded for hours 
by people waiting to shake hands Avith the chief executive of 
the State which was their own, either by residence or through 
ancestry, anxious to share in the celebration, ready to applaud 
every word of appreciation, we did not need fine phrases nor 
the eloquence of the most brilliant orator to illustrate Con- 
necticut's loyalty. 

From every section hundreds came, eager to stand together 
on the spot which, in the midst of all this seeming splendor, 
represented home, and childhood, and the green hills of his 
youth to many a wanderer over the prairies, and deserts, and 
level stretches of the far Vest, many a settler who had never 
been able to get back to what he lovingly called " the old 
State." Thatching the meeting of old friends, the speaking 
faces, the kindling eyes, the hand clasp, more eloquent than 
any words, one came to understand something of the spirit 
which builds up commonwealths and makes America a glory 
among the nations. 

And when, daylight ended, the Exposition people took up 
the celebration, and the watching multitudes saw their State 
building, under the witchery of electricity, caught up into the 
heavens like the vision of Elijah's chariot of fire, then once 
more the ringing cheers straight from the heart taught us that 
unrestrained enthusiasm was not a borrowed product, but 
rather a Connecticut birthright, the seeds of which were sown 
in the cheerful endurance of the early privations and hard- 



INTRODUCTION. 243 

sMps, and reaped in a loyalty and patriotism Tvliicli made each, 
descendant a joint owner in that invincible spirit which took 
for its motto " Qui transfidU sustineiJ^ 

We did not need to be told by the press the next morning 
that Connecticnt Day, with its multitude of visitors, out- 
ranked in numbers every other day at the Fair except Chicago's 
own; we already knew it. 

When Connecticut Day was over, the official duties of the 
Woman's Board were practically ended; what remained to be 
■done was entirely the work of tke committees who, beginning 
early, were also to know the other extreme of finishing late; 
and so with permits already safe in hand for the speedy re- 
moval, at the close of the Fair, of whatever must be returned 
to our own State, we were at last free to follow Sidney Smith's 
advice and take short views of life. 

That useful person, the statistician of the impossible, had 
been abroad computing that with but two minutes spent on 
each exhibit it would take a lifetime of thirty-two years to in- 
spect the Columbian Exposition! With that in mind it was 
easy for people with even the most rigidly-trained 'New Eng- 
land consciences to give up trying to see anything improving, 
and left them free to vitalize their geogTaphy and compare 
notes with their fellow sufferers of a previous wet spring of 
preparation. 

But alas! The prosperity of an American summer had 
changed these almost beyond recognition. The soft-eyed 
Egyptians, who had persistently sought out the windless and 
sunny side of the imfinished buildings in Cairo street, sitting 
for hours holding great boards of treacherous-seeming snakes, 
as unmoved as if St. Patrick himself sat at their elbows, had 
looked so desolate, so homesick, on first acquaintance, that we 
liad forgiven them the bricks ^vithout straw on the spot, and 
felt like apologizing for our early enjoyment of the retributive 
plagues, and now we found them so brisk, so affluent, so patron- 
izing even, that they no longer reminded us of the Pyi'amids 
and the Desert, of wandering Israelites and a mighty river, 



244 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

lined with crocodiles and bulruslies and an occasional joung- 
prophet, and we left them where we found them, remorselessly 
restoring them to the orthodox disapproval of our earliest 
recollections. We had left the little Javanese building their 
houses with a rapidity that had a touch of the miraculous about 
it, row upon row of thatch put in place without tools of any 
kind, and with a dexterity and a silence which would have 
made us suspect hairpins if we could have associated anything 
so modern with them. We had pitied them, shivering in the 
bitter cold of those rainy spring days, and our hearts had ached 
for the young Javanese mother who had laid her first baby 
away in alien soil in that chill April twilight; and now we 
found them with a flourishing village, filled with streets, and 
bazars, and gay visitors, buying all manner of charming, 
foreign-looking things, still unwarmed, however, although 
familiar with the uses of electricity, keeping the bulbs well- 
hidden imder their shawls for whatever heat lay in them. 
Patrons of the drama in their own right, they had set up a 
musical summons so soft, so mellow, so enticing in its soimd, 
that their neighbors, who were forced to depend upon the heat- 
ing clamor of sounding brass and tinkling cymbals to attract 
their audiences must have felt themselves consuming with 
envy. 

Little Malula, with her sweet baby voice, the only sweet 
thing in the Dahomey Village, had learned to say the one 
word " penny,'' in unmistakable and very fetching English, 
and the gentlemanly person from the far East had adopted 
citizen's clothes, and was not above telling fortunes, incident- 
ally disclosing plans for immediate bigamy upon the part of 
the respected and unromantic head of the family. 

The Ferris Wheel, with its impartial activity, filled more 
than ever our childish notion of the inside machinery of the 
mills of the gods, and even the reeds in the costumes of the 
South Sea Islanders seemed to shake with a more aggressive 
air, instead of being limp and apologetic after such a summer 
of activity. 



INTRODUCTION. 245 

Motley and blue serge were tiie only wear in the Plaisance, 
except when one came unexpectedly upon a familiar face, 
associated with flowing white and a turban which, under the 
swift development of that Chicago summer, had changed into 
the semblance of an American citizen mth a " tailor begotten 
demeanor.'^ 

It had all changed, gTown, developed, degenerated, and 
improved. But the delightful and obsequious ancients of the 
early days seemed to have taken to themselves modem man- 
ners, and a new commercial standpoint, and it was a relief to 
turn to the familiar brogue of the Irish village, 'there to get an 
object lesson in the mellowing influence of having had the 
Blarney Stone kissed by one's ancestors. 

To those who were familiar from the first with the aims 
and preparations for the World's Columbian Exposition noth- 
ing was more remarkable than the rapid development of a 
national interest in the study of ethnology as embodied in the 
Midway Plaisance. 

There were those who were so misguided as to look upon 
it, just at first, as a sort of foreign connection, not by blood 
happily, of the side-shows of the American circus, a place 
where the unusual^ and the two-headed, the overgrown, and 
the undersized would feel at home and appreciated, but the 
magazines and the newspapers speedily set them right, and con- 
vinced them that here was the opportunity of a lifetime to re- 
ceive all the benefits and none of the disadvantages of foreign 
travel, in homeopathic doses, to be sure, and not always 
through the medium of plenty of water, but nevertheless effica- 
cious, and touching the spot. Bemembering the dexterity 
with which some of these peoples from the uttermost parts of 
the earth developed that thrifty kind of vision called " an eye 
to the main chance," one felt as though the line in the hymn 
which described him as " the heathen in his blindness '' must 
hereafter stand robbed of something of its descriptive force. 

That they served their day, and, let us hope, their genera- 
tion, as a part of the AYorld's Fair, there can be no more doubt 



246 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

than tliat notliing tlie foreign element offered was more inter- 
esting and numerous than the various types of American citizen 
from north and south, east and west, from every walk in life^ 
and representing every known condition, who, as thirsty seek- 
ers after knowledge, helped fill to overflowing what a very 
learned article has called " the highly instructive villages of 
the Midway Plaisance.'' 

For the outside world the Columbian Exposition closed 
October 30, 1893. Even the lightest, most careless of the 
pleasure-seekers left it with reluctant feet. It was given over 
to owners, and managers, and committees, who had endless 
treasures to look- after, endless detail to meet and master. 

Almost at once we went back to the primitive conditions, 
the Intra-Mural railway stopped, the lights went out, the shade 
of the Ancient Mariner could no longer have been seen in the 
beautiful waters of the electric fountain, the modern rival of 
the witches' oils, " Burnt green and blue and white." Colum- 
bus, coming to these shores, would not have had even the torch 
of the Indian woman, lighting her husband home, to ser^^e as 
a beacon to the undiscovered country he was seeking. 

It was startling to find how much of the wonderful charm 
of the Fair was made up of the people. The buildings were 
still there in all their magnificence, the exhibits were in many 
instances untouched, and yet we found ourselves unconsciously 
treading softly and speaking low in the sudden silence which 
had fallen upon it, as if we were, indeed, in the City of the 
Dead. That which but yesterday had been so instinct mth 
life, sounding a note so triumphant that it seemed immortal^ 
had suddenly sunk into the saddest of minors. 

The spirit was gone, the pulse had stopped, the individu- 
ality was swept away, the summer was ended, and the autumn 
haze, the drifting fogs, the occasional sunlight, the swift 
drenching rains and the chill of approaching winter depressed 
one like the sudden close of a promising life. 

The World's Fair was ended as far as that can end which 
has entered forever into the very life and spirit of a young. 



INTRODUCTION. 247 

vigorous, and appreciative people, giving tliem higher ideals, 
wider interests, a broader standard of beauty, and a truer 
knowledge of their own possibilities and of their own needs. 

In closing this simple story of what the women of one State 
tried to do, and of how they succeeded, I must at least come 
from behind the friendly shelter of the editorial " we " long 
enough to confess that my only fitness for the task of chronicler 
lay in the fact that the detail of the work I have tried to de- 
scribe passed through my hands, and, therefore, I have been 
able to write from knowledge, and also able to discover in that 
writing that historians must be born, and cannot be made by 
any such simple means as the holding of an official position. 

To the members of the Board I have had the honor to 
represent, and for whose sakes this record has been presented, 
I frankly own that if after this lapse of time I have found mem- 
ory gently inclined to " drop a fault and add a grace,'' I have 
not been too honest to take advantage of it, since this introduc- 
tion is made up of recollections ; and if, in the body of the re- 
port, any of them miss a detail which should have been set 
forth with mathematical precision, I beg that they will turn 
to the chapter on statistics, and by realizing how many weary 
hours of work that represents, will feel inclined to forgive me 
at once for what would have been, in truth, but an uninten- 
tional oversight, and so once again give evidence of that will- 
ingness to 

"Read between the unwritten lines 
The finer grace of unfilled designs," 

which has so many times in the past won my deepest gratitude, 
and made of the recollections of our work together a possession 
beyond the reach of words. 

My warmest thanks are due to the members of the va- 
rious committees for their unfailing support, and especially 
to Mrs. P. H. Ingalls and to Mrs. J. G. Gregory, for such un- 
tiring devotion to their work and such forgetfulness of self 
as made their service an inspiration and a delightful remem- 
brance. 



•248 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

To Professor W. H. Holmes of Washington for his gener- 
ous permission to use the photographs from the l^ational 
Museum for illustrations, and to Miss Frances B. Johnson, 
to whose ability and interest these illustrations are due, I am 
under great obligation for the opportunity to use a woman's 
work; and last and most grateful of all is the acknowledg- 
ment of my indebtedness to Mrs. Isabel C. Barrows for her 
literary skill, her invaluable help, and that generous encour- 
agement which gave me the inspiration of a fresh auditor, and 
made it possible for me to tell once again this more than twice- 
told tale. 

KATE BKANNON^ KOTGHT. 

Xakeville, Connecticut, August, 1898. 



Hill' 



fff ppr 



11 i 1 I 




THE ADMINISTRATIOX BUILDING 



CHAPTER XV. 
METHODS AND RESUME OF WORK. 

ORGANIZATION. 

Upon tlie decision of tlie Congress of the United States 
that the World's Fair should be held in Chicago in 1893, a 
meeting of citizens was called at the Connecticut State Capitol 
February 22, 1892. It was voted that there should be a State 
representation at the Columbian Exposition, and the sum of 
fifty thousand dollars was subscribed for that purpose. A 
Board of Managers was organized, who recommended the ap- 
pointment of a separate Board of Lady Managers from differ- 
ent sections of the State. In accordance with this request, a 
board of sixteen, with sixteen alternates, was appointed. The 
following formal announcement to each member was the oc- 
casion of the present writer's interest in this direction and the 
authority under which she worked. 

STATE OF CONNECTICUT. 

Executive Depabtment, 

Hartford, April 12, 1893. 

Mrs. George H. Knight, Delegate. 
Mrs. Georg-e H. Stoughton, Alternate. 

You have been appointed a member of the ' ' Board of Lady Managers 
of Connecticut," for the World's Columbian Exposition, under the pro- 
visions of the resolutions adopted at the meeting held at the State Capitol, 
February 23, 1893. Mrs. George H. Stoughton of Thomaston has been 
selected as your alternate. 

A meeting of the Board of Lady Managers and their alternates, for 
the purpose of organization, will be held in the Senate Chamber on Tues- 
day, April 19th, at one o'clock. You are requested to be present, and in 
the meantime please signify your acceptance of the appointment. 

MORGAN G. BULKELEY, 

Governor. 
17 (249) 



250 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Board of Lady Manageks of Connecticut. 
Managers. Alternates. 

Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, Hartford, Mrs. Edwin H. Sears, Hartford. 
President from April to Dec, 1892. 

Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. Mrs. H. D. Smith, Plantsville. 

Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. Mrs. D. B. Hamilton, Waterbury. 

Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, Treas. , Mrs. Alton Farrel, Ansonia. 
New Haven. 

Mrs. Henry C. Morgan, Colchester. 

Miss Anne H. Chappell, New Lon- Mrs. George P. Lathrop, New Lon- 
don, don. 

Mrs. P. T. Barnum, Bridgeport, Mrs. J. G. Gregory, Norwalk, Mana- 
Vice-Pres., April to December. ger from January, 1893. 

Miss Edith Jones, Westport. Miss Clara Hurlburt, Westport. 

Miss H. E. Brainard, Willimantic. Miss Josephine BiDgham, Windham. 

Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, Putnam. Miss May Bradford, Brooklyn. 

Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford. Mrs. A. P. Hammond, Rockville. 

Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Vernon. Mrs, Charlotte Tinchier, Rockville. 

Mrs. Elmer A. Hubbard, Higganum. Miss Gertrude Turner, Chester. 

Mrs. Welthtea A. Hammond, Port- Mrs. L. C. Wilkins, Portland, 
land. 

Mrs. Jabez H. Alvord, Winsted. Mrs. John A. Buckingham, Water- 

town. 

Mrs. George H. Knight, Sec'y, Lake- Mrs. Geo. H. Stoughton, Thomaston. 
ville. 

In accordance witli tlie call of Governor Bulkeley, the 
newly-appointed Board of Lady Managers met at tlie State 
Capitol on the 19th of April, for the purpose of organization. 
By unanimous vote Mrs. Bulkeley was elected president and 
Mrs. Geo. H. Knight secretary. 

Later, owing to the resignation of the president, vice-presi- 
dent, and a few of the members, certain changes were made 
necessary. In January, 1893, Mrs. Franklin Larrel was 
elected vice-president, and Mrs. George 11. Knight president, 
who continued the work of secretary as well till the close of 
the Lair. 

The following complete list of officers remained un- 
changed to the end: 

President. 
Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville. 

Vice-President. 
Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. 




LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLDS COLUI^IBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 251 

Treasurer. 
Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven. 

Secretary. 
Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville. 

Executive Committee. 
Mrs. Geo. H. Knight, Lakeville. Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. 

Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven. Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. 
Mrs, A. R. Goodrich, Vernon. 

Auditing Committee. 

Mrs. A. R. Goodrich, Yernon. Mrs. J. H. Alvord, Winsted. 

Mrs. Henry C. Morgan. 

Furnishing Committee. 

Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. 

Miss Lucy P. Trowbridge, New Haven. 

ExMUt Committee. 
Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia. Mrs. J. H. Alvord, Winsted. 

Mrs. Cyril Johnson, Stafford. Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, Putnam. 

Miss H. E. Brainard, Willimantic. Miss A. H. Chappell, New London. 
Miss Edith Jones, Westport. Mrs. Martha A. Hammond, Portland. 

Subsequently, as the needs of the work developed, two 
additional committees Avere formed: 

Committee on Literature. 
Miss Anne H. Chappell. Mrs. J. G. Gregory. 

Miss H. E. Brainard. 

Sales Committee. 
Mrs. P. H. Ingalls. Mrs. J. G. Gregory. 

Mrs. Gregory directed her time and tireless energy to the 
arrangement and publication of the " Selections from the 
Writings of Connecticut Women.'' Miss Chappell found, in 
turn, that the collection of books needed her constant service. 
Both were aided most efficiently by Miss Brainard and the 
different members of the Board. 

The Sales Committee was appointed to dispose of the 
various articles remaining in the hands of the Board at the 
conclusion of the Exposition. 

The following by-laws, modeled upon those governing the 



252 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

National Commission, guided the transactions of the Board of 
Lady Managers : 

Article I. At any authorized meeting of the Board of 
Lady Managers of the State of Connecticut a quorum for the 
transaction of business shall consist of not less than -^yq 
managers or alternates, when present, in place of their 
principals. 

Article II. The alternate manager, in the absence of 
her principal, shall assume and perform the duties of the 
manager both as a member of the Board and as a member of 
any committee to which her principal may have been ap- 
pointed. 

Article III. The officers of this Board shall consist of a 
President, a Vice-President, a Secretary, and a Treasurer, and 
such other officers and, agents as the Board shall from time to 
time deem necessary. 

Article IY. The President shall preside over all the 
meetings of the Board, shall appoint all committees, and shall 
be, ex officio, member of all the committees. In the absence 
of the President and Vice-President shall perform her duties. 

Article V. The Secretary shall keep a record of the 
minutes of each meeting of the Board, and have the custody 
of its documents and records. 

Article VI. The Treasurer shall keep all the accounts 
of the Board, receive and disburse its funds upon proper 
vouchers, duly certified by the Auditing Committee, and shall, 
upon request of the Board" of World's Fair Managers of Con- 
necticut, submit a report of said expenditures. 

Article VII. There shall be an Executive Committee, 
consisting of five members, of which the Treasurer shall be 
one. Each of the Standing Committees to be represented on 
the Executive Board. The said committee, when the Board 
is not in session, shall have all the powers of the Board of Lady 
Managers. Three members shall constitute a quorum, and 
the committee may make such regulations for its own govern- 
ment and the exercise of its functions through the medium of 
such sub-committees as it may consider expedient, and shall 
direct all expenditures of the Board. The committee shall 
recommend to the Commission such employes and agents as 
may be necessary, and shall distinctly define the duties. They 
shall report fully all their transactions to the Board at its 
meetings. In case of any vacancy in the Committee, the 
same shall be filled by appointment of the President. In all 



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FIHKnRtlAriiiJOii 







Vfc 'i 




ALTERNATE LADY ^LA.NAGERS OF COXXECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD k3 FAIR. 253 

cases where Managers, who are members of the Executive 
Committee, are absent, their alternates are directed to repre- 
sent them on the committee. 

Article YIII. There shall be an Auditing Committee, 
consisting of three members, to whom shall be presented all 
bills contracted under authority of the Executive Committee, 
which, on their approval, shall be presented to the Treasurer 
for payment. 

Article IX. In accordance with the request of the 
"World's Eair Commissioners of this State, there shall be a 
Committee of three appointed from this Board as members 
of the committee having charge of the furnishing and decorat- 
ing of the Connecticut State Building. 

Article X. There shall be a Committee on Exhibits, 
consisting of eight members of this Board, to whom shall be 
submitted for approval all articles offered for competition or 
exhibit. 

Article XL The Managers and their Alternates from 
each county shall constitute a Committee for their respective 
counties, and it shall be their duty to awaken an interest in 
woman's work; to encourage its exhibition; and to promote 
in every way the object for which this Board was created. 

Article XII. The traveling expenses of Managers or 
their Alternates, when in attendance upon meetings of this 
Board, or in the performance of duties authorized by this 
Board, shall be paid by the Treasurer on approval of the 
Auditing Committee. 

CIRCULARS. 

At the first meeting a committee of three was appointed 
to act with the general Building Committee, to have charge 
of the furnishing and decoration of the Connecticut House at 
Chicago. At a subsequent meeting, Mrs. Amelia B. Hin- 
man was chosen to assist in collecting an exhibit of the work 
of Connecticut women. On the 17th of May, the following 
circular letters were sent broadcast throughout the State: 

Bear Sir: — 

The Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut for the World's Coluni- 
bian Exposition desire to obtain immediately the names of women, resi- 
dents of this State, who are skilled in wood carving. 

They also wish the names of women who are particularly skillful in 
fancy work and domestic manufacture, and of such persons or corpora- 
tions as employ female help largely, with the class of goods made. 

Trusting that we may rely upon your assistance in obtaining this in- 
formation, I am, etc. 



254 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION. 

The Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut for the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition desire that the State of Connecticut shall be creditably- 
represented in the Woman's Department. I have been advised that you 
are skilled in , . . . 

Please inform me whether you have or are willing to make any articles 
for exhibition at Chicago. A Committee of the Board of Lady Managers 
will examine all articles offered, and such as are accepted will be forwarded 
and placed on exhibition, without expense to the exhibitor. 
An early reply will oblige, etc. 

The following circular was issued by tlie Connecticut 
Board of Lady Managers, tlie rules being tbe same as those 
adopted by the National Board of Lady Managers: 

BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS 

OF Connecticut 

WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

Hartfoed, Dec 189 . 

There has been a Committee of Experts appointed by the President 
of the Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut, whose duty is to make 
decision upon the merit of articles for which application for space is to be 
made in the Woman's Building ; and no article will be installed by the 
Director of the Woman's Building which has not been approved by this 
Committee of Experts. 

Specimens of paintings are to be sent to either Miss Lucy P. Trow- 
bridge, 210 Prospect Street, New Haven, or to Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, 
136 Washington Street, Hartford. China painting to Miss Trowbridge, 
and needle-work to Mrs. Bulkeley. 

Every applicant for space in the Woman's Building will have space 
assigned to her by the Secretary of the National Board of Lady Managers, 
if her article is marked of the first order of merit in its class. Articles of 
the second order of merit will, very often, be quite eligible to a place in 
the General Departments of the Exposition. 

RULES. 

In Fine Arts, copies will not be admitted. 

In Embroideries, only original designs will be admitted ; stamped 
patterns will be strictly excluded. 

In the Library, only books of scientific, historical, and literary value 
will be received. 

Magazines and press articles of the women writers of the State may 
be bound together, making a State volume. 

In Patents, only drawings and photographs will be allowed, except 
in rare cases of peculiar value, when working models will be admitted. 

The exhibitor must be the manufacturer or the producer of the article 
exhibited, except in the case of the loan and retrospective exhibit. 










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1 r ^^^^^H 




B^ AANAGERS 

|;^ ■■■■■■■■■ ■ 












LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 255 

FINANCE. 

To meet the expenses of the women's work an appropria- 
tion was asked for from the Connecticut fund. The sum of 
^Ye thousand dollars, afterward increased to seven thousand 
dollars, was granted, which was used for the following pur- 
poses : For decorating and furnishing the Connecticut Room 
in the Woman's Building; for exhibit of literature, including 
the publication of Selections from the Writings of Connecticut 
Women ; for assuming the entire expense of all the Connecti- 
cut women making exhibits in the World's Fair; for such 
carved panels as were not gifts in the Women's Building; for 
the collection of statistics and the general expenses of the 
Board in carrying on their work as managers. 

Early in May, 1892, the Board voted to raise a guaranty 
fund of three hundred dollars for the children's Building at 
the Fair. Of this amount two hundred and twenty-six dol- 
lars was secured by the direct efforts of some of the managers, 
the remaining seventy-four dollars only being drawn from the 
fund at their disposal. 

Before distributing the volume containing the selections 
from the writings of Connecticut women to the State libraries 
of the country, one hundred and sixty-seven copies were sold, 
and the proceeds used toward meeting the cost of publication. 

EXHIBITS. 

Among the exhibits of women's work were paintings in 
oils and water-colors, china painting, designing in silver, 
needlework, designs for wall-papers, and photography. 

INVENTIONS. 

But one invention was exhibited under the auspices of the 
Board, viz. : a new and remarkable departure in machine em- 
broidery and art work. Color, design, and execution won in- 
stant recognition upon inspection, although an endless amount 
of correspondence and effort had to be expended because of the 
rule forbidding acceptance of machine work. Placed side by 



256 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

side with hand work of the highest order this won a medal. 
Designer and exhibitor, Mrs. Isabel Butler, Bridgeport, Con- 
necticut. 

DECORATIONS. 

Six cai^ved panels of wood were contributed and used in 
the decoration of the library of the Woman's Building. 

Three large frames, containing portraits of child life, artist, 
Mrs. Marie H. Kendall, Norfolk, Connecticut. One room, 
known as the Connecticut Room, in the Woman's Building, 
artist and designer. Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, New Haven, 
Connecticut; medals were awarded in both instances. 

STATISTICS. 

A record of ninety-seven (97) clubs and societies of women 
was furnished, representing literature, science, philanthropy, 
etc. The names of one hundred and forty women following 
the profession of journalism were sent the Committee on 
Journalism at headquarters. Statistics bearing upon the re- 
lations of women to labor were also collected and sent, with 
photographs, to Chicago. 

LITERATURE. 

One hundred and three women, natives of Connecticut, 
were represented in the exhibit of literature, fifty as writers 
of short stories in the book published by the Board. About 
two hundred and fifty books, including the translations 
loaned by Mrs. Stowe, were contributed to the Woman's 
Library. 

THE HARRIET BEECHER STOWE COLLECTION. 

A complete set of Mrs. Stowe's works and forty-two trans- 
lations of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " were exhibited, details of 
which are given in another chapter. 

THE BOARD BOOK. 

In the chapter upon Literature will be found a full account 
of the collecting of short stories, poems, and essays in a 
memorial volume, of which 500 copies only were printed. 




^€#1*6 



ALTERNATE LADY MANAGERS OF CONNECTICUT FOR THE 
WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 25T 

THE CONNECTICUT HOUSE. 

While not strictly an exhibit in the sense in. which the 
word is used in the preceding items, the Connecticut House 
was an exhibit of woman's work, and, in a measure, of the 
early history of the State. An entire chapter in this report is 
devoted to the subject. 



CHAPTER XYL 

THE CONNECTICUT HOUSE. 

"At a meeting of the Building Committee of the Connecticut Board of 
World's Fair Managers with the Furnishing Committee from the Ladies' 
Board, held at the State Capitol, Hartford, Feb. 1, 1893, there were present 
D. M. Reed, C. M. Jarvis, Geo. H. Day, Mrs. Knight, Mrs. Ingalls, Mrs. 
Parrel, and Miss Trowbridge. 

Voted — That the Furnishing Committee be given full power to 
decorate and furnish the State Building at Chicago." — Extract from 
minutes of special meeting called hy Hon. D. M. Beed. 

The formal adoption of this resolution placed the Con- 
necticut House, fresh from the builders, in the hands of the 
Furnishing Committee of the Woman's Board of Managers. 
Our decision to make it Colonial in character, as nearly as pos- 
sible, or, failing -^at, to have it represent a house of a date not 
later than the time of the ReYolution, collecting from Con- 
necticut homes the necessary furniture, gave us a working plan 
that TTOuld have been delightful to carry out in the spring or 
summer, but which, in February and March, at the end of an 
unusually rigorous New England ^vinter, proved difficult be- 
yond belief. It was not easy, in the face of biting winds, 
drifted roads, and unaccommodating time-tables, to keep one's 
State pride always well to the front, to feel warmed and fed, 
as well as morally supported, by the consciousness of a self- 
imposed task well done ; but it is worthy of note that never in a 
single instance, in making a report, were the difficulties en- 
countered made prominent. Each member of the committee 
and of the Board — for we were all pressed into service more 
■or less — dwelt with enthusiasm upon any success which fol- 
lowed the quest for that which was historically suitable for the 
furnishing of the State Building. 

The old Connecticut spirit, which makes it easier to invent 
an article than to hunt for its substitute, could not be made 

(258) 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 259 

useful in our searcli. What we desired above all else, was 
the original, with as much history and beauty, in addition, as 
possible. 

The just criticism upon the Connecticut House, on its 
completion, that there was but little in it, was but a proof of 
its faithfulness in detail to tradition. The handful of settlers 
who, following ^^ the strong bent of their spirits, '^ left the 
Massachusetts Colony because religion was literally an essen- 
tial part of their daily walk and conversation — administering 
even their justice with ^^ the rule of righteousness " — were 
made of the stuff which values character and men above mere 
things. Life was at its simplest in Connecticut long after the 
other Colonists had had time to recover from the exaltation of 
the pioneer and to replace bareness and privation with com- 
fort and even a semblance of luxury. While the purpose of 
the building — to serve as a State house — compelled us to 
link the present closely with the past, yet in the severity and 
simplicity which we preserved wherever we could, we were but 
following our model. 

The loans made to the committee for the Connecticut 
House carried one back in many instances to the early history 
of our State. That they represented but a small part of the 
historical furniture in daily use in many homes throughout 
the commonwealth, is a matter of course. It requires a cer- 
tain amount of sturdy State pride to trust one's most cherished 
possessions to any committee, however well known, even for 
so worthy an object. We could not legally insure the articles 
for their full value, even in dollars and cents. 'No return 
could have compensated for their injury or destruction. We 
did what we could when we gave a receipt, the facsimile of 
which is appended. The various articles were brought to- 
gether in Hartford from different parts of the State. Each 
was accurately numbered, packed by experts, and carefully 
guarded at the Capitol till their removal to Chicago. They 
were then sent under faithful guardianship the entire distance, 
and responsible persons awaited the arrival of the express car 



260 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

at Chicago. Besides having the careful supervision of the 
most faithful Commissioner that any State or Exposition ever 
had or can have, we secured 'New England care-takers, who 
daily looked after the safety of these things. 

To give the personal experience of the House-Furnishing 
Committee would be to recite the history of every committee 
which brought patient, earnest, vigorous purpose into its work. 
It was wearing, and, at times, it seemed thankless and endless, 
but, under the direction of Mrs. Mary B. Ingalls, as chairman, 
aided most efficiently by Miss Trowbridge and Mrs. Eranklin 
Farrel, it was conducted with such method, precision, and 
dispatch as to prove anew the truth of the Spanish proverb, 
" Three working together are equal to six." 

When the express car, with its precious freight, reached 
Chicago, the Building Committee, together with the counsel 
for the Board, Hon. Morris W. Seymour, and the Eurnishing 
Committee, were on hand to decide upon the work of the 
builders and decorators, and to do their utmost to comply with 
the requirement that all State buildings should be in readiness 
for the general public by the first of May, 1893. It took a 
great deal of faith, backed by a tremendous amount of work, 
to believe that anything could ever be really ready at that 
date. Everything was in a chaotic condition. An unusually 
wet, backward spring brought constant wind and rain, fol- 
lowed by fog and a depth of mud, which seemed to possess to 
an alarming degree the Chicago quality of surpassing anything 
of the kind hitherto seen. There was no food to be had within 
the Exposition grounds; hotels and restaurants were a long 
distance away. No fire, no light but candles permitted, no 
carriages allowed, no intra-mural railway to take their places, 
no rolling-chairs, with accommodating guides, who knew just 
where one wished to go, and a short-cut to it if one was in a 
hurry to traverse this place of magnificent distances — none 
of these things; neither was there discontent. If any one of 
the committee felt like quoting Touchstone when he ventured 
to leave the known for the untried: "Ay, now am I in Arden: 



CONNEOTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 261 

the more fool I; when I was at home, I was in a better place; 
but travelers must be content," it was only in the secrecy of 
his own mind. We were travelers, gathered together for a 
specific work, and we were content. All that is left now of 
those dreary, chaotic, hard-working, foundation-laying April 
days in Chicago is a tender memory of the fellowship and 
friendship which must always grow out of working together 
for a common purpose, with no thought of personal gain. 

Almost at once we were compelled to make a rule forbid- 
ding the acceptance of any modern article for use in the Con- 
necticut Building. It would have been impossible to dis- 
criminate in favor of any one of the liberal offers of things 
which by any chance could be placed in such a building. The 
one item of pianos alone will serve as an illustration. The ac- 
ceptance of one would have shown favoritism of a high order. 
To have accepted all would have been to make the State Build- 
ing an exhibit of pianos. We were grateful for every evi- 
dence of interest, but justice to all demanded the same answer 
to each. Wherever place could be found for them upon the 
limited wall-space, the water-colors, so kindly presented, were 
hung. Especially grateful were we for the magnificent paint- 
ing of the historic Charter Oak, so generously loaned to us by 
Mrs. Arthur M. Dodge now of 'New York, to beautify the walls 
of the building erected by her native State. Of great interest 
also was the portrait of Israel Putnam, courteously lent by 
Hon. Luzon B. Morris, from the Governor's room in the 
Capitol at Hartford. Beside the portrait was Putnam's gun, 
used at the traditional wolf -hunt. The decision and energy 
in the painted likeness made it easy to believe in the authen- 
ticity of his famous letter to Governor Try on in the days of 
the Pevolution: 

" Sir : — Nathan Palmer, a lieutenant in your King's service, was taken 
in my camp as a spy. He was tried as a spy; he was condemned as a spy; 
and you may rest assured. Sir, he shall be hanged as a spy. 
I have the honor to be, &c., 

ISRAEL PUTNAM. 
His Excellency, Governor Tryon. 

P. S. — Afternoon. He is hanged." 



262 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The Connecticut House is familiar to many people of the 
State, either from having seen the building itself, or photo- 
graphs of it. That the public spirit of Connecticut men was 
great enough to move the building bodily from Chicago and 
re-erect it in !^ew Haven for historic purposes shows the union 
of sentiment with thriftiness that is a marked characteristic 
of our people. 

The house, in a general way, was modeled after an old 
colonial residence. Instead of being covered with " staff,'' 
which formed the outer covering of many buildings on the 
gTOunds, it was a substantial wooden house, clapboarded and 
painted yellow, with white trimmings and green blinds. A 
wide piazza extended across the front and down each side to 
the projecting semicircular windows of the dining-room on 
the right and the " keeping-room '' on the left. Above the 
front doors, on the elliptical transom, was the word " Con- 
necticut," each letter occupying one pane. 

The hall, running the whole length of the house, was 22 
feet wide and about 20 high. A broad flight of stairs op- 
posite the entrance led up to a landing, from which on either 
side short flights joined the gallery. 

The ground plan of the beautiful house, kindly contributed 
by the architect, will give a still better idea of this hospitable 
home, beneath whose portals throngs of Connecticut men, 
women, and children went and came for six long months. 

As will be seen from reference to the resolution at the head 
of this chapter, the final decision in all matters relating to the 
interior decoration of the House was left with the Furnishing 
Committee. Early in the work of the Board the Kipley 
Brothers of Hartford volunteered their services in the interest 
of the State. Their standing as decorators made any doubt 
of their ability impossible, and, after looking at their designs 
and color schemes, the committee felt that it was fortunate in- 
deed in securing such intelligent, painstaking service. They 
brought not only careful study and artistic skill, but also that 
most important of all things in the belated, hurried, exorbi- 
tant conditions existing in Chicago, the executive ability to 



CONNECTICUT HOUSE. 






tnr 



LIVING ROOM 



'foil_E:"r'Roo.'^ 





>5ECOMD '^TORY PLAN 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 263 

hold tlieir workmen and to fulfill their contract with ns. 
Their undertaking was carried out in the face of great diffi- 
culty, and they well earned the gratitude not only of the 
committee, but of the general public. A description of the 
design and coloring used will be of interest to those who have 
not had the good fortune to see the House. 'We are to be 
congratulated in ha^dng the details to present in the words 
of the decorators. 

THE SCHEME OF DECORATION. 
By Louis W. Ripley. 
The controlling idea in the decoration of the building was that 
it should represent as nearly as possible the finest class of work used 
in the Colonial Mansion. As a matter of State pride, it was thought 
proper to use only such material as was manufactured in Connec- 
ticut. 

The Lower Hall was paneled in wood throughout, except a 
narrow frieze, which was of relief. The Upper Hall was wain- 
scoted with panels of lincrusta walton, the walls above being 
covered with squares of leather tanned by Messrs. Geo. Dudley & 
Son of Winsted. These were separated by rows of nails made by 
Turner & Seymour of Torrington. The ceiling of this hall, which 
extended through the entire length of the bunding, was finished 
in large panels frescoed in yellow and brown. There were three 
rooms on the second floor which were open to the public. These 
were done in fresco, two of them being reproductions of rooms 
in historic Connecticut houses. Both of these houses are said to 
have claimed Washington as a guest, and he is said to have occu- 
pied the very rooms from which the decoration was copied, and which 
have remained unchanged to this day. The first is the " northwest 
room " of the Gov. Ellsworth homestead at Windsor. In this room 
rows of red and black figures were frescoed on a gray ground. 

The reception-room was finished with a wainscoting, frieze, 
and ceiling in lincrusta walton, contributed by the manufacturers, 
Fr. Beck & Co. of Stamford. This room was colored in soft 
yellows, gold, and white. 

The walls of the two parlors were hung with a heavy satin 
damask, manufactured and contributed by Messrs. Cheney Bros, 
of So. Manchester; one was finished in pink and green, the other in 
green and gold. The ceilings in these, as in the two mmaining 
rooms on the lower floor, were ornamented with modeled relief 
of the sort introduced by the English in the eighteenth cetury. 
The library scheme was similar to that of the reception-room ex- 
cept for color and material. 

The wainscoting had the effect of illuminated leather, while the 
frieze and paneled ceiling was of the plastic relief. The coloring 



264 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

of this room was very appropriate for Connecticut,— a tobacco 
brown. The dining-room walls were colored a plain yeUow, their 
decoration consisting of an ornamental Shelf supporting a collection 
of ancient china in blue and white. The ornament on the ceiling 
was of soft shaded pinks. 

The second room was a reproduction of the "front chamber" 
of the old Wells house at Wethersfield. Here the walls were 
covered with an immense foliage pattern in two shades of maroon. 
The design is so large that there is only one repetition of the pattern 
between the floor and ceiling. 

The remaining room was ornamented with a simple design in 
oak foliage on a light green ground. This was called the Charter 
Oak room. The woodwork throughout the house was finished 
in white enamel. The entire lower floor was laid in oak parquet. 



LIST OF ARTICLES LENT FOR CONNECTICUT HOUSE 
With names of Owners and Lenders. 

Portrait of Governor Buckingham, the war governor of Con- 
necticut during the Civil War. 

Mrs. Eliza Buckingham Aiken, Norwich, Conn. 

Candlestick, 100 years old. Mr. James Bascom, Bristol, Conn, 

One sugar bowl with cover, one pitcher, one teapot with cover, 
five cups, three saucers, one silver spoon, one silver pin, two silver 
link sleeve-buttons, one pair gold earrings. 

Miss Bessie B. Beach, Branford, Conn. 

Old New England settle. Owners, descendants of Gov. Treat. 
Dr. George L. Beardsley, Birmingham, Conn. 

A pau' of bellows owned and used by the poet " Fitz Greene 
Halleck " of Guilford, Conn., about seventy-five years old. 

Clifford F, Bishop, Guilford, Conn. 

Table, sampler (1795), old candlesticks. 

Miss Lucy A. Camp, Bristol, Conn. 

Cut glass tumbler, once the property of General Jedediah Hunt- 
ington. The glass is about six inches high, handsomely cut with the 
initials " A. J. H." standing for Anne and Jedediah Hunttugton, one 
of a wedding gift of six from George Washington. 

" General Huntington was a native of Norwich, Conn., born in 
1743. He was colonel of one of the regiments organized in Connect- 
icut in 1775, afterwards commanding a state battalion. He con- 
tinued in active service during the whole war, at the close of which 
he had the rank of brigadier-general. For a time he acted as aid- 
de-camp to General Washington, who reposed in him unlimited con- 




"^^ .^'-^^ 





f 




CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 265 

fidence and continued his friendship and correspondence with him 
to the close of his lifa .... His life was marked by integrity, 
piety, and benevolence." 

Miss Anne Huntington Chappell, New London, Conn. 

Old oaken chest, brought to America in 1682 by Thomas Robin- 
son. Miss Anna H. Chittenden, Guilford, Conn. 

Portrait of General Israel Putnam. State of Connecticut. 

One fan, brought from China as a wedding present to Anne Mills 
of Fairfield. 

Full length silhouette of Roswell Judson of Stratford, Conn., 
who delivered the first Hebrew Oration at Yale, class of 1787. 

Mrs. Rebecca Gold Cornell, Guilford, Conn. 

One piece of needle-work. Mrs. Wilbur F. Day, New Haven. 

Chair from room occupied by Washington at Chief Justice Ells- 
worth's during his visit in 1789. 

Mrs. Frederick Ellsworth, Windsor Locks, Conn. 

E;are old hautbois, tall old clock. 

Mrs. Franklin Farrel, Ansonia, Conn. 

One pair of embroidered stick-heeled slippers of 1790, one pair 
of sandals. Chas. B. Gilbert, New Haven, Conn. 

Bottle containing acorn from the Charter Oak, breastpin, carved 
from the Charter Oak, old fan, old tile. 

Mrs. Horace Goodwin, Boston, Mass. 

Silk waistcoat, linen lawn stock with silver buckle, one pitcher. 
The silk waistcoat and silver buckles were worn by Willis Eliot at 
his marriage, 1763. He was a lineal descendant of John Eliot, the 
Apostle to the Indians. Mrs. Charlotte Gregory, Guilford, Conn. 

Chair embroidered by Eunice Williams, sister of William 
Williams, signer of the Declaration of Independence. 

Mrs. J. G. Gregory, Norwalk, Conn. 

Old paper money in frame. 

Mrs. J. S. Grifling, New Haven, Conn. 

Pewter platter brought from England in 1735, name of maker, 
Clarke, stamped with die on the reverse. 

Clarence A. Hammond, Brooklyn, N. Y. 

Chair, part of Miss Wealthy Haskell's outfit at her marriage to 
Levi Hayden, 1800. Jabez H. Hayden, Windsor Locks, Conn. 

Letter from Gen. Washington to Gen. Jedediah Huntington. 
Mrs. Alfred Hebard, Red Oak, Iowa. 

Three " Fiddle-Back " chairs made in England, over 150 years 
old, one glass bottle painted, one painted tumbler, one blue gravy 
18 



266 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

dish, one large blue ewer, two blue plates, one blue bowl with 
handles, one bowl with decoration of w^reath of leaves, two pottery 
dogs, one bronze-colored pottery pitcher, two small colored prints in 
black frames. Mary L. Hubbard, Guilford, Conn. 

One teapot and cover (brown landscape decoration), one creamer, 
one sugar bowl and cover, one bowl, two small blue platters, one 
small blue cup plate, 100 years old at least. 

Miss Kate E. Hunt, Guilford, Conn. 

Old pewter, two chairs, silhouettes, 90 years old at least, of 
Samuel and Phoebe (Billings) Eldredge. 

Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford, Conn. 

Framed letter written by Nellie Custus, framed invitation from 
Gen. Merean, blue Nankin plates. 

Mrs. C. R. Ingersoll, New Haven, Conn. 

Two old pictures in black frames, two blue teapots with covers, 
one white teapot with cover, blue and yellow decoration, one blue 
sugar bowl with cover, one blue and white pitcher, one double jug, 
three large blue plates, one large lavender plate, three blue plates, 
four blue cup plates, seven cups and saucers. 

Miss Justine R. Ingersoll, New Ha^en, Conn. 

Two bowls with covers, one plate, four cups and saucers, one 
glass candlestick, one embroidered collar, embroidered yoke and 
undersleeves, 100 years old at least. 

Mrs. Eleanor Harrison Isbell, Branford, Conn. 

Ring. Edith Jones, Westport, Conn. 

Brass and copper warming-pan, 1779, old Windsor chair, made 
and owned by the first Pastor of Cumminton, 1762, antique dining- 
table, 1778 to 1800. Mrs. George H. Knight, Lakeville, Conn. 

One quilt, one crib spread. 

Mrs. Jane Leavenworth, New Haven, Conn. 

Old carved high poster. Originally owned by Mrs. Elizabeth 
Lezure. Dr. C. P. Lindsley, New Haven, Conn. 

Two ivorytj'pes in cases, one chair cover. 

Mrs. W. W. Low, New Haven, Conn. 

One Windsor chair, one pair shovel and tongs, one stomacher, 
two lace fichus, two chairs, seventeen pieces knotted fringe, colonial; 
once belonging to the T'ottens, an old Tory family. 

Mrs. McMaster, New Haven, Conn. 

Andirons. Original owner, Anna Warner Bailey, better known 
as " Mother Bailey." 

Mrs. Adriana Smith Marsh, New London, Conn. 





^^^^ifc«^ 




CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 267 

Anna Warren Bailey was famous in Revolutionary history for 
her patriotic spirit and for brave and heroic acts during the Revolu- 
tion and during the war of 1812. 

Scales and weights for medicines, used about 150 years ago by 
Dr. Gideon Welles, who practiced in Canterbui-y and Plainfield, 
and owned by daughter of Gen. Seth Pomeroy, who served in the 

Pewter platter, embroidered linen bedspread, 140 years old. 

Mrs. Frederick Miles, Twin Lakes, Conn. 

Rare old Chippendale furniture (brought from England 1771, 
and owned by daughter of Gen. Seth Pomeroy, who served in the 
French and Indian wars and at Bunker Hill), including bookcase, 
sideboard, inlaid table, six chairs, and four-post bed, plate 
warmer, one sampler framed, three mirrors, green pitcher, lilac 
Wedgewood pitcher, Lowestoft gravy bowl, blue serving platter, 
silver bread tray, hot water plate, three Lowestoft plates, Lowestoft 
meat platter and strainer, two cut-glass decanters, brass knocker, 
copper urn, pitcher. 

Mrs. Charles Clayton Monson, New Haven, Conn. 

Quaint old clock made by Ephraim Downs, candle-stand, more 
than 100 years old. Formerly owned by Phoebe Wilcox. 

Mrs. D. Adelaide Morgan, Bristol, Conn. 

Windsor chair, 1795, made at first chair factory established in 
America. Adrian James Muzzy, Bristol, Conn. 

" Bridal chest," between 250 and 300 years old. 

Mrs. Martha Brewster Newell, Bristol, Conn. 
(Direct descendant of Elder William Brewster, who came over 
in the Mayflower.) 

Antique glass vase. Mrs. Eliza P. Noyes, Stonington, Conn. 

Small tip-table of Revolutionary date, from original owner, a 
soldier in the Revolutionary army, owned and loaned by descend- 
ant. Astral lamp. 

Miss Harriet Smith Olmstead, New Haven, Conn. 

One cup and saucer, one plate, one green veil, one lace fichu, 
two lace collars, one embroidered collar, one lace neckerchief, one 
lace shoulder cape. Colonial times. 

Mrs. James B. Palmer, Branford, Conn. 

Old mirror. Mrs. Ellen Lewis Peck, Bristol, Conn. 

Study chair of Rev. Samuel Newell, the famous " Parson 
Newell," 1747. Epaphroditus Peck, Bristol, Conn. 

(There is a cut of Parson Newell's chair with many other articles 
in the Memorial History of Hartford County, vol. 2, in the article 
" Bristol.") 



268 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Old curtains, with Lrord Nelson's victory, the Battle of the Nile, 
mahogany dressing-table, 100 years old, old mirror, china vases, etc. 
Miss Harriet E. Peck, New Haven, Conn. 

Concerning the curtains, a lady over eighty years of age writes 
as follows: "The curtains 'Lord Nelson's victory, or the Battle 
of the Nile,' have been in our family more than a hundred years, 
purchased by one of my relatives in London soon after the victory. 
My ancestors were sons and daughters of the Revolution. My 
mother had a brother killed early in the war. He was a member of 
Yale College. The College-president, professors, and all the students 
had to enter the army. My mother also had an uncle killed in the 
street. He had his tongue cut out because he would not speak — 
he was deaf and dumb! " H. E. P. 

Portrait of Sampson Occum, 200 years old. The first Indian 
clergyman in Connecticut. Old book by Nancy Maria Hyde and 
Lydia Huntley Sigourney. 

Katherine King Pettit, Norwich, Conn. 

Chair belonging to daughter of Jacob Sargeant of Hartford, a 
Revolutionary soldier. Supposed to have belonged to the outfit of 
Miss Nancy Sargeant about 1810. 

Miss Olivia Pierson, Windsor Locks, Conn. 

Astral lamp for whale oil, old mahogany chair, 145 years old, 
weight 16 pounds, original owner, Enos Ailing. 

Miss Harriet A. B. Punderson, New Haven, Conn. 

" The mahogany chair was one of six owned by my mother. It 
descended to her from her grandmother's brother, Enos Ailing, who 
was born April 19, 1719. He was a graduate of Yale College, a 
member of the legislature, and for many years clerk and warden 
of Trinity Church, which he was so active in establishing and sus- 
taining as to receive the sobriquet of ' Bishop Ailing.' He was a 
merchant and a man of wealth. The following incident connected 
with Uncle Ailing was related by my mother. Uncle was sitting in 
his library one day during the invasion of New Haven by the 
British army in the war of the Revolution, dressed in the fashion of 
* ye olden time,' with short breeches and silver knee-buckles, when 
a British soldier came in and demanded his knee-buckles, which 
Uncle Ailing refused to give to him. The man exclaimed: * I will 
kill you if you don't give them to me.' Just at that moment one of 
his slave women (thiis was in the time when slaveiy was tolerated 
in Connecticut) coming in heard the threat and going to the door 
she saw a British officer passing. She said to him, * One of jour 
men is going to kill my master, and he is a good man.' The officer 
entered the house and the man went out very fast. Uncle Ailing 
in relating the circumstances afterwards, said, * I should have died 
as the fool dieth but I would not give him my knee-buckles.' " 

H. A. B. P. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 269 

An " Old Deed of the 28th lot of the Township of Canaan, County 
of Litchfield and Colony of Connecticut, in New England," Con- 
veyed by Charles Burrall to Samuel Robbins, both of Canaan. 

This deed is dated " The 5th day of June, in the Fifteenth year 
of the Reign of Our Sovereign Lord George ye 2nd. by ye Grace of 
God, of Great Britain, &c. Annoque Domini 1742." 

This land is still in the possession of the Robbins family. 

Mr. Milton H. Robbins, Lakeville, Conn. 

A " Bil of Sail," from Caleb and Samuel Turner, of Hartford, to 
Samuel Robbins of Canaan, of " one negro man named Bello, aged 
18 or 19 years," for the " sum of Sixty-five pounds lawful money," 
dated " 8th. Day Dec. Anno Domini, 1769." 

Mr. Milton H. Robbins, Lakeville, Conn. 

" Canaan Meeting House Lottery Ticket," issued " Agreeable to 
an act of the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut passed 
in May, 1804." The church built from the proceeds is still in use as 
a house of worship. Mr. Milton H. Robbins, Lakeville, Conn. 

Fan and old sampler, 150 years old. 

Mrs. Geraldine Whittemore Russell, New Haven, Conn. 
The sampler is yellow with age. It has worked on one end: 

" Hannah Reed is my name 

New England is my nation 

Boston is my dwelling place 

And Christ is my salvation 

When I am dead 

And all my bones are rotten, this you see. 

Remember me, and never let me be forgotten. 

In the fifteenth year of my age June the 25th, 1735." 

G. W. R. 

Old mirror. Miss Laura Sargent, New Haven, Conn. 

Commission signed by the last Colonial Governor of Connecticut, 
reading as follows: 

"Jonathan Trumbull Captain General and Commander in Chief 
of His Magesty's Colony of Connecticut in New England, To John 
Sedgwick, Gent, greeting. 

You are hereby appointed Lieutenant of the North Company or 
Trainband of the Town of Cornwall in the 14th. Regiment in this 
Colony. 

Given under my hand and the seal of this Colony, in New Haven, 
the 30th. day of October, in the 14th. year of the reign of our Sover- 
eign Lord George the Third, King of Great Britain, A.D. 1773." 

Mr. Cyrus Swan Sedgwick, New York. 

Three-edged sword, carried through War of 1776. 

This sword was originally owned by Major John Sedgwick of 



270 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Cornwall Hollow, Conn., who fought in the Revolutionai-y War. 
By will he directed his " Small sword of the Revolution " to be given 
to the first of his grandsons who should obtain a commission in the 
militia. By virtue of this bequest it became the property of Gen. 
Chas. F. Sedgwick of Sharon, Corm. In August, 1824, Jw gave the 
sword to his son, its present owner, Cyrus Swan Sedgwick. 

Cyrus Swan Sedgwick, Sharon, Conn. 

Old Queen Anne gun, date 1721. Original owner John Sharpe, 
Pomfret, Conn. Carried in the celebrated " wolf hunt " 1743, and 
was borrowed by Gen. Israel Putnam to kiU the wolf. Carried 
through War of Revolution by Robert Sharpe. 

Robert Davis Sharpe, Brooklyn, New York. 

Old satin slippers, Windsor rocking chair, 1745. Original owner, 
granddaughter of Col. Seth Pomeroy. 

Mrs. Kate M. Sizer, Fair Haven, Conn. 

" The slippers were part of the wedding outfit of Miss Sally 
Pomeroy who was married in 1770 to Abraham Burbank, Esq., of 
West Springfield. She was the daughter of Colonel Seth Pomeroy 
an oflicer at the siege of Louisburg, 1745, and at Lake George, 1755, 
and also in the Battle of Bunker Hill." 

Chair. Original owner, Dept. Gov. Darius Sessions, Grandson 
of Natlianiel Sessions, Colonial Secretary under Lord Paul Dudley. 
Darius Sessions Skinner, Putnam, Conn. 

" The antique chair was purchased in London, England, about 
1735 by Darius Sessions, a native of Pomfret, Conn., and a graduate 
of Yale College, then deputy governor of Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence plantations. Intending marriage on his return home from 
one of his earlier voyages he purchased this chair with five others 
and a rocker for his fitting out." 

Two pieces bedquilt fringe, about ten yards. 

Mrs. W. Skinner, Guilford, Conn. 

Crimson satin damask pulpit hangings, First Congregational or 
" Road Meeting House," Stonington, 1674. Silver spoons and china 
from Revolutionary homes. Owned by Col. Joseph Smith, War 
of 1776. Miss Emma T. Smith, Old Mystic, Conn. 

Sampler and gilt frame. 

Mrs. Heniy R. Spencer, Guilford, Conn. 

Spinet, 1700. M. Steinert, New Haven, Conn. 

Gun carried in the Revolutionary War by Patriot John Plant. 
Mrs. Henry F. Swift, Branford, Conn. 

Blue bowl and ewer, one chair cover in three pieces. 

Miss L. P. Trowbridge, New Haven, Conn. 

Old china and Irish point lace. 

Mrs. Elizabeth M. Welch, New Haven, Conn. 



No.._ .._.... Hartford, Conn., 1893. 

Received of_ of_ 



Loaned to thp House- Furnisliing Committee of the Connecticut Board of 
Lady Managers for the emhellisliment of the Connecticut Building at 
the World's Columbian Exposition. Articles thus loaned 'will receive 
considerate care until the close of the Exposition, ivhen tliey will he re- 
turned to their owners luithout expense, and it is hoped luifhout deprecia- 
tion in condition or value. 

On behalf of the Board of Lady Managers, 



of Ho'use-Lurnishing Committee. 



BUILDING COMMITTEE. 

Hon. D. M. Read, Bridgeport, C. M. Jarvis, East Berlin. 

Geo. H. Day, Kurtford. 

HOISE-FUKNISHING COMMITTEE. 

Mrs. Geo. H. Knight, Lakeville {ex officio). 

Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, Hartford. 
Miss Lucy P. TROWiiiiiDGE, New Haven. 

Mrs. Frankijn Parrel, Ansonia. 

Ship loans to J. H. Vaill, Executive Manager, Capitol, Hartford, Conn. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 271 

Two plates. Mrs. William C. Welch, New Haven, Conn. 

Old sampler, 100 years, " Designed and cherished to the memory 
of deceased children." Mrs. E. H. Wells, Middletown, Conn. 

Sugar bowl and teapot, 17th century. Originally owned by a 
Huguenot family of Sigourneys. 

Mr. Geo. Whittlesey, New London, Conn. 

One washbowl, one pitcher, one mug, soap-dish and cover. 
Young Woman's Christian Association, New Haven, Conn. 

Extract from Bulletin from J, H. Vaill, Executive Commissioner 
for Connecticut: A powder horn, which in 1776 was the property 
of Capt. Gad Stanley (afterward major and lieutenant-colonel), of 
New Britain, is one of the interesting objects on exhibition at the 
Connecticut State Building. It was finely engraved, the principal 
features being the British coat of arms, cannon, flags, etc. It was 
recently espied here by a powder horn antiquary, who has made 
drawings of it, which are to be sent to the Smithsonian Institute. 
The fellow who, 117 years ago, took such infinite pains to scratch the 
lion and the unicorn on it with a needle point little dreamed of the 
way it would be handed down through the tribe of Stanley, to be 
offered in 1893 as a World's Fair curio by Thomas Stanley Goss, a 
great-great-grandson of the original owner. 

Chaos reigned in the Exposition grounds at the close, 
but thanks to the untiring energy and executive ability of 
Dr. P. H. Ingalls, who gave his willing service to the State, 
everything moved with machine-like order and precision in 
the Connecticut Building, and packers, boxes, hammers, and 
even the nails from home were gathered together and returned 
with the same exactness. With such care it is not remarkable 
that but one article was lost or misplaced, a small reel for sew- 
ing-silk. It was gTatifying to receive letters of thanks, say- 
ing that the articles had come back in many cases improved in 
appearance. In no instance was any injury reported. 



CHAPTEE XYII. 



THE con:necticut EOOM. 

When tlie Woman's Board of Connecticut decided tliat 
their State should become one of the three to decorate and 
furnish an entire room in the Woman's Building at the 
World's Fair — the others being 'New York and Ohio — the 
value of taking advantage of the most unusual feature of the 
Columbian Exposition was recognized. Eor the first time in 
the history of expositions a definite sum was set apart by the 
government for the express purpose of fostering the interests 
of women everywhere, abroad as well as at home. The Direc- 
tory made it possible to have a beautiful building; the Com- 
mission gave the right to the sole control of all the exhibits 
in the interests of women. 

The [N'ational Board was quick to seize this opportunity, 
and, relinquishing the chance to have a building planned by 
Mr. Richard Hunt, President of the Society of American 
Architects, they accepted the design of Miss Sophia Gr. Hay- 
den, a Massachusetts young woman of twenty-one. Full con- 
fidence was thus shown at the outset by the women of the 
Board in the ability of their own sex to conquer in this hitherto 
untried field. The modeling for the caryatids which sup- 
ported the cornice of the roof was also done by a girl of 
twenty-two. In placing the decorating of the Connecticut 
room in the hands of a young girl from our own State, there- 
fore, we were but following closely in the steps of the elder 
Commission. 

The mere fact of the existence of a Woman's Building, 

as a prominent feature of the Exposition, gave at once a great 

feeling of security, not alone in America, where women have 

long been successful in many of the professions, but in foreign 

countries as well, where the freedom granted American 

women is always a subject of questioning interest. 

(272) 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 27^ 

We were given an opportunity to contribute marbles, 
carving, furniture, onyx slabs for tables, flags, vases, and otber 
things of beauty for tbe Woman's Building, and we did con- 
tribute six beautifully-carved panels for tbe decoration of tbe 
library, but we decided very early tliat we could do but a few 
things with the time and money at our disposal, and, in doing 
these, we were anxious to have the influence of our efforts out- 
last the midsummer day's length of the Fair. Happily for us, 
our choice of Miss Sheldon and her work gave us the increase 
long before we realized that the season of planting was over. 
We are at a loss how to express adequately our obligation to 
Miss Sheldon for the results obtained in the charming Con- 
necticut Room. It is not half enough to say that they were 
successful far beyond our highest expectations, winning com- 
mendation on every side and also the deserved honor of a 
medal from the Judges of the Exposition. 

Upon its completion the President of the Woman's Board 
had the privilege of presenting the room in the name of the 
women of Connecticut, at the opening of the Woman's Build- 
ing, May 3, 1893, in the following words: 

" Madame President : In presenting to you this room, 
decorated by Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon of Connecticut, under 
the auspices of the Women's Board of Managers of that State, 
pray believe that I also present the warm interest and appre- 
ciation of not only the women of Connecticut, but also of the 
men of the State, who have given unfailing sympathy and en- 
couragement in all our work as women for women. 

" Our gift is necessarily small, limited by the unavoidable 
restrictions of your acceptance, but our interest is large aryd 
our pride in and appreciation of all that this Woman's Build- 
ing represents to women the world over cannot be measured." 

The following letter of thanks from the National Board 

was received: 

Office of the Secretary, 

Chicago, June, 1893. 
The Board of Lady Managers of the World's Columbian Commis- 
sion desire to express to the Committee of the State Board of Con- 
necticut their thanks for the artistic decorations and the beautiful 



274 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

appointments of the " Connecticut Room." They feel that so simple 
a statement is quite inadequate to express their appreciation of the 
labor and thought which has been expended to produce these results, 
but while simple it is genuine. 

With sentiments of the highest consideration, we are. 
Youi-s very truly, 

SARAH S. C. ANGELL, 
CLARA E. THATCHER. 
MRS. K. S. G. PAUL. 

Perhaps the most gratifying feature in connection with 
this special work lies in the fact that e^'en the harmony of the 
beantifnl coloring was not more perfect than the harmony of 
our relations with Miss Sheldon from first to last. In honor- 
ing her we honored ourselves, and we shall always remember 
the Connecticut Eoom as one of the most beautiful and satis- 
factory parts of our State work at the Exposition. 

In answer to our request Miss Sheldon has given an outline 
of her work, and, incidentally, thrown a strong light upon 
much that a casual visitor might not have observed. The 
history of the patient effort that went to make even the 
"Woman's Building successful must always remain an unwrit- 
ten story. The world of sight-seers cares only for results, 
but who can say what this training school of preliminary work 
mav have done for women the wide world round? 



THE DECORATION OF THE CONNECTICUT ROOM. 

The " Connecticut Room " in the Woman's Building was so called 
because it was through the interest and libei-ality of the ladies of 
the Connecticut Board that the room was decorated. 

Of the five available rooms on the second floor I chose one near 
the northwest staircase in which to show my work by the aid of 
Connecticut public spirit. 

The room was thirty-eight feet long, nineteen feet wide, and 
eighteen feet high, and had two large windows at its west end, 
opposite the door. Otherwise the waUs were without a break or 
feature of any kind. 

The unpretending simpUcity of the architecture of the building, 
as well as its temporaiy character, clearly required simple interior 
treatment. 

It had been decided, after protracted correspondence between 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 075 

the National and State Boards, that on account of the limited space 
the Connecticut room could not be reserved for the work of the 
women of that State exclusively, hut must be used for general exhi- 
bition purposes, at the discretion of the National Board and the 
superintendent of the building, and that, therefore, all decoration 
must be kept at least ten feet above the floor to accommodate show- 
cases of that height underneath. 

The color scheme must be light, not only to accord with the 
:general surrounding whiteness, but because no one then knew what 
would be exhibited in the room, or what color would thereby be 
introduced. 

For the same reason no historic style of ornament could be used 
consistently. 

With these limitations in view I laid out the plans for the Con- 
necticut decorations. I first drew an elevation of the room to scale, 
decided upon the proportion of the cornice, frieze, and filling, and 
then designed the ornamentation. 

The motif that I used throughout was interlacing garlands of 
conventionalized flower forms suspended from ornamental lattices. 
This idea was brought out most distinctly in the frieze; it was re- 
flected in the ceiling, suggested in the cornice, and echoed again in 
the mosaic border of the hard-wood floor. 

In order to lessen the apparent length and narrowness of the 
room I divided the ceiling into three transverse panels, putting a 
circle twelve feet in diameter in the center and an oval somewhat 
smaller at each end. These panels were wrought out in plaster- 
work in low relief, and were made, of course, from my own designs. 
Their outside bounding lines were not hard and fast, but fringed 
out and sank away into the ceiling in alternating swags and gar- 
lands of flowers freely conventionalized. This gave variety and 
softness to the outlines, interimpted the long perspective of the 
ceiling, and escaped much of the distortion so often produced when 
a more geometrical scheme is adopted. 

The cornice was also of plaster relief, especially modeled to 
correspond with the ceiling and frieze. It was eighteen inches 
deep and consisted of three sets of members, viz.: the cove, which 
was the largest member and carried the principal ornament; a 
series of members above, one of which was the classical laurel- 
rope — and another series below the cove showing the egg and dart 
moulding and the simple pearls. 

The frieze was in flat colors stenciled on painted canvas and 
touched up afterward free-hand. It was five feet wide, and was 
made to fit the room without joints, except at the comers. There 
were consequently two strips thiity-eight feet long, and one strip 
nineteen feet long, besides the three pieces to fill the spaces about 
the windows. 

I planned to use the apricot as my scheme of colors because it 



276 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

was sunshiny in effect and would blend sympathetically with a 
great variety of tones. I tinted the walls in my sketch the light 
pinkish yellow of the apricot. The background of the frieze was a 
lighter shade of the same color with the designs worked out in the 
delicate greens of the half-ripe fruit — the dull pinks and reds of its 
sun-burned cheeks and the various greens and browns of stem and 
branch. The cornice was in faint yellow and whitish green and the 
ceiling was cream-colored with the relief ornament of both picked 
out with gold. 

The floor was of brownish oak, which gave a note of deeper tone 
and consequently a feeling of support for the color and ornament of 
the room, but the border was inlaid with white maple to repeat a bit 
of the lightness of the effect above. 

After these plans had been approved I was obliged to design 
and construct arrangements for accommodating and handling such 
large and heavy work in my studio in New Haven, where the full- 
sized drawings and working plans were made, and where the 
frieze was painted. 

I had a huge movable table made to draw and paint on, and 
seven horses each eight feet high and with segment heads, over 
which the canvas could be slipped and hung to dry and harden, 
besides numerous devices for lifting and shifting the canvas after 
the paint had been applied. Each strip passed over the table four 
times — twice for the background color and twice for the stenciled 
pattern. 

It took three hundred pounds of white lead to paint the frieze, 
all of which I mixed, strained, colored, and spread myself, because 
I felt the necessity of its being, so far as possible, the work of a 
woman's hands, as well as of a woman's head. 

For the same reason I cut my own stencils, of which there 
were seven, besides the one for the Connecticut coat of arms, which 
occupied the place of . honor between the windows. My greatest 
difficulty while I was enlarging and experimenting with my design 
lay in getting sufficient perspective to enable me to judge of the 
carrying power of the forms and colors when they should hang at 
least twelve feet above the eye of the spectator. No place in the 
house was big enough or high enough to accommodate these giant 
samples at their proper height. At last I nailed them to the rafters 
in the attic, and clumsy with fur wraps and mittens I proceeded 
with my experiments and corrections from the top of a ladder, but 
in this way I managed to avoid many mistakes, both in design 
and color. 

Although the ornament of the frieze appeared comparatively 
simple, each running foot represented an hour of work, not includ- 
ing the time taken in designing and cutting the stencil, preparing 
the paints, shifting the canvas, or painting the background. 

After it was finished the paint was still so fresh as to make it 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 277 

•an exceedingly awkward thing to pack for shipment to Chicago. I 
covered the face of the canvas with oiled paper, and rolled the frieze 
tightly around cedar posts five feet long with a staple in each end, 
through which I wired every turn securely in place to prevent any 
possibility of rubbing or smearing. 

Mrs. J. Josef, manager of the Wood Mosaic Company of New 
York, very generously gave the beautiful polished oak floor for the 
Toom. It was laid in diagonal eight-inch squares, and had a mosaic 
iDorder of white maple in a lattice pattern. 

Mrs. Maud P. Gibbs of Brooklyn, designed, cut, and made a 
«tained-glass window for the room, consisting almost exclusively 
of " chip jewels," the most brilliant and diflEicult kind of glass to use. 

I am glad to say that she received a well-merited medal for her 
excellent and conscientious work, as well as constant admiration 
and enthusiasm from the visitors at the Fair. 

On the 15th of March I started for Chicago, hoping to complete 
the placing of these simple decorations in about three weeks, which 
seemed an ample allowance of time. 

When I arrived in Chicago, however, I found the roads around 
the Fair grounds almost impassable for mud, the buildings so damp 
and cold as to benumb the most enthusiastic worker, and the rain 
pouring down in almost continuous torrents. For five weeks I 
lived in rubber boots, furs, and mackintosh — cold, wet, and hungry 
from morning until night, for there were but few stoves on the 
grounds and only one restaurant. 

The freight depots were glutted beyond imagination — endless 
red-tape was necessarily required — committees were overworked, 
and often several journeys were made through mud ten inches deep 
in order to get one permit. 

It will be best to say but little in regard to the strike of the work- 
men, for the question has two sides with some right on each. They 
■certainly, however, added largely to the delays and to the difficul- 
ties of a situation that was trying at best. 

A very few days before the opening of the Fair it was decided 
that the Connecticut Room was to be used as a parlor for the For- 
eign Commissioners, and we were asked if we would furnish the 
room as we had offered to do at first. It was too late then to re- 
construct my plans, and bring the decorations down further on the 
walls: through rise in wages I had already exceeded the sum at 
first set aside for my work. I was a thousand miles away from 
the Connecticut committee, and almost a total stranger to them all. 

It was an anxious time — but the ladies of the Connecticut Board 
responded promptly and co-operated with me in the most generous 
and reassuring way. 

Before the first decision had been rendered, declining the offer of 
furniture for the Connecticut Room, the ladies of New Haven had 
.signified their kind interest in my work by donating money for a 



278 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

mantel. Tliis generous gift, wbicli had been held to await further 
developments, was now immediately and gladly accepted. I was, 
unfortunately, too hurried by that time, however, and too far away 
to give the construction of the mantel the personal supervision that 
it required. The manufacturers did not make it according to 
agreement, and, although it was imposing in appearance, it proved 
to my great regret to be a less successful evidence of the liberality 
of New Haven's women than we all had a right to expect from the 
amount donated and the interest shown. 

I am sure I appreciated the encouraging spirit of helpfulness 
that they manifested, and wish to thank each donor personallj- and 
sincerely for it. 

The Cheney Brothers of South Manchester, with characteristic 
liberality, gave satin damask to cover the delicate mahogany furni- 
ture that was selected to make the room usable. They also fur- 
nished velour and silk brocade for pillows and draperies. 

Marshall Field loaned a fine antique Iram rug to cover the divan. 

The most impoilant and interesting part of the mural decora- 
tion consisted of a group of ceramic pictures painted under the 
glaze by Mrs. Ellen A. Richardson of Boston, and which she loaned 
at my request. 

The room was also honored by the work of Mrs. Katherine T. 
Prescott of Boston. Mrs. Prescott exhibited there her charming in- 
taglio " Blessed are the pure in heart," and various medallions and 
small bits in bronze and plastic relief. 

In reference to the many other busts, bas-reliefs, pictures, etc., 
to which the Connecticut Room gave a welcome upon request from 
the Superintendent and Board of Lady Managers, I regret to say 
that I can give no report, as I regarded my duty done when they 
were properly hung. 

There was a second stained-glass window made for the room, 
but after long delays in the express office, it was found to have been 
hopelessly broken in transit. As it was then the middle of July, 
it was thought to be too late to have another one made to take its 
place. 

Only those who had experience at the Fair can know how 
much work and time and strength it took to install these few and 
simple exhibits. They will understand the difficulties. To the 
others I can only say, I tried to do my best, and if I succeeded at 
all it was largely due to the confidence of those who were behind me. 

I wish to give especial and grateful thanks to Mrs. Kate Brannon 
Knight of Lakeville, Connecticut, President of the Connecticut 
Board of Lady Managers, whose untiring interest and advocacy 
made my work possible and delightful ; to Mrs. Maiy H. B. Ingalls, 
for her kind and practical suggestions and help, and to Miss Lucy 
P. Trowbridge, for her encouragement and many courtesies, and 
also not less to the men of the Connecticut Board, for their con- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 279 

siderate liberality and good- will; to Mrs. Bertha Honore Palmer 
for her help at various critical moments; to the superintendent of 
the Woman's Building, Mrs. Amey M. Starkweather, for her uniform 
kindness, and to all the many persons connected with the Expo- 
sition who helped to make my work at the World's Fair an inspiring 
experience. 

ELIZABETH B. SHELDON. 

At the final meeting of the Connecticut Board of Lady 
Managers of the World's Fair Commission, held at Hartford, 
Connecticnt, on Monday, December eighteenth, eighteen hun- 
dred and ninety-three, the following resolution was nnani- 
monsly passed: 

Recognizing the artistic and appropriate decorations and ar- 
rangejnents of the Connecticut Room, in the Woman's Building, at 
the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, this Board desires to express 
to Miss Elizabeth B. Sheldon, of New Haven, Connecticut, their 
appreciation of her ability in decorating and executing this speci- 
men of Woman's Work, from the State of Connecticut, and extend 
to her their cordial thanks for her efforts, and congratulations upon 
the marked success that attended the same. 

LILLIAN C. FARREL, 

Y ice-President Woman's Board. 



CHAPTER XYIII. 

LITERATUEE. 

Our exhibit of literature was the largest, as well as the 
most "unique, thing we had to offer on. behalf of the State. 
The central point of interest was, of course, Mrs. Harriet 
Beecher Stowe's contribution of forty-two translations of 
■" Uncle Tom's Cabin." In addition to that one hundred and 
fifty women, natives of Connecticut, were represented as 
writers in a collection of more than two hundred books ex- 
hibited in the library of the Woman's Building. But it was 
discovered that a collection of bound volumes alone gave no 
representation whatever to a great number of Connecticut 
women who had won recognition as successful writers of short 
stories. It was impossible to overlook the value of many of 
"these contributions to literature ; equally impossible to present 
as complete any exhibit of the literary work of the women of 
our State which did not include them. The committee, there- 
fore, adopted a method of presenting in a permanent form 
^selections from as many authors as possible, omitting, with but 
few exceptions, the work of those who had hitherto published a 
volume of either prose or verse. The effort simply was to make 
a thoroughly readable book, one good of its kind, and, there- 
fore, valuable; and as it stands, it is '' itself its best excuse." 
This was printed in a handsome volume bearing the title, 
" Selections from the Writings of Connecticut Women." The 
selections indicate only in a general way the preferences of the 
committee, the authors themselves, in many instances, choos- 
ing that which they considered their best story or poem. 
About fifty writers were represented in this collection. Their 
names, some in facsimile, are given in the list at the end of 
"this chapter. 

The edition was limited, and, in deciding upon a final dis- 

(280) 




fix. Ot^^rir Pl\t)fS 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 281 

tribution of the copies remaining after selling a certain num- 
ber toward meeting tbe cost of publication, we felt that we 
could not make a more fortunate disposition of tbe book than 
to secure for it a place upon tlie shelves of each important 
library in our country. They were, therefore, sent to every 
State library and to selected colleges and universities in the 
name of the Board. 

At the close of the Fair, at the final meeting of the Board, 
a report was made by Mrs. Gregory, of the Committee on 
Literature, extracts from which will be of interest to the reader. 

" The compiling of the State volume, which contains the fugi- 
tive writings of Connecticut women, as scattered through the various 
magazines and publications of the country, fell chiefly to my share. 
Miss Chappell, who was interested in collecting the looks written 
by Connecticut women, gave always her warm assistance, and Miss 
Brainard stood ready to perform any service, and responded at once 
to every call. 

" The Board meeting, at which it was decided that our women 
should be represented by their writings at the World's Fair, was 
held only a little over two months before the opening of the Fair; 
consequently our time was exceedingly limited, and we were obliged 
to work at high-pressure. If we were disappointing in any way, 
I feel sure the Board will kindly remember this plea in our defense, 
and will deal gently with our short-comings. 

" The plan occurred to us of writing to all the best 
magazines and journals in the country, and asking the editors for 
the names and addresses of the Connecticut women who had con- 
tributed articles for them. It was a doubtful experiment, but nearly 
every one of the letters was answered,— about sixty, I think,— in 
some way,, promptly. 

" Then too, the members of our Board were delightfully helpful 
and sympathetic, sending us suggestions and encouraging words, 
and what we needed most of all,— good solid information concern- 
ing the literary work. After the first trembling plunge, so to speak, 
our book made itself. 

Of the women writers of Connecticut Mrs. Gregory says: " They 
are cordial, warm hearted, and courteous, and I shall think of them 
always, collectively and singly, with admiration and affection. 

" In looking through my desk-drawer," she continues, '* dedicated 
to state patriotism, and containing some three or four hundred 
letters, I find some effusions which are amusing. 

"We put in all the State papers, notices that the Connecticut 
women were to be represented by their books and writings at the 
Fair and a few aspiring poetesses warmed to the information. 
19 



282 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

" One woman sent us some fifty or a hundred verses upon tem- 
perance, infant baptism, and true religion, a fireman's duty, etc., etc. 
She said that she had read in the newspaper that poems from the 
pens of gifted women of Connecticut were to be published at the ex- 
pense of the state, for the World's Fair; therefore she sent us these 
few verses, which had called forth the greatest admiration, and she 
would like them printed at once in pamphlet form, entitled, ' Flowers 
of thought,' and as many copies forwarded to her address as we 
could conveniently spare. 

" Another woman, of whose name we had never heard, wrote 
to ask us this alarming question: Which of all the books she had 
written did we prefer? For private reasons we hastened to assure 
her that we should not think of placing our judgment beside her 
own, but would not she select for us; which she promptly did 
by sending them all. 

" We were not sure whether one woman had written a magazine 
article or whether she had written a book, but we thought she had 
written something, so we worded our letter veiT cautiously. We 
received a dignified and impressive reply. She was greatly compli- 
mented, we were doing splendid work, we deserved a great deal of 
credit, .and all that. Concerning her writings; she had already 
given a number of volumes to a neighboring state; she could not 
give more, but all the rest, — something over a hundred — she felt 
certain we could have for the collection, provided we would purchase 
them. What a narrow escape, and to think that we should have 
fancied her the writer of one humble article! 

" A charming woman, whose works we have, stated that she had 
written a profound and exhaustive treatise on psychical subjects, 
more adapted to a collection of works written by 7nen of deep 
thought, than to a woman's library. 

" We wrote to a woman for a history which she had written, and 
we had this reply from her husband: His wife had been dead for 
a number of years, but he had a copy of her book in the house, 
which he would sell to us for two dollars and a half ,— postage 16 
cents. We roused also a second wife, the first wife having written 
the book: She did not think it wise to send the volume, she feared 
it might awaken painful associations; thanked us for having writ- 
ten, but would we please not pursue the subject. 

" Much Avhich was fascinating and interesting in the work, as 
well as a fear lest we might not do credit to the Board and State, 
kept us from flagging. Bargains with printers, of which many of 
the severe things said are by far too mild; gaining permission from 
editors to reprint articles; reading of proofs; and replying to 
questions from writers,— a more important detail than you can well 
imagine, as we must at any cost keep them good uatui*ed. — made 
the month of March rather a frantic four weeks. 

" We came out of it with our State colors flying, however, and 



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CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 283 

in the best of spirits; for tlie volume, wliich liad become a sort of 
child to us, was an actual reality." 

" The fact that the Board was not ashamed of us, and that people 
of our State spoke well of the volume, and proved that they meant 
what they said by buying it, would have been delightful compen- 
sation for more than twice the work." 



CONNECTICUT BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY OF THE WOMAN'S 

BUILDING. 
Allin, Abbt % 

A Man's a Man for a' That. 

Home Ballads, a book for New Englanders. 
Anderson, Mrs. E. F. S. 

His Words, all the words of Jesus Christ, as recorded in the four 
Gospels. 
Angier, Mrs. Annie L. 

Poems. 
Bacon, Alice 

Japanese Girls and Women. 
Baker, Mrs. Josephine R. 

Tom's Heathen. 

Dear Gates, one of the Gates' children. 

Calvin, the Sinner. 

Roundtop and Squaretop, the Gates' twins. 
Ballard, Mrs. Julia P. and Smith, A. L. 

The Scarlet Oak and other poems. 
Beecher, Catherine E. 

Treatise on Domestic Economy. 
Bishop, Mrs. Georgiana M. 

The Yule Log, a series of stories for the young. 

Conversations on the Christian seasons. 
Bolton, Mrs. Sarah K. 

Stories from Life. 

Lives of Girls who became Famous. 
Cabell, Isa C. 

Seen from the Saddle, with introduction by Charles Dudley Warner. 
Carrington, Katherine 

Aschenbroedel. 
Case, Mrs. Marietta S. 

The Plymouth Rock, the C. L, S. C. class of 1888. 

Immortal Pansies. 

The White Water Lily, the chosen emblem of the World's Woman's 
Christian Temperance Union. 

Tribute to the memory of Mrs. Rutherford B. Hayes, first president 
of the Woman's Home Missionary Society of the M. E. Church, 
who died June 25, 1889. Written for a memorial service, held 
at Willimantic, Connecticut, August, 1889. 



284 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Case, Yenelia R. 

Granger poems. 

The China Hunter's Club; by the youngest member. 
Caulkins, Frances M. 

History of New London from first survey of the coast in 1612 to 1852. 
Chappell, Hannah S. 

Literary remains of Martha Day. 

Cheney, Mrs. Mary B. 

Life and letters of Horace Bushnell. 

A Club Corner, published by the Saturday Morning Club of Hartford. 
Cleveland, Mrs. 

No Sect in Heaven. 
Clement, J. 

Noble Deeds of American Women. Introductory by Mrs. Sigourney. 
Cooke, Rose Terry 

Happy Dodd, or She hath done what she could. 

Huckleberries, gathered from New England hills. 

No. 

Poems. 

Root-bound, and other sketches. 

Somebody's Neighbors. 

The Sphinx's children and other people's. 

Steadfast, the story of a saint and a sinner. 
CoRBiN, Mrs. Caroline F. 

Letters from a Chimney Corner, a plea for pure and sincere relations 
between men and women. 

A Woman's Philosophy of Love. 

His Marriage Vow. 
Delano, Aline 

The Blind Murderer. Translated from the Russian, with an intro- 
duction by George Kennan. 
Dixon, Minnie A. 

Leaves by the Way-side, a volume of poems. 
Eliot, Annie 

White Birches, a novel. , 

An Hour's Promise. 
Foster, Mrs. M. O. 

Rana ; or Happy Days. 
Goodwin, Alice H, 

Christ in a German Home, as seen in the married life of Fred'k and 
Caroline Perthes. 
Greene, Mrs. Sarah Pratt McLean 

Last Chance Junction, Far West, a novel. 

Leon Pontifex. 

Some Other Folks. 

Towhead, the Story of a Girl. 

Vestry of the Basin's, a novel. 

Cape Cod Folks. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 285 

Gkegory, Mrs. J. L. 

Selections from the writings of Connecticut women. 
GusTAFSON, Mrs. Zadel B. 

Meg, a Pastoral, and other poems. 

Genevieve Ward, a biographical sketch. 

Zophiel; or the Bride of Seven, by Maria del Occidente (Maria Jansen 
Brooks). 

Can the Old Love? 
Hartford, Conn. (See A Club Corner.) 
Holmes, Mrs. Mary J. 

A Fair Puritan, a New England tale. 

Cousin Maude and Rosamond. 

Ashes, a Society Girl. 

Bessie's Fortune, a novel. 

English orphans ; or a home in the New "World. 

Gretchen, a novel. 

The House of Five Gables. 

Lena Rivers. 

Marguerite, a novel. 

Sins of the Fathers. 
Hollow AY, Charlotte M. 

A Story of Fve. 
Hooker, Isabella Beecher 

The Constitutional Rights of the Women of the United States. 

Womanhood, its Sanctities and Fidelities. 
HoYT, J. K. and Ward, Anna L. 

Cyclopedia of Practical Quotations, English and Latin, with appendix. 
Hyde, Nancy Maria 

Volume of Writings. 
James, Mrs. E. Beecher 

Sylvia Kirtland, a temperance story for girls. 
Kirk, Mrs. Ellen Olney 

Better Times Stories. 

Sons and Daughters. 

A Daughter of Eve. 

A Lesson in Love. 

A Midsummer Madness. 
Lathrop, Mrs. Rose Hawthorne 

Along the Shore. 
Larned, Ellen D. 

History of Windham County, Connecticut. 
LrppiNCOTT, Mrs. (Grace Greenwood) 

Poems. 

Noble Deeds of American Women. 
LoTHROP, Mrs Harriet M. S. (See Sidney, Margaret, ) 

Five little Peppers and how they grew. 
Mason, Caroline A. 

A Loyal Heart. 

A Titled Maiden. 



286 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

McCray, Florine T. 

Life work of the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
Morehouse, Mrs. Carrie W. 

Legend of Psyche and other verses. 
Morgan, Emily M. 

Prior Rahere's rose. , 

A Poppy Garden. 

A little White Shadow. 
MouLTON, Mrs. Louise Chandler 

Random Rambles. 

Miss Eyre from Boston. 

In the Garden of Dreams, lyrics, and sonnets. 

Swallow flights. 

Stories told at Twilight. 

Some Women's Hearts. 

Bed-time Stories. 

Ourselves and our Neighbors, short chats on social topics. 
Palmer, Margaretta 

Determination of the Orbit of the Comet 1847. YI. 
Parker, Margaret K. 

The Old House at Four Corners. 
Phelps, Mrs. Almira H. L. 

Ida Norman. 

Botany for Beginners, an introduction to Mrs. Lincoln's Lectures 
on Botany. 
Porter, Rose 

Foundations, or castles in the air. 

Charity, sweet charity. 

In the Mist. 

A modern St. Christopher, or the Brothers. 

Driftings from Mid-ooean, character studies, a sequel to Summer 
drift wood and The winter fire. 

The Years that are Told. 

_A Song and a Sigh. 

Story of a Flower, and other fragments twice told. 
Sanford, Mrs. D. P. 

From May to Christmas at Thorne Hill. 
Saturday Morning Club. 

A Club Corner. 
ScHENCK, Mrs. Eliza H. 

History of Fairfield, Fairfield County, Conn., from the settlement 
of the town in 1639 to 1818. 
Setmour, Mrs. Mary H. 

Sunshine. 
Sigourney, Mrs. Lydia H. 

Writings of Nancy Maria Hyde, connected with a sketch of her life. 

Illustrated Poems. 

Select Poems. 






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CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 287 

Sidney, Margaret. (See Lothrop, Mrs. H. M.) 

Little Paul and the Frisbie school. 

Bob, a story for boys. 

The Pettibone Name, a New England story. 

St. George and . the Dragon, a story of boy life, and Kensington, 
Junior. 

So as by Fire. 

How they went to Europe. 

Two modern little Princes and other stories. 

Five little Peppers midway. 

Five little Peppers, grown up. 

Hester and other New England stories. 
Slosson, Annie T. 

Fishin' Jimmy. 

Seven dreamers. 
Smith, Annie L. and Ballard, Mrs. J. P. 

The scarlet Oak and other poems. 
Smith, Mrs. Julie P. 

His young Wife, a novel. 

Kiss and be Friends, a novel. 

Lucy, a novel. 

The married Belle ; or, Our red cottage at Merry Bank, a novel. 

Widow Goldsmith's Daughter. 

Ten old Maids, and five of them were wise, and five of them were 
foolish, a novel. 

The Widower ; also a true account of some brave frolics at Craigen- 
fels. 

Blossom-bud and her genteel Friends, a story. 

Courting and Farming ; or, Which is the gentleman. 

Chris and Otho, the pansies and orange-blossoms they found in 
Roaring River and Rosenbloom, a sequel to Widow Goldsmith's 
. • daughter. 
Stark, Kate L. 

Emily Ashton, or Light Burdens Lifted. 
Stevens, Mrs. Anne S. 

Fashion and Famine. 
Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher 

Dred (sometimes called "Nina Gordon "). 

The Minister's Wooing. 

Agnes of Sorrento. 

The Pearl of Orr's Island. 

The May Flower, etc, 

Oldtown Folks. 

Sam Lawson's Fireside Stories. 

My Wife and I. 

We and Our Neighbors. 

Poganuc People. 

House and Home Papers. 



288 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Stowe, Mrs. Harriet Beecher 

Little Foxes. 

The Chimney Corner, 

A Dog's Mission, etc. 

Queer Little People. 

Little Pussy Willow. 

Religious Poems. 

Palmetto Leaves. Sketches of Florida. 

Flowers and Fruit. From Mrs. Stowe's Writings. 

Scenes from Mrs. Stowe's Works. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
Todd, Adah J. 

The Vacation Club. 
Trowbridge, Catherine M. 

Victory at last. 

A Crown of Glory. 
Ward, Anna L. 

Dictionary of quotations from English and American poets. 

Surf and Wave, the sea as sung by the poets. 

Dictionary of quotations in prose from American and foreign 
authors. 
Ward, Anna L. and Hoyt, J. K. (See Hoyt, J. K.) 

Cyclopaedia of Practical Quotations, English and Latin, with an 
appendix. 
Watson, Augusta C. 

The Old Harbor Town, a novel. 
Weed, Emily S. 

Twilight Echoes. 
Williams, Eunice A. 

Bay Ridge Farm, a story of country life in New England half a 
century ago, founded on fact. 
WooLSEY, Jane Stewart (Susan Coolidge). 

LIBRARIES HAVING THE CONNECTICUT BOOK. 

Tlie " Selections from tlie "Writings of Connecticut 
Women/' sent to every State in tlie Union and to the chief 
universities, may be found in the following libraries: State 
libraries of California, Connecticut, Colorado, Delaware, 
Florida, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, 
Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Xevada, ^N'ew 
Jersey, "New Hampshire, !N'ew York, [N'orth Carolina, Ohio, 
Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, West 
Virginia, Wisconsin, from which acknowledgments have been 
received; also in the Library of Congress and the Post-library, 



OONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 289 

Fort Sully, South Dakota; libraries of Amherst College, 
Brown University, University of Chicago, Columbia College, 
Cornell University, Harvard College, Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity, Tulane University, University of Michigan, College of 
^N'ew Jersey, University of Pennsylvania, Leland Stanford 
Junior University, St. Paul Public Library, Yassar College, 
Wellesley College, Yale University; and in all the town libra- 
ries of Connecticut. 

A copy was also sent to the British Museum, which was ac- 
knowledged both by Mr. E. M. Thompson, the principal libra- 
rian, and Mr. Richard Garnett, '^ keeper of printed books." 



NAMES OF CONTRIBUTORS TO "SELECTIONS FROM THE 
WRITINGS OF CONNECTICUT WOMEN." 

Allen, Jessica Wolcott Knapp, Margaret L. 

Armstrong, Mrs. M. F. Earned, Ellen D. 

Brackenridge, Annie Louise Lathrop, Rose Hawthorne 

Branch, Mary L. Bolles Merrell, Julie 

Bull, Lucy Catlin Mitchell, Agnes L. 

BuUard, Elizabeth Morgan, Bessie 

Bushnell, Frances Louisa Ogden, Eva S. (Mrs. D. Lambert) 

Carrington, Katharine Ormsby, Ella W. 

Demerritt, Emma W. Porter, Rose 

Du Bois, Constance Goddard Potter, Delia Lyman 

Eliot, Annie Preston, Annie A. 

Ferry, Mary Prichard, Sarah J. 

Foote, Kate Shaw, Emma 

Fuller, Jane Gay Shelton, Ada S. 

George, Harriet Emma Shelton, Jane de Forest 

Greene, Sarah Pratt McLean Slosson, Annie Trumbull 

Gustafson, Mrs. Z. B. Smith, Helen Evertson 

Hirsch, Bertha Stephens, Eliza J. 

Holloway, Charlotte W. Talbot, Ellen V. 

Holly, Sarah Day Trumbull, Sarah R. 

Hungerford, Mary C. Wesley, Pauline 

UNITED STATES. 

Department L.— Liberal Arts. 

ExMUtor — State Board Woman Managers, Address, Lakeville, Ct. 

Group 150. Class 854. 

ExMhit — Books and Literature. 



290 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

AWARD. 

A choice collection of literary works in 215 volumes, by distin- 
guished woman authors, native or resident, of Connecticut; consists 
of scientific and educational works, poetry, history, fiction, and 
charming stories for children,— is of high literary merit and bril- 
liant style, bears the stamp of intellectual vigor, originality, culti- 
vated thought, poetic sentiment and higher education, and the 
evenness of excellence is shown by the best works of authors rep- 
resented. The scope is wide, embracing science, art, poetry, history, 
and romance,— deals with affairs of Church and State, social prob- 
lems, the home, and functions of society,— is the best expression 
of woman's capability to lead in the advance of all that is noble 
and salutary in the progress of an exalted civilization, and is an 
admirable example of the character and influence of modern litera- 
ture. 

It also includes a handsomely bound volume of articles, in the 
line of poems, short stories, and historical sketches, written by 
women of Connecticut, who are not authors of books, but are 
equally distinguished for brilliant contributions to magazines and 
leading journals, and who are justly recognized by this permanent 
form of preserving selections from their writings. 

Among writers represented are, Harriet Beecher Stowe, prose 
and poetry of Mrs. Sigourney, educational writings of Emma H. 
Willard, original manuscripts of the early works of Mrs. Parton 
(Fanny Fern); the works of Catherine Beecher, Sara J. Lippincott 
(Grace Greenwood), Rose Teriy Cooke, Mary Bushnell Cheney, Sarah 
Pratt McLean Greene, Annie Trumbull Slosson, Rose Hawthorne 
Lathrop, Zadel Barnes Gustafson, Margaretta Palmer, Adah J. 
Todd, Jean L. Gregory, Alice Howland Goodwin, Ellen D. Larned; 
translations of Aline Delano, Mary J. Holmes; historical works of 
Sarah J. Pritchard, Frances M. Calkins, Marj^ B. Brauch, and Anna 
L. Ward; writings of Charlotte M. HoUoway, *' Margaret Sidney," 
Katharine Carrington, Annie Eliot, :Mary Chappell, Caroline At- 
water Mason, and many other well known authors and contributors 
to magazines and the press. 

{Signed) JANET JENNINGS, 

Individual Judge. 
Approved: K. BUENZ, 

President Departmental Committee. 

Airproved: JOHN BOYD THACHER, 

Chairman Executive Committee on Awards. 
Copyist, M. A. P. Date, February 6, 1895. 

STATE OF CONNECTICUT, 
Executive Depaetmext. 
My Dear Mrs. Knight: 

I am in receipt — by express — of the beautiful volume of selec- 
tions from the writings of Connecticut Women, prepared by the 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 291 

Woman's Board of Managers. In design and execution I can con- 
ceive of nothing more appropriate. 

It is certainly a credit to the State and especially to those who 
have had the labor of preparing the same. 

Please communicate to the Woman's Board of Managers my 
high appreciation of their work and my thanks for their kind remem- 
brance of me. 

Yours very truly, 

LUZON B. MORRIS. 

New Haven, Aug. 4, 1893. 

Rev. Samuel Hart, 

My dear Mr. Hart: 

The Woman's Board of World's Fair Managers of Con- 
necticut desire to present formally to the State Historical Society 
a collection of the literary work of Connecticut women secured by 
them for exhibit in the Library of the Woman's Building at the 
Columbian Exposition. 

This collection consists of about one hundred and seventy-five 
volumes, many of them autograph copies presented by the authors. 

Among the most valuable additions is the complete set of Mrs. 
Stowe's works, twenty volumes in number, which were expressly 
t)ound for this purpose. 

The cabinet which held all that related to Mrs. Stowe, as a sepa- 
rate exhibit; an original copy of Uncle Tom's Cabin, one of the first 
edition. The key, and forty-two translations into other tongues, 
forms a part of the gift, to which is added a copy of the book, 
^' Selections from the Writing of Connecticut Women," brought out 
under the auspices of the Board for the purpose of giving representa- 
tion in the Exhibit of Literature to the large number of Connecticut 
women who have won recognition as successful writers of short 
stories. The collection as a whole is unique and won a place of 
bonor among the rare and beautiful things in Chicago. In giving 
it into the keeping of the Historical Society the Woman's Board feel 
that they have made the best possible disposition of this part of 
their work. 

With the assurance that its acceptance will be a great gratification 
to the Board w^hich I have the honor to represent, I am. 
Very sincerely yours, 

KATE BRANNON KNIGHT. 

Hartford, Conn., October 2, 1893. 
Dear Madam: — I have much pleasure in writing, at the request 
of the President of our society, the Hon. John W. Stedman, to ac- 
knowledge your kind letter of the 30th of September, and to say that 
the Connecticut Historical Society will gladly accept the gift of the 
collection of books by Connecticut women, which is on exhibition at 
the World's Fair and Columbian Exposition. 



292 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

We are very grateful to you that you have so kindly thought of 
securing the whole of the collection of which you wrote for perma- 
nent presei-vation in the State, and by an authorized society; and we 
sincerely hope that nothing will happen to prevent the making so 
valuable an addition to our collections. 
And I have the honor to be, 

Very truly yours, 

SAMUEL HART, 

Corresponding Secretary. 
Mes. Kate BEANNoivr Knight, 

President. 



At a meeting of tlie Connecticut Historical Society in 
March, 1894, the president of the Woman's Board, accom- 
panied by Governor and Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkelev, Mr. and 
Mrs. George H. Day, and Dr. and Mrs. P. H. Ingalls, as es- 
pecially invited guests of the society, made a formal presenta- 
tion of the exhibit of literature, and gave a short sketch of its 
collection, to which a very graceful and appreciative speech 
of acceptance was made by the president of the society, the 
Hon. John "W. Stedman. 



CHAPTEE XIX. 
THE HAKEIET BEECHEK STOWE COLLECTIOIsr. 

Since we were so fortunate as to be able to claim for our 
own State the writer of the most marvelous work ever written 
bj a woman, we naturally gave Mrs. Stowe's AYorks and Uncle 
Tom's Cabin the most prominent place in our exhibit of litera- 
ture. 

Securing permission to place a cabinet in tbe Library of 
tlie "Woman's Building, we selected one of mahogany, 
elliptical in shape, with glass upon every side, and glass shelves, 
the whole about five feet in height. A description of the con- 
tents reads as follows: 

" Contents of the cabinet devoted to the rare and valuable 
loan collection from Harriet Beecher Stowe — a copy of the 
first edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin in two volumes as originally 
bound and printed, very rare; a copy of the key to Uncle 
Tom's Cabin, also rare; the latest reprint of Uncle Tom by 
Houghton, Mfflin & Co., and a complete set of Mrs. Stowe's 
works, in twenty volumes, a special edition bound in calf 
for exhibition in the library of the Woman's Building. 
Also forty-two (42) translations of Uncle Tom's Cabin, nearly 
all of which were presentation copies to Mrs. Stowe. Among 
the rarest of these is one in Armenian, one in Welsh with illus- 
trations by George Cruikshank, one in Dutch, one in Italian, 
printed by the Armenian priests on the Island of St. Lazarus, 
and a penny edition brought out in English. 

A copy of an early portrait of Mrs. Stowe and a fac- 
simile of her introduction to her son's biography of her were 
also loaned, as well as an autogTaph letter announcing the 
printing of two different editions of Uncle Tom's Cabin in the 
Island of Java. 

A beautiful silver inkstand, a testimonial to Mrs. Stowe 
from her English admirers in 1853, the year following the 

(293) 



294 COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

publication of Uncle Tom's Cabin, Tras also exhibited. The 
design of the inkstand represents two slaves freed from their 
shackles. It is ten inches in height, eighteen inches wide, 
and twenty-eight in length. 

The collection could not have been duplicated in the 
world. It was loaned with her permission bv !Mrs. Stowe's 
children as a part of the exhibit. 

In the beginning the decision of the "Woman's Board of 
National Commissioners was to arrange the exhibit of litera- 
ture in the Library of the Woman's Building in a general 
classification according to subjects, rather than in collections 
from various States and countries. The exception, however, 
in favor of the exhibition of Mrs. Stowe's chief work and its 
various translations, gave Connecticut an opportunity to bring 
directly to the attention of the public the most unusual col- 
lection any country could claim. Of great interest, since 
it also represented woman's genius, was the marble bust 
of ]\Irs. Stowe modeled by Miss Anne Whitney of Boston, 
which stood on its pedestal close beside the cabinet of books, 
adding value and charm to the exhibit of literature, embody- 
ing as it did, most impressively, the love and reverent admira- 
tion of the women of her native State, by whose indi^udual 
contributions it was made possible. Although it formed no 
part of the work of the State Board, except as they were given 
the privilege of contributing toward it. Most generously, the 
special committee having its final disposition in charge gave 
us the opportunity to present it also with our exhibit of litera- 
ture to the State Historical Society — an offer we felt obliged 
to decline with grateful thanks, feeling that- the women who 
had worked so zealously for so delightful and valuable a re- 
sult should be associated with it in the permanent records of 
the society. 

The following resolution offered at the final meeting by 
Miss H. E. Brainerd of the committee on literature gave 
formal expression to the imanimous thanks of the Woman's 
Board: 




BUST OF HARRIET BEECHER ST(3WE. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 295 

To Mrs. Harriet Beeclier Stowe and Family: 

The Connecticut Board of Lady Managers for the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition is desirous of showing in some degree its apprecia- 
tion of your courtesy in loaning for exhibition at the Chicago Exposi- 
tion the valuable and unique collection of your works. 

The members of the Board herewith present assurances of their 
unqualified appreciation, with heartfelt thanks, and the hope that 
every possible blessing may be yours. 



In order to give a more perfect picture of Mrs. Stowe's 
unique place in literature, as illustrated in tlie publication of 
" Uncle Tom's Cabin/' we have received the generous per- 
mission of ber publishers, Messrs. Hougbton & Mifflin, to re- 
print some extracts from tbeir plates. From tbe wonderfully 
interesting introduction to one of tbe later editions of " Uncle 
Tom's Cabin " we quote certain letters received by Mrs. Stowe 
from distinguisbecl persons giving tbeir estimate of ber work. 
We are also allowed to use tbe bibliograpbical account of 
" Uncle Tom's Cabin " contained in tbe same volume, wbicb, 
witb tbe list furnisbed us twenty years later by tbe Britisb 
Museum also included, gives tbe fullest information ever 
brougbt togetber on tbis subject. Tbe editions starred are 
tbose tbat were at tbe World's Fair. 

[Tbe following eigbt pages, preceding tbe bibliogTapbical 
account, are an abstract from tbe introduction referred to.] 



The Alba^^y, Loxdon, May 20, 1852. 

Madam: — I sincerely thank you for the volumes which you have 
done me the honor to send me. I have read them — I cannot say with 
pleasure; for no work on such a subject can give pleasure, but with 
high respect for the talents and for the benevolence of the writer. 
I have the honor to be, madam. 

Your most faithful servant, 

T. B. Macaulay. 



In October of 1856 Macaulay wrote to Mrs. Stowe: — 

" I have just returned from Italy, where your fame seems to throw 
that of all other writers into the shade. There is no place where 
* Uncle Tom ' (transformed into ' II Zio Tom ') is not to be found. 



296 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD S FAIR. 

Soon after Macaulay's letter came to her, Mrs. Stowe began 
to receive letters from other distinguished persons, expressing 
41 far warmer sympathy with the spirit and motive of her work. 

From Eev. Charles Kingsley: 

EvEESLEY, August 12, 1852. 

My Dear Madam: — Illness and anxiety have prevented my ac- 
Tinowledging long ere this your kind letter and your book, which, if 
success be a pleasure to you, has a success in England which few 
novels, and certainly no American book whatsoever, ever had. 
I cannot tell you how pleased I am to see coming from across the 
Atlantic a really healthy indigenous growth, "autochthones," free 
from all second and third-hand Germanisms and Italianisms, and 
all other unrealisms. 

Your book will do more to take away the reproach from your 
great and growing nation than many platform agitations and 
speechifyings. 

Here there is but one opinion about it. Lord Carlisle (late Mor- 
peth) assured me that he believed the book, independent of its 
artistic merit (of which hereafter), calculated to produce immense 
good, and he can speak better concerning it that I can, for I pay 
you a compliment in saying that I have actually not read it through. 
It is too painful, — I cannot bear the sight of misery and wrong 
that I can do nothing to alleviate. But I will read it through and re- 
read it in due time, though when I have done so, I shall have noth- 
ing more to say than what every one says now, that it is perfect. 

I cannot resist transcribing a few lines which I received this 
morning from an excellent critic: " To my mind it is the greatest 
novel ever written, and though it will seem strange, it reminded me 
in a lower sphere more of Shakespeare than anything modern I have 
ever read; not in the style, nor in the humor, nor in the pathos,— 
though Eva set me a crying worse than Cordelia did at sixteen, — 
but in the many-sidedness, and, above all, in that marvelous 
clearness of insight and outsight, which makes it seemingly im- 
possible for her to see any one of her characters without showing 
him or her at once as a distinct man or woman different from all 
others." 

I have a debt of personal thanks to you for the book, also, from 
a most noble and great woman, my own mother, a West-Indian, who 
in great sickness and sadness read your book with delighted tears. 
What struck her was the way in which you, first of all writers, she 
said, had dived down into the depths of the negro heart, and brought 
out his common humanity without losing hold for a moment of his 
race peculiarities. But I must really praise you no more to your face, 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 297 

lest I become rude and fulsome. May God bless and prosper you, 
and all you write, is the earnest prayer, and, if you go on as you 
have begun, the assured hope, of your faithful and obliged servant, 

Charles Kingsley. 

Sampson Low, who afterwards became Mrs. Stowe's Eng- 
lish publisher, thus records its success in England : 

" From April to December, 1852, twelve different editions (not 
reissues) at one shilling were published, and within the twelve 
months of its first appearance no less than eighteen different houses 
in London were engaged in supplying the demand that had set in. 
The total number of editions was forty, varying from the fine illus- 
trated edition of 15^. to the cheap popular one at Qd. 

" After carefully analyzing these editions and weighing proba- 
bilities with ascertained facts, I am able pretty confidently to say 
that the aggregate number circulated in Great Britain and her 
colonies exceeded one million and a half." 

From Erederika Bremer: 

Stockholm, January 4, 1853. 

My Dearest Lady: — How shall I thank you for your most 
precious, most delightful gift? Could I have taken your hand many 
a time, while I was reading your work, and laid it on my beating 
heart, you woiild have known the joy, the happiness, the exultation, 
it made me experience! It w^as the work I had long wished for, that 
I had anticipated, that I wished while in America to have been able 
to write, that I thought must come in America as the uprising of 
the woman's and mother's heart on the question of slavery. I 
wondered that it had not come earlier. I wondered that the woman, 
the mother, could look at these things and be silent, — that no cry of 
noble indignation and anger would escape her breast, and rend the 
air, and pierce to the ear of humanity. I wondered, and, God be 
praised! it has come. The w^oman, the mother, has raised her voice 
out of the very soil of the new^ world in behalf of the wronged ones, 
and her voice vibrates still through two great continents, opening 
all hearts and minds to the light of truth. 

How happy you are to have been able to do it so well, to have 
been able to win all hearts while you so daringly proclaimed strong 
and bitter truths, to charm while you instructed, to amuse while 
you defended the cause of the little ones, to touch the heart with the 
softest sorrow while you aroused all our boldest energies against 
the powers of despotism. 

In Sweden your work has been translated and published, as 
feuilleton in our largest daily paper, and has been read, enjoyed, 
and praised by men and women of all parties as I think no book 
20 



298 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

here has been enjoyed and praised before. ... I look upon you 
as the heroine who has won the battle. I think it is won! I have 
a deep unwavering faith in the strong humanity of the American 
mind. It will ever work to throw out whatever is at war with that 
humanity, and to make it fully alive nothing is needed but a truly 
strong appeal of heart to heart, and that has been done in *' Uncle 
Tom." 

You have done it, dear, blessed, happy lady. Receive in these poor 
words my congratulations, my expressions of love and joy, my 
womanly pride in you as my sister in faith and love. God bless you 
forever! 

Feedekika Bremer. 

The autlior also received letters from France, announcing 
tlie entlinsiastic reception of her work there. 

Madam L. S. Belloc, a well-known and distinguished 
writer, the translator of Miss Edgeworth's and of other Eng- 
lish works into French, says : 

" When the first translation of ' Uncle Tom ' was published in 
Paris there was a general hallelujah for the author and for the cause. 
A few weeks after, M. Charpentier, one of our best publishers, called 
on me to ask a new translation. I objected that there were already 
so many that it might prove a failure. He insisted, saying, ' U n'y 
aura jamais assez de lecteurs pour un tel livre,' and he particularly 
desired a special translation for his own collection. Bibliotheque 
Charpentier,' where it is catalogued, and where it continues now 
to sell daily. ' La Case de I'Oncle Tom ' was the fifth, if I recollect 
rightly, and a sixth illustrated edition appeared some months after. 
It was read by high and low, by grown persons and children. A 
great enthusiasm for the anti-slavery cause was the result. The 
popularity of the work in France was immense, and no doubt in- 
fluenced the public mind in favor of the North during the war of 
secession." 

The next step in the history of " Uncle Tom " was a meet- 
ing at Stafford House, when Lord Shaftesbury recommended 
to the women of England the sending of an " affectionate and 
Christian address to the women of America." 

This address, composed by Lord Shaftesbury, was taken in 
hand for signatures by energetic canvassers in all parts of Eng- 
land, and also among resident English on the Continent. The 
demand for sifinriatures went as far forth as the city of Jerusa- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 299 

lem. When all tlie signatures were collected, the document 
was forwarded to the care of Mrs. Stowe in America, with a 
letter from Lord Carlisle, recommending it to her, to be pre- 
sented to the ladies of America in such way as she should see 
fit. 

It was exhibited first at the Boston Anti-slavery fair, and 
now remains in its solid oak case, a lasting monument of the 
feeling called forth by " Uncle Tom's Cabin." 

It is in twenty-six thick folio Tolumes, solidly bound in 
morocco, with the American eagle on the back of each. On 
the first page of the first volume is the address, beautifully 
illuminated on vellum, and following are the subscribers' 
names, filling the volumes. There are 562,448 names of 
women of every rank of life, from the nearest in rank to the 
throne of England to the wives and daughters of the humblest 
artisan laborer. 

It was a year after the publication of " Uncle Tom " that 
Mrs. Stowe visited England, and was received at Stafford 
House, there meeting all the best known and best worth know- 
ing of the higher circles of England. 

The Duchess of Sutherland, then in the height of that 
majestic beauty and that noble grace of manner which made 
her a fit representative of English womanhood, took pleasure 
in showing by this demonstration the sympathy of the better 
class of England with that small unpopular party in the United 
States who stood for the rights of the slave. 

On this oc-casion she presented Mrs. Stowe with a solid gold 
bracelet made in the form of a slave's shackle, with the words, 
" We trust it is a memorial of a chain that is soon to be broken." 
On two of the links were inscribed the date of the abolition of 
the slave-trade, March 25, 1807, and of slavery in English terri- 
tory, August 1, 1834. On another link was recorded the num- 
ber of signatures to the address of the women of England. 

^ At the time such a speech and the hope it expressed seemed 
like a Utopian dream. Yet that bracelet has now inscribed 
upon its other links the steps of American emancipation: 



300 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

^^Emancipation in District of Columbia, April 16, 1862"; 
" President's proclamation abolishing slavery in rebel states, 
January 1, 1863''; "Maryland free, October 13, 1864"; 
" Missouri free, January 11, 1865." " Constitutional amend- 
ment " (forever abolishing slavery in the United States) is in- 
scribed on the clasp of the bracelet. Thus what seemed the 
vaguest and most sentimental possibility has become a fact of 
history. 

" Uncle Tom's Cabin," in the fervor which conceived it, 
in the feeling which it inspired through the world, was only 
one of a line of ripples marking the commencement of mighty 
rapids, moving by forces which no human power could stay 
to an irresistible termination, — towards human freedom. 

'Now the war is over, slavery is a thing of the past; slave- 
pens, blood-hounds, slave-whips, and slave-coffles are only bad 
dreams of the night ; and now the humane reader can afford to 
read " Uncle Tom's Cabin " without an expenditure of torture 
and tears. 

In a letter from Miss Florence Mghtingale, October 26, 

1856, she says: 

*' I hope it may be some pleasure to you, dear madam, to hear 
that ' Uncle Tom ' was read by the sick and suffering in our Eastern 
Military Hospitals with intense interest. The interest in that book 
raised many a sufferer who, while he had not a grumble to bestow 
upon his own misfortunes, had many a thought of sorrow and just 
indignation for those which you brought before him. It is from the 
knowledge of such evils so brought home to so many honest hearts 
that they feel as well as know them, that we confidently look to 
their removal in God's good time." 

From the Armenian Convent in the Lagoon of Venice 
came a most beautiful Armenian translation of " Uncle Tom," 
with a letter from the principal translator. 

Eev. Mr. Dwight thus wrote to Professor Stowe from Con- 
stantinople, September 8, 1855: 

" ' Uncle Tom's Cabin ' in the Armenian language! Who would 
have thought it? I do not suppose your good wife, when she wrote 
that book, thought that she was going to missionate it among the 




y/v^7^<3^^^^.^^ 



! CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 301 

sons of Haig in all their dispersions, following them along the banks 
of the Euphrates, sitting down with them in their towns and villages 
under the shade of hoary Ararat, traveling with them in their 
wanderings even in India and China. But I have it in my hands! 
in the Armenian of the present day, the same language in which I 
speak and think and dream. Now do not suppose this is any of my 
work, or that of any missionary in the field. The translation has 
been made and book printed at Venice by a fraternity of Catholic 
Armenian Monks perched there on the Island of St. Lazarus. It is 
in two volumes, neatly printed and with plates, I think translated 
from the French. It has not been in any respect materially altered, 
and when it is so, not on account of religious sentiment. The ac- 
count of the negro prayer and exhortation meetings is^given in full, 
though the translator, not knowing what we mean by people's be- 
coming Christians, took pains to insert at the bottom of the page that 
at these meetings of the negroes great effects were sometimes pro- 
duced by the warm-hearted exhortations and prayers, and it often 
happened that heathen negroes embraced Christianity on the spot. 

" One of your former scholars is now in my house, studying 
Armenian, and the book which I advised him to take as the best 
for the language is this ' Uncle Tom's Cabin.' " 

Wateeley in Belmont, October 26, 1860. 
Mrs. H. B. Stowe, 

Dear Madam: — I will not make any apology for the liberty 
which I take of writing to you, although I cannot claim any personal 
acquaintance. At any rate, I think you will excuse me. The facts 
which I wish to communicate will, I doubt not, be of sufficient 
interest to justify me. 

It was my privilege, for such I shall esteem it on many accounts, 
to receive into my family and have under my especial care the young 
Brahmin whose recent visit to this country you must be acquainted 
with. I mean Joguth Chunder Gangooly, the first and only individual 
of his caste who has visited this country. Being highly intelligent 
and familiar with the tocial and intellectual character of the Hindoos 
of his native land, he gave me much information for which, in my 
scanty knowledge of that country, I was unprepared. Among other 
things he assured me that "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was a book as 
well known and as much read in Bengal among his own people as 
here in America, that it had been translated into their language, 
and been made a household book. He himself showed a familiar 
acquaintance with its contents, and assured me that it had done 
not a little to deepen the loathing of slavery in the minds of the 
Hindoos, and also to qualify their opinion of our country. 

The facts which he gave me I believe to be substantially true, 
and deemed them such as would have an interest for the author of 
the book in question. Though I grieve for the wrong and shame 
which disgraces my country, I take a laudable pride in those pro- 



302 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

ductions of the true-hearted that appeal to the sympathies of all 
nations, and find a ready response in the heart of humanity. 

With high respect, yours truly, 

James Thukston. 

From Mrs. Leonowens, formerly English governess in tlie 
family of tlie King of Siam: 

48 Ikglis Stkeet, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 

October 15, 1878. 
Mes. H. B. Stowe. 

Dear Madam: — The following is the fact, the result of the trans- 
lation of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " into the Siamese language, by my 
friend, Sonn Klean, a lady of high i-ank at the court of Siam. I en- 
close it to you here, as related in one of my books. 

" Among the ladies of the harem I knew one woman who, more 
than all the rest, helped to enrich my life, and to render fairer and 
more beautiful every lovely woinan I have since chanced to meet. 
Her name translated itself, and no other name could have been more 
appropriate, into ' Hidden Perfume,' Her dark eyes were clearer 
and calmer, her full lips had a stronger expression of tenderness 
about them, and her brow, which was at times smooth and open, 
and at others contracted with pain, grew nobler and more beautiful 
as through her studies in English the purposes of her life strength- 
ened and grew deeper and broader each day. Our daily lessons and 
translations from English into Siamese had become a part of her 
happiest hours. The first" book we translated was * Uncle Tom's 
Cabin,' and it soon became her favorite book. She would read it 
over and over again, though she knew all the characters by heart, 
and spoke of them as if she had known them all her life. On the 
Sd of January, 1867, she voluntarily liberated all her slaves, men, 
women, and children, one hundred and thirty in all, saying, ' I am 
wishful to be good like Harriet Beecher Stowe, and never again 
to buy human bodies, but only to let them go free once more.' 
Thenceforth, to express her entire sympathy and affection for the 
author of ' Uncle Tom's Cabin,' she always signed herself HaiTiet 
Beecher Stowe, and her sweet voice trembled with love and music 
whenever she spoke of the lovely American lady who had taught 
her as even Buddha had taught kings, to respect the rights of her 
fellow-creatures." 

I remain yours very truly, 

A. H. Leonowens. 

The distinctively religions influence of "Uncle Tom's 
Cabin '' has been not the least remarkable of the features of its 
history. 

Among other testimonials in the possession of the writer 
i? a Bible presented by an association of workingmen in Eng- 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 303 

Jand on tlie occasion of a lecture delivered to them on " Uncle 
Tonij as an Illustration of Christianity." 

The Christianity represented in the book was so far essen- 
tial and unsectarian, that alike in the Protestant, Catholic, and 
Greek church it has found sympathetic readers. 

It has, indeed, been reported that " Uncle Tom's Cabin " 
has been placed in the Index of the Roman Catholic Church, 
but of this there may be a doubt, as when the author was in 
Rome she saw it in the hands of the common people, and no 
less in those of some of the highest officials in the Vatican, 
and heard from them in conversation expressions of warm 
sympathy with the purport of the work. 

In France it was the testimony of colporteurs that the en- 
thusiasm for the work awakened a demand for the Bible of 
Uncle Tom, and led to a sale of the Scriptures. 

The accomplished translator of M. Charpentier's edition 
said to the author that, by the researches necessary to translate 
correctly the numerous citations of Scripture in the work, she 
had been led to a most intimate knowledge of the sacred writ- 
ings in French. 

The witty scholar and litterateur, Heinrich Heine, speak- 
ing of his return to the Bible and its sources of consolation in 
the last years of his life, uses this language: 

« rpjjg reaM'-akening of my religious feelings I owe to that holy- 
book the Bible. Astonishing! that after I have whirled about all 
my life over all the dance-floors of philosophy, and yielded myself 
to all the orgies of the intellect, and paid my addresses to all possible 
systems, without satisfaction, like Messalina after a licentious night, 
I now find myself on the same standpoint where poor Uncle Tom 
stands, — on that of the Bible. I kneel down by my black brother 
in the same prayer! What a humiliation! With all my science I 
have come no farther than the poor ignorant negro who has scarce 
learned to spell. Poor Tom, indeed, seems to have seen deeper 
things in the holy book than I. . . . Tom, perhaps, understands 
them better than I, because more flogging occurs in them, — that is, 
to say, those ceaseless blows of the whip which have aesthetically 
disgusted me in reading the Gospels and Acts. But a poor negro slave 
reads with his back, and understands better than we do. But I, who 
used to make citations from Homer, jiow begin to quote the Bible 
as Uncle Tom does." — TermisGMe Snhriften, p. 77. 



304 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

BIBLIOGKAPHICAL ACCOUis^T OF U^tCLE 
TOM'S CABK. 

[This account was first published in the edition of the 
book for which Mrs. Stowe's Introduction was written, in 1878. 
Later researches have brought to light further titles, and these 
additions are indicated by being inclosed in brackets [ ] . The 
opportunity has also been taken to revise and correct the 
original list.] 

British Museum, September 14, 1878. 

Deak Sirs, — I well remember the interest which the late 
Mr. Thomas Watts took in the story of '' Uncle Tom's Cabin," 
from the moment that he had read it. Mr. Watts, besides 
being an accomplished philologist and one of the gTeatest lin- 
guists that ever lived, never neglected the current literature of 
his time, including the novels and romances of his own coun- 
try and America. Scott and Dickens, Washington Irving and 
Fenimore Cooper charmed him more than the dull books 
which great scholars are commonly supposed to be always read- 
ing. In Mrs. Beecher Stowe's work he admired not only the 
powerful descriptions of life in the Slave States, the strokes of 
character, the humor and the pathos, but above all he was im- 
pressed with the deep earnestness of purpose in the wiiter, and 
used to express it as his opinion that it was a work destined 
to prove a most powerful agent in the uprooting of slavery in 
America. 'No one in this country was better acquainted than 
Mr. Watts with the politics of the United States; and in the 
war which eventually ensued on the subject of slavery, between 
the ISTorthern and Southern States, he v/as always a consistent 
supporter of the policy of President Lincoln. 

Of the reasons which induced him to prevail upon Mr. (now 
Sir Anthony) Panizzi to make a collection for the library of 
the British Museum of the different translations of " Laicle 
Tom's Cabin," the extracts given from his letter to Professor 
Stowe, are a sufficient explanation. 

At your desire I have the pleasure to f or^vard to you, as a 
supplement to Mr. Watts's letter, the accompanying list of 
editions and translations of '^ Uncle Town's Cabin," contained in 
the Library of the British Museum, as well as of others which 
have not yet been obtained. Of the latter there is a Seiwian 
translation which has been ordered but not yet received. 

When this shall have been added, the various languages 
into which " Uncle Tom's Cabin " has been translated will be 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 305 

exactly twenty in number, — a copy of each being in tlie 
British Museum. These several languages, in alphabetical 
order, are as follows: ^dz., Armenian, Bohemian, Danish, 
Dutch, Finnish, Flemish (only a modification of Dutch, but 
often treated as a distinct language), French, German, Hunga- 
rian or Magyar, Illyrian (by Mr. Watts called Wendish), 
Polish, Portuguese, Romaic or Modern Greek, Russian, 
Servian, Spanish, Swedish, Wallachian, "Welsh. 

There may still be translations in other languages, of which 
sure intelligence has not yet been obtained. 

In spme of the languages mentioned, as, for instance, in 
French and German, there are several distinct versions. A 
summary of these is given at the end of the general Biblio- 
graphical List herewith appended. 

I remain, dear sirs. 

Yours very truly, 

George Bulled. 
Messrs. Hottghtois', Osgood & Co. 

The letter of Mr. Watts to which Mr. BuUen refers, was 
addressed to Professor Stowe about 1860, and is as follows: — 
Extract from a Letter from the late Thomas Watts, Esq., Li- 

hrarian of the British Museum, to Professor Stowe. 

Dear Sirs, — It is certainly one of the most striking 
features of the popularity of " Uncle Tom's Cabin '' that it has 
been translated into so many languages, and among them into 
so many obscure ones, languages which it has been so hard for 
popularity to penetrate. Even the masterpieces of Scott and 
Dickens have never been translated into Welsh, while this 
American novel has forced its way, in various shapes, into the 
languages of the ancient Britons. 

There is a complete and excellent translation by Hugh Wil- 
liams, there is an abridged one by W. Williams, and there is a 
strange incorporation of it, almost entire, into the body of a tale 
by Rev. William Rees called " Aelwyd F' Ewythr Robert " (or 
"Uncle Robert's Hearth.") 

In the east of Europe it has found as much acceptance as in 
the west. The " Edinburgh Review " mentioned some time 
ago that there was one into Magyar. There are, in fact, three 
in that language, — one by Tringi, one by Tarbar, and one 
(probably an abridged one) for the use of children. There 
are two translations into the Illyrian, and two into the Wal- 



306 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

lachian. There is one Polish translation, and an adaptation 
hj ]\Iiss Arabella Palmer into Pussian. A full translation 
into Russian appears to have been forbidden till lately, lest it 
might get into circulation among the serfs, among whom it 
might prove as hazardous to introduce it as the Portuguese ver- 
sion published in Paris among the slaves of Brazil. 

Of course the book exists also in Danish, Swedish, and 
Dutch, (one Dutch edition being published in the island of 
Batavia.) In the great literary languages of the Continent 
the circulation has been immense. In the " Bibli'ographie de 
la Prance," at least four versions are mentioned which have run 
through various editions, and in the Leipsic Catalogue for 
1852 and 1853, the distinct German versions enumerated 
amounted to no less than thirteen. 

In the Asiatic lauguages the only version I have yet seen is 
the Armenian. Copies of all these versions have been pro- 
cured or ordered for the British Museum. 

It is customary in all great libraries to make a collection of 
versions of the Scriptures in various languages and dialects, to 
serve, among other purposes, for those of philological study. I 
suggested to Mr. Panizzi, then at the head of the printed book 
department, that in this point of view it would be of consider- 
able interest to collect the versions of " Uncle Tom." 

The translation of the same text by thirteen different trans- 
lators at precisely the same epoch of a language is a circum- 
stance perhaps altogether unprecedented, and it is one not 
likely to recur, as the tendency of modern alterations in the 
law of copyright is to place restrictions on the liberty of trans- 
lators. The possession, too, of such a book as "Uncle Tom's 
Cabin " is very different from that of such books as "Thomas 
a Kempis," in the information it affords to the student of a 
language. There is every variety of style, from that of ani- 
mated narration and passionate wailing to that of the most 
familiar dialogue, and dialogue not only in the language of the 
upper classes but of the lowest. 

The student who has once mastered " Uncle Tom " in 
Welsh or Wallachian is not likely to meet any further diffi(?ul- 
ties in his progress through Welsh or Wallachian prose. 
These considerations,, united to those of another character, 
which had previously led to the collection by the Museum of 
translations of the plavs of Shakespeare, the Antiquary, the 
Pickwick Club, etc., led to the adoption of my views, and many 
of these versions have already found their wav to the shelves of 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. gQT 

tlie Museum^ while otliers are on their way. When all are as- 
sembled the notes and prefaces of different translators would 
fiTvnish ample material for an instructive article in a 
review. 

Yours very truly, 

Tho]mas AVatts. 

The following is a list of the various editions and trans- 
lations of " Uncle Tom's Cabin/' contained in the library of the 
British Museum : — 

I. Complete Texts and abridgments, extracts, and adapt a- 

tionSj versified or dramatized, of the original English. 

II. Translations, in alphabetical order, of the languages, 
twenty in number, viz.: Armenian, Bohemian, Danish, 
Dutch, Finnish, Flemish, French, German, Hungarian 
or Magyar, lUyrian, Italian, Polish, Portuguese, Romaic 
or Modern Greek, Russian, Spanish, Servian, Swedish, 
AYallachian, Welsh.* 

In these are also comprised abridgments, extracts, and adap- 
tations. 

III. Appendix. Containing a list of the various works re- 
lating to "Uncle Tom's Cabin; " also critical notices of 
the work, whether separately published or contained in 
reviews, magazines, newspapers, etc. 

I. ORIGINAL ENGLISH. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . One hundred 
and tenth thousand. 2 vols. 

Jolm P. Jewett & Go. Boston, TJ. S. 1852. 12° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . With intro- 
ductory remarks by J. Sherman. 

H. G. Bohn. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
T. Bosworth (Aug. 14th). London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . With a Preface 
by the Author, written expressly for this edition. 

T. Bosworth (Oct. 13th). London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . With twenty-seven Illustrations on wood 
by G. Cruikshank, Esq. 

J. Gassell. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin. With a new Preface by H. B. Stowe. 

Clarke & Go. London. [1852.] 8° 



* This list of translations is omitted as the more recent catalogue obtained for this 
Report through the courtesy of the oflScers of the British jNIuseum contains the latest 
•editions and is therefore a little fuller than that printed by Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1893. 



1 



308 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The People's Illustrated Edition. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro 
Life in the Slave States of America. With 50 Engravings. 

ClarJc3 & Go. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
[With a Preface signed G.] 

Clarke (^ Go. London. 18^.2. 12= 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
Third edition. [With a Preface by G.] 

Clarice d Go. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
(The seventh thousand of this edition.) 

G. H. Clarke & Go. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America 
. . . reprinted . . . from the tenth American edition. 

Clarke do Co. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin, " the Story of the Age." 

J. amert. London. 1852. 18° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin: a Tale of Life among the Lowly; or. Pictures of 
Slavery in the United States of America. Third edition. Embel- 
lished with eight spirited Engravings. 

IngraJiam, Cooke & Co. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, the History of a Christian Slave. With an 
Introduction by E. Burritt. With 16 Illustrations, etc. 

Patridge & Ookey. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, the History of a Christian Slave . . . With 
[an Introduction and] twelve Illustrations on Wood, designed 
by Anelay. 

Patridge & Oakey. London. 1852. 8° 
Another edition. Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, the History of a Christian 
Slave. With an Introduction [and Illustration by H. Anelay]. 
Patridge & Oakey (Sept. 18th). London. [1852.] 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
With eight Engravings. [With a Preface signed G.] 

Routledge & Co. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 
Third edition. With forty Illustrations. 

Routledge d Co. and Clarke d Co. London. 1852. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly. With introductory 
remarks by J. Sherman. 

J. SnoiD. London. 1852. 8° 

Second edition. Complete for seven pence. Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . 
Reprinted verbatim from the American edition. Fiftieth thou- 
sand. 

C. Tickers. London. [1852.] 4° 

Uncle Tom's Cabin. Tauclinitz, Leipzig. 1852. 16°. Being part of 

the Collection of " British Authors." Vol. 243, 44. 
Cassell's edition of Uncle Tom's Cabin [by H. E. B. S.]. 

Londofi. 1852. 12" 

Uncle Tom's Cabin. London. 1852. 8° Forming Vol. 84 of the 

" Parlour Library." 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in the Slave States of America. 

London. 1852. 8°. Being No. 121 of the " Standard Novels." 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly. New illustrated 

edition. 

Ada7n d Charles Black. Edinhurg. 1853. 8° 



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CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 309 

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Negro Life in Slave States of America. 

Clarke, Beeton & Go. London. [1853]. 16° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly . . . With above 
one hundred and fifty illustrations. 

1^. CooJce. London. 1853. 8° 

Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly. Illustrated edition. 
Designs by Billings, etc. 

S. Loiv, Son & Co. London. 1853. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Slave Life in America. [With a Biographi- 
cal Sketch of Mrs. H. E. B. Stowe.] 

T. Nelson & Sons. London, Edinlurgli, printed 1853. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin: a Tale of Life among the Lowly. With a Pre- 
face by the . . . Earl of Carlisle. 

G. Routledge & Go. London, 1853. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin. Adapted for young persons by Mrs Crowe. 
With 8 lUusti-ations. 

G. Routledge d Go. London. 1853. 8" 
Uncle Tom's Cabin: a Tale of Slave Life, etc. 

Forming part of tlie " Universal Library. Fiction, Vol, I. 

London, 1853. 8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . Standard illustrated edition. 

London, Ipsivich [printed 1857]. 12° 

One of a series called the " Eun and Eead Library." 

Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . With a Preface by . . . the Earl of 
Carlisle. A new edition. 

Routledge & Sons. London, [1864.] *8° 
Uncle Tom's Cabin . . . Standard illustrated edition. London. 

1870. 8.° Forming part of the "Lily Series." 
All about Little Eva, from Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

London. 1853. 12° 
All about Poor Little Topsy, from Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

London. 1853. 12° 
A Peep into Uncle Tom's Cabin. By " Aunt Mary " [i. e. Miss Low]. 
With an address from Mrs. H. B. Stowe to the Children of Eng- 
land and America. 
S. Low d Son. London. (Jewett & Co., Boston, U. S.) 1853. 8° 

A selection of passages from Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

Pictures and Stories from Uncle Tom's Cabin (designed to adapt Mrs. 
Stowe' s narrative to the understanding of the youngest readers). 

Edinhnrgh. 1853. 4° 
The Juvenile Uncle Tom's Cabin. Arranged for young readers. By 
Mrs. Crowe. 

Routledge & Co. London. 1853. 12° 

An abridgment. With four Illustrations. 

Uncle Tom's Cabin for Children. By Mrs. Crowe. 

Routledge & Sons. London. 1868. 12° 

This is another edition of the preceding abridgment. With two Illustrations. 

XFncle Tom's Cabin. A drama of real life. In three Acts [and in 
prose]. Adapted from Mrs. Beecher Stowe's celebrated Novel. 

London. 1854. 12° 

Contained in Vol. XII. of " Lacy's acting edition of Plays." 

TJncle Tom's Cabin. A drama in six Acts, by G. L. Aiken. 

Neio York. 1868. 12° 

Contained in "French's Standard Drama." 



310 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

III. APPENDIX. 

The Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; presenting the original facts and 
documents upon which the story is founded. Together with cor- 
roborative Statements, verifying the truth of the Work. By 
Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe. 
Clarke, Beeton & Co.; and Thomas BoswortJi. London. [1853.] 8° 

A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. Tauclinitz, Leipzig. 1853. 16* 

Forming Vols. 266-67 of the " Collection of British Authors." 

A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin. Second Edition. 

Sampson Low, Son & Co. London. 1853. 8° 

La Clef de la Case de I'Oncle Tom. Avec les pieces justificatives. 
Ouvrage traduit par Old Nick \jfseud. i. e. Paul Emile Dauran 
Forgues] & A. Joanne. 

Paris. 1853. 8" 
La Clef de la Case de I'Oncle Tom. 

Paris. 1857. 

This is another copy of the preceding, with a new title-page and a different date. 

Schlussel zu Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Enthaltend die ursprtinglichen 
Thatsachen und Documente, die dieser Geschichte zu Grunde 
liegen. Zweite Auflage. 

Leipzig. 1853. 8** 

Forming Bnd. 5 and 7 of the "Neue Volks-Bibliothek, herausgegeben von A. Schrader.'' 

La Slave de la Cabaiia del Tio Tom. Traducida de la ultima edicion 
por G. A. Larrosa. 

Madrid, Barcalona [printed], 1855. 8° 

Reviews and Notices of " Uncle Tom's Cabin," separately pub- 
lished; ALPHABETICALLY AEEANGED UNDER THE AUTHORS' 

Names. 

Adams (F. Colburn). Uncle Tom at Home. A review of the re- 
viewers and repudiators of Uncle Tom's Cabin, by Mrs. Stowe. 

Philadelphia. 1853. 12° 
Another Edition. London. [1853.] 12° 

Brimblecomb (Nicholas) pseud. Uncle Tom's Cabin in Ruins. 
Triumphant defense of Slavery: in a series of Letters to H. B. 
Stowe. 

Boston, U. S. 1853. 8° 
Clare (Edward). The Spirit and Philosophy of Uncle Tom's Cabin. 

London. 1853. 12° 
Criswell (R.). Uncle Tom's Cabin contrasted with " Buckingham 
Hall, the Planter's Home; " or, a fair view of both sides of the 
Slavery Question. 

New York. 1853. 12° 

Denman (Thomas) Baron Denman. " Uncle Tom's Cabin." " Bleak 
House," Slavery and Slave Trade. Seven articles by Lord Den- 
man, reprinted from the " Standard." With an article contain- 
ing facts connected with Slavery, by Sir G. Stephen, reprinted 
from the " Northampton Mercury." 

London. 1853. 12° 

Second Edition. London. 1853. 12° 

Helps (Sir Arthur). A letter on Uncle Tom's Cabin. By the author 
of " Friends in Council." 

Cambridge, U. S. 1852. 8° 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 322 

Henson (Josiah). " Uncle Tom's Story of his Life." An Autobiog- 
raphy of J. Henson, from 1789 to 1876. With a Preface by Mrs. 
H. B. Stowe, and an introductoiy note by G. Sturge and S. 
Morley. Edited by J. Lobb. [With a Portrait.] Fortieth 
thousand. 

London, 1877. 8° 
Senior (Nassau William). American Slavery: a reprint of an article 
on " Uncle Tom's Cabin," of which a portion was inserted in the 
206th number of the Edinburgh Review; and of Mr. Sumner's 
Speech of the 19th and 20th of May, 1856. With a notice of the 
events which followed that speech. 

London. 1856. 8° 
Published without the author's name. 

Another Edition. London. [1862.] 8° 

Published with the author's name. 
Thompson (George). American Slavery. A lecture delivered in the 
Music Hall, Store St., Dec. 13th, 1852. Proving by unquestion- 
able evidence the correctness of Mrs. Stowe's portraiture of 
American Slavery, in her popular work, " Uncle Tom's Cabin." 

London. 1853. 12° 

Reviews and Notices of "Uncle Tom's Cabin," which have appeared in 
VARIOUS Periodicals in the United Kingdom ; alphabetically arranged. 

Note. — Those in the Welsh language are printed together at the end. 
The "■Athenceum." London. 1852, p. 574. Notice. 
1852, p. 1173. Contrast between " Uncle Tom's Cabin " and the 

works by Hildreth and W. L. G. Smith. 
1859, p. 549. Contrasts the literary merits of " Uncle Tom's 

Cabin " and " The Minister's Wooing." 
1863, p. 78. Notice of the Influence of " Uncle Tom's Cal5in." 
The " Baptist Magazine." London. 1852. Vol. 44. p. 206. Notice. 
The ''Baptist Reporter.'' London. 1852. N. S. Vol. 9, p. 206. Notice. 
" Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine." EdinJjurgli. 1853. Vol. 74. p. 

393. Review of " Uncle Tom's Cabin " and "Key.'.' 
•' The ChHstian Reformer." London. 1853. 3d Series, Vol. 8, p. 472. 

Review. 
The "Christian Witness." London. 1852. 8°. Vol. 9, p. 344. Review. 
" The Critic." London. 1852. fol. p. 293. Notice. 
" DuUin University Magazine." Dublin. Vol. 40, Nov., 1852. 8°. 

Review. 
" The Eclectic Review." London. 1852. 8". N. S. Vol. 4. Notice 

Do. Vol. 7. 1854. Notice. 
" The Edinburgh Review." London. 1855. No. 206. The article 

" American Slavery," written by N. W. Senior, and twice re- 
printed by the author with additions. 
''Eraser's Magazine." London. 1852. 8°. Vol. 46. A critique by 

A. H. 
"The Free Church Magazine." Edinburgh. 1852. 8°. N. S. Vol. 1, 

p. 359. Notice. 
"The General Baptist Repository." London. 1852. 8°. Vol. 31, p. 

339. Notice. 
"The Inquirer." London. 1852. fol. Vol. 2, p. 644. Review. 
" The Literary Gazette." London. 1852. fol. Notice. 
"The Local Preacher's Magazine." London. 1853. 8°. N. S. Vol. 1. 

Notice. 



512 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

^'The Methodist New Connexion Magazine:' London. 1852. 8° 3d 

Series, Vol. 20. Review. 
'' The Mother's Magazine." London. 1852. Review. 

"The North British Review." EdUibiirgh. 1853. 8°. Vol. 18. Re- 
view. 

"The Quarterly Review." London. 1857. Vol. 101. Review of 

" Dred " and *' Uncle Tom's Cabin." 
" Sharpens London Magazine." conducted by Mrs. S. C. Hall. London 

1852, 1853. 8°. N. S. Vol. 1. Review. 

N. S. Vol. 2. Notice, with Miss Bremer's opinion of " Uncle Tom's 
Cabin." 

" The Spectator." London. 1852. 8°. Notice. 

" Taifs Edinburgh Magazine." EdinMrgh. 1852. 8°. 2d Series. 
Notice. 

-" The Westminster Review." London. 1853. 8°. N. S. Vol. 4. Re- 
view. 

Welsh Reviews and Notices. 

"y Cylchgrawn" [The Circulator]. Alertawy. 1853. 8°. Vol. 3. 

Review of Welsh translation. 
"YDiicygiwr" [The Reformer]. Llanelli. 1852. 8°. Vols. 17 and 

18. Notices of Welsh translations. 

"7 Z)j!/.'?/7e(?y(ZcZ" [The Instructor]. Dolgellan. 1853. 8°. Notices of 
Welsh translations. 

"Tr E'urgrawn Wesleyaidd" [The Wesleyan Golden Treasurv]. Llan- 
idloes. 1853. 8°. Vol. 2. Review of Welsh translations. 

"Y Greal" [The Miscellany]. Llangollen. 1853. 8°. Vol. 2. Re- 
view. 

*'Tr Haul" [The Sun]. Llahymddyfri. 18°. Vol. 4. Extracts and 
Reviews. 

"T Traethodydd" [The 'EssELjist]. Dinlych. 1853. 8°. Vol.9. No- 
tice. 

Reviews and Notices in United States Periodicals. 

" The Literary World." New York. 1852. fol. Vol. 10 Review. 

" LittelVs Living Age." Boston. 1852. 8°. Reviews from American 
and English Periodicals. 

" The New Englander." New Haven. 1852. 8°. Vol. 10. Review. 

" The New YorTc Quarterly Review." New Yorlc. 1853. Vol. 1. Re- 
view. 

" The North American Review." Boston. 1853. 8°. Vol. 77. Review. 

" The Vnited States Review." New York. 1853. 8°. Vol. 1. 

A Critique in " Blackwood's Magazine." Article, '-Slavery and Slave Power in the 
United States." The writer speaks of "Uncle Tom"s Cabin" as "A romance without 
the slightest pretension to truth, and the foundation of a wholesale attack on the in- 
stitutions and character of the people of the United States." 

Reviews and Notices in Foreign Periodicals. 

■*' Boekzaal der Geleerde We^^eld." Dutch. Amsterdam. 1853. 12°. 

Review, by " J. J. V. T." 
^' Be Tijd." Dutch. ' SGravenhage, 1853. 8°. Deel 17. Notice, with 

portrait of Mrs. Stowe. 
" Yaderlandsche Letteroefeningen." Dutch. Amsterdam. 1853. 8". 

Review. 
^' De Eendragt." Flemish. Gent. 1853. Jaerzang 7. Review, by 

"R." 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 313 

*' Revue Critique des Livres Nouveaux.'' French. Paris. 1852. 8°. 

Review, by *' H. A. P." 
"Revue Contemporaine.'" French. Paris. 1852. 8°. Tome 4. 

Article, " Les Negres en Amerique," by Philarete Chasles. 
" Revue des Deux Mondes.'' French. Paris. 1852. 8°. 6th series. 

Tom 16. Article, " Le Roman Abolitioniste en Amgrique," by 

fimile Montegut. 
" Blatter fiir Uterarische Unterhaltung." German. Leipzig. 1853. 

4°. Band I. Review, by Rudolf Gottschall. 
" Europa.''' German. Leipzig. 1853. fol. Review and Notices. 
" Das Pfennig-Magazin. German. Leipzig. 1852. fol. Notices. 
*' Unterhaltungen am hduslichen Herd.'' German. Leipzig. 1853. 

8°. Review. 
*' II Chnento." Italian. Torino. 1852. 8°. Review. 

Titles of Various Editions, Translations, Abridgments, Adaptations, Keys, 
Reviews, etc., not contained in the Library of the British Museum at 
THE Time when the Foregoing Lists were compiled. 

[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. New Edition, with 
Illustrations, and a Bibliography of the Work by George BuUen, 
Esq., F. S. A., Keeper of the Department of Printed Books, British 
Museum. Together with an Introductory Account of the Work. 
Houghton, Osgood & Co. Boston. 1878. 8°] 
[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life among the Lowly. New Edition with 
an Introductory Account of the Work by the Author. 

Houghton, Mifflin & Go. Boston. 1885. 12°] 
[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. Illustrated by 
E. W. Kemble. [With introduction.] 2 Vols. 

Houghton, Mifflin & Go. Boston. 1891. 16°] 
[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly. Universal Edition. 
Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Boston. 1892. 12°] 
[Uncle Tom's Cabin. Brunswick Edition. 

Houghton, Mifflin & Go. Boston. 1893. 18°] 
[Uncle Tom's Cabin; or. Life a,mong the Lowly. W^ith an Introduc- 
tion setting forth the History of the Novel, and a Key to Uncle 
Tom's Cabin. 

Houghton, Mifflin & Go. Boston. 2 Vol. 1896. Crown 8°] 
[Uncle Tom's Cabin. A Tale of Life among the Lowly. With Por- 
trait and Twenty-seven Illustrations [woodcuts] by George 
Cruikshank. 

Hutchinson & Go. London, [no date]. 8°] 
[The Christian Slave. A Drama, founded on a Portion of Uncle 
Tom's Cabin. Dramatized by Harriet Beecher Stowe, expressly 
for the Readings of Mrs. Mary E. Webb. 

Philips, Sampson & Go. Boston. 1855. 16°] 
Strejcek Tom, cili: Otroctvi ve svobodne Americe. Povidka pro 
mlady a dospely vek, vzdelana die anglickeho romance od pani 
Harriet Beecher Stowe. 

Bohemian. Prague. 1853. 12°] 

[Onkel Toms Hytte. Tredie Oplag. 

Danish. 2 Vols. Y. Pio. [Kjohenhavn?] 1876.] 
De Hut van Oom Tom, of het Leven der Negerslaven in Noord- 
Amerika. Naar het Fransch van de La Bedolli^re, door W. L. 
Ritter. 

Dutch. Batavia. 1853. 8° 
A copy of this version is in the possession of Professor Stowe. 
21 



314 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

De Neger hut, of het Leven der Negerslaven in Amerika, Uit En- 
gelsch vertaald door P. Munnich. Eerste Deel. 

Dutch. Soerahaya [at the East End of Java]. 1853. 8° 

A copy of this version is also in the possession of Professor Stowe. 

[De Negerhut. (Uncle Tom's Cabin.) Een Vehaal uit het Slaven- 
leven in Noord-Amerika. Naar den 20sten Amerikaanschen Druk. 
Uit het Engelsch vertaald door C. M. Menslng. Volks-Uitgave. 

Dutch. Amsterdam. 1874. 12"] 
La Cabane de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction revue par L. de Wailly et E. 
Texier. 

French. Paris. 1852. 8** 
La Cabane de FOncle Tom. Traduction complete par A. Michiels. 
2e Edition. 

French. Paris. 1852. 12° 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Ti-aduite par L. Pilatte. 

French. 2 tom. Paris. 1852. 12° 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Tl*aduction de La BSdolliSre. Illustra- 
tions Anglaises. 

French. Paris. 1852. 4° 
Another Edition. Paris. 1852. large 8° 
Another Edition. Paris. 1852. sm. 8° 
La Cabane de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par A. Michiels. 3e Edition. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
4e Edition. Paris. 1853. 12° 
La Cabane de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de MM. Wailly et Texier. 

French. Paris. 1853. 4° 
2e Edition. Paris. 1853. 12°. 
La Case du Pere Tom. Traduction de La B§dolli§re. Nouvelle 
Edition, augmentee d'un'e notice de G. Sand. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12° 

La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par L. Enault. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par MM. C. Rowey et A. Rolet. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
Another Edition, Paris. 1853. 8° 
La Cabane de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par Texier et Wailly. 

French. Paris. 1853. 4** 

Contained in the " Musee Litteraire due Siecle." 

La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de L. I^nault. 

French. Paris. 1853. 16° 

Contained in the " Bibliotheqne des Chemis de Fer." 

Another Edition. Paris. 1853. 12°. 

Contained in the " Bibliotheqne des meilleurs romans etrangers." 

La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par Victor Ratier. Edition revue 
par I'AbbS Jouhanneaud. 

French. Limoges et Paris. 1853. 8° 

" Edition raodifiee a Tnsage de la Jeunesse." 

La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Racontee aux enfants, par Mme Arabella 
Palmer. Traduite de I'anglais, par A. Viollet. (With Illustra- 
trations.l 

French. Paris. 1853. 12° 

La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de La Bedolliere. 

French. Paris. 1854. 4° 

Contained in the " Pantheon Populaire." 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 315 

La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de Y. Ratier. Revue par 
I'Abbg Jouhanneaud. 

French. Limoges et Paris. 1857. 12° 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par La Barre. 

French. 3 Vols. Paris. 1861. 12° 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par Mme L. S. Belloc. Avec 
une preface de Mme Beeclier Stowe. Ornee de son Portrait. 

French. Paris. 1862. 12° 

Contained in the " Bibliotheque Charpentier." 

Reprinted. Paris. 1872. 12° 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par M. L. Pilatte. Nouvelle 
Edition, augmentee d'une preface de I'auteur et d'une introduction 
par G. Sand. 

French. Paris. 1862. 12° 

La Case du Pere Tom. Traduction de La BedoUiere. Notice de G. 
Sand. Illustrations Anglaises. 

French. Paris. 1863. 4° 

Contained in the " Pantheon Populaire." 

Reprinted. Paris. 1874. 4° 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduite par L. Enault. 

French. Paris. 1864. 12° 

Contained in the " Bibliotheque des meilleurs romans etrangers." 
Reprinted. Paris. 1865. 12° 
Do. Paris. 1873. 12° 
Do. Paris. 1875. 12° 
Do. Paris. 1876. 12° 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de L. Barre. 

French. Paris. 1865. 
[La Case de I'Oncle Tom; ou, Vie de Ndgres en Am§rique. Roman 
Americain traduit par Louis E nault. 

French. Paris. 1872. 16°] 
[La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par M. Leon Pilatte. Nouvelle 
edition, augmentee d'une introduction par George Sand. 

French. Paris. 1875. 12°] 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction revue par E. du Chatenet. 

French. Limoges. 1876. 8° 
Abr^g^ de I'histoire de I'Oncle Tom, a I'usage de la jeunesse. 

French. Leipzig. 1857. 16° 

Forming "Vol. 24 of the " Petite Bibliotheque Fran9aise.'" 

La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Drame en huit Actes: .par MM. Dumanoir 
et d'Ennery. Musique de M. Artus. Theatre de I'Ambigu 
Comique. 

Paris. 1853. 12° 

La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Romance tiree du reman de ce nom, jou§e 
a I'Ambigu, paroles de E, Lecart. 

Paris. 1853. 4° 

La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Chanson nouvelle. d'apr^s le drame de ce 
nom. [By " L. C."] 

Paris. 1853. 4° 

Onkel Tom, oder Sklavenleben in der Republik Amerika. 

German. Berlin. 1852. 8** 
Onkel Tom's Hutte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten AmerT- 
kas. Aus dem Englischen. 2 Thle. 

German. Berlin. 1852. 8* 



316 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Onkle Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerlebeu in den Sklavenstaaten Ameri- 
kas. Aus dem Englischen. 

German. 30 Lieferungen. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 
Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Uebersetzt von F. C. Nordestern. 

German. Hefte. Weln. 1852. 8° 
Onkel Tom, oder Negerleben in den nordamerikanischen Sklaven- 
staaten. Uebersetzt von W. E. Dragulin. 

German. 4 Bdc. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 
Forming Bd. 9-12 of the " Amerikanische Bibliothek." 

Onkel Tom's Htitte, oder Negerleben in den Sclavenstaaten des 
freien Nordamerika. Frei bearbeitet von Ungewitter. 

German. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 
Forming Bd. 317 of the " Belletristisches Le"8e-Cabinet." 

Sclaverei in dem Lande der Freiheit, oder das Leben der Neger in 
den Sclavenstaaten Nordamerika's. Nach der 15 Auflage von 
Onkel Tom's Cabin. 

German. 4 Bdc. Lepzig. 1852. 8° 
Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder die Geschichte eines christlichen Sclaven 
von H. B. Stowe. 

German. 11 Bdchen. 1852-52. 4° 

Forming Bdchen 1871-1881 of " Das Belletristische Ausland." 

Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Sklavenleben in den Freistaaten Amerika's. 
Aus dem Englisclien. Zweite Auflage, 

German. 3 Thle. Berlin. 1853. 8°. 
Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder die Geschichte eines christlichen Sklaven. 
Aus dem Englischen iibertragen von L. Du Bois. 

German. 3 Thle. Stuttgart. 1853. 16°. 
Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 
Amerika. Au« dem Englischen. 

German. Leipzig. 1853. 8°. 
Forming Bd. 1 of the " Neue Volks-Bibliothek." 

Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 
Nordamerika. Mit 50 lUustrationen. Zweite Auflage. 

German. Leipzig. 1853. 8°. 

Dritte, mit Anmerkungen vermehrte Auflage. 

Leipzig. 1853. 8°. 

Vierte Auflage. Leipzig. 1854. 8°. 
Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Sclaverei im Lande der Freiheit. German. 
Dritte Auflage. 4 Bdc. 

German. 4 Bdc. Leipzig. 1853. 16°. 
Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in Nordamerika. Im Auszuge 
bearbeitet. 

German. Berlin. 1853. 16°. 

[Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 
Amerika. Aus dem Englischen iibersetzt. 

German. Leipzig. 1878. 16°. 
In the Universal-Bibliothek. 

Onkel Tom's Schicksale. Erzahlung fur die Jugend, von Max 
Schasler. 

German. 2 Bdchen. Berlin. 1853. 8°. 

Onkel Tom's Schicksale. Erzahlungen fiir die Jugend. Flir die 
deutsche Jugend bearbeitet von Max Schasler. 

German. 2 Bdchen. Berlin. 1853. 8°. 

Forming Bdchen 1 of the " Hausbibliothek der Jugend." 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 317 

La Capanna di Papa Tom. Libera Yersione clal Franchese. etc. 

Italian. Napoli. 1853. 8°. 
A copy of this version is in the possession of Professor Stowe. 
[La Capanua dello Zio Tom. Nnovo Veisione Italiana, Elegamente 
Illustrata dal Sig. Bonamore. 

Italian. Milano. 1883. 8°. 
[Chata Wuja Tomasza, czyli zycie niewolnikow w Zjednoczonych 
Stanacli Polnocnej Ameiyki. 

Polish. 2 Tom. Wars.zawa. 1877. 32°.] 
Khizhina dyadi Toma, etc. 

Russian. Moscow. 1858. 8° 
Khizliina dyadi Tom, etc. 

Russian. St. Petershurg. 1858. 8°. 
Dyadya Tom, etc. [Uncle Tom; or, Life of tlie Negro-Slaves in 
America. A tale adapted from the English by M. F. Butovich. 
Abridged.] 

Russian. St. Peters'burg. 1867. 8°. 
[Khizhina dyadi Toma: Povyest, etc. 

Russian. St. Petersljuvfj and Moscow. 1874. 16°] 
Chicha-Tomina Koliba. 

Servian. Belgrade. 1854. 8°. 
[La Cabafia del Tio Tom. Traducida al Castellano por A. A. 
Orihuela. 

SpanisJi. Paris. 1852. 16°.] 
[Onkel Toms Stnga, eller Negerlifvet i Amerikanska Slafstaterna. 
Ofversattning af S. J. Callerholm. 

Swedish. Gotelorg. 1873. 8°.] 
[Onkel Toms Stnga. Skildring ur de Yanlottades Lif. 

Swedish. Stockholm. 1882. 16°.] 

[Three editions were also published between 1860 and 1865 by Alb. Bonnier, Stockholm.] 

[Aelwyd F'Ewythr Robert: neu, Hanes Caban F'Ewythr Tomos. 
Gan y Parch. William Rees. 

Welsh. Diiibych. 1853. 16°. 
[A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin; presenting the Original Facts and 
Documents npon which the story is founded. Together with 
Corroborative Statements verifying the Truth of the Work. By 
Harriet Beecher Stowe, 

John P. Jewett cC- Co. Boston. 1853. 8°] 
Nyckeln till Onkel Toms Stuga. [Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin.] 
Werkliga Tilldragelser pSi hwilka Romanen af samma mamn 
hwilar. L^^ldrag efter Mrs. H. Beecher Stowe. Ofwersatt efter 
Engelska Originalet. 

Swedish. Stockholm. 1853. 16°. 
[The Southern Tiew of " Uncle Tom's Cabin." From The Southern 
Literary Messenger. By the Editor [John R. Thompson]. 

No place or date. 8°] 

[Uncle Tom in England. The London Times on Uncle Tom's Cabin. 
A Review from the London Times of Friday, September 3, 1852. 
Bunce c6 Bro., New York. 1852. 8°, paper] 

[Uncle Tom in Paris: or. Views of Slavery Outside the Cabin. 
Together with Washington's Views of Slavery, now for the first 
Time Published. By Adolphus M. Hart. [Also containing the 
London Times Review of September 3. 1852.] 

Williain Taylor d Co. Baltimore. 1854. 12°] 



318 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

[Notes on Uncle Tom's Cabin: Being a Logical Answer to the Alle- 
gations and Inferences against Slavei-y as an Institution. With 

a supplementai-y note on the Key, and an Appendix of Authori- 
ties. By the Rev. E. J. Stearns, A.M., Late Professor in St. 

John's College, Annapolis, Md. 

Lippincott, Grajiiho & Co. Philadelphia. 1853. 16 "'j 
[Father Henson's Story of his own Life. With an Introduction bv 

Mrs. H. B. Stowe. 

John P. Jewett & Go. Boston. 1858. 12° 

While Josiah Henson was not really the original of Uncle Tom 

(the latter being an entirely imaginary character), yet his life 

was in many respects a parallel to that of Mrs. Stowe's hero.] 
[Reviews in Leading Periodicals as follows:— 

Prospective Review. London. 1852. Vol. 8. p. 490. 1853. Vol 

9. p. 248. 

Chambers' Edinburgh Journal. Edinburgh. 1852. Vol. 19. pp. 

155, 187. 1853. Vol. 19. p. 85. 

Southern Literary Messenger. Richmond. 1852. Vol. 18. pp. 620, 

721. 1853. Vol. 19. p. 321. 

Southern Quarterly Revieic. Charleston, S. C. 1853. Vol. 23. p. 81. 

1854. Vol. 24. p. 214. 

Christian Observer. London. 1852. Vol, 52. p. 695. 

Irish Quarterly Revieic. Dublin. 1856. Vol. 6. p. 766. 

Western Journal and Civilian. St. Louis. 1853. Vol. 9. p. 133. 

Vol. 10. p. 319 (A. Beatty). 

Putnam's Monthly Magazine. Xeic York. 1853. Vol. 1. p. 97. 

("Success of U. T. C") 

Atlantic Monthly. Boston. 1879. Vol. 43. p. 407 (W. D. Howells). 

1896. Vol. 78. p. 311 ("The Story of U. T. C," by C. D. 

Warner). 

Manhattan. Neic York. 1882. Vol. 1. p. 28 (W. H. Forman). 

Andover Revieic. Boston. 1885. Vol. 4. p. 363. (" Is it a Novel?") 

Magazine of American History. 'New York. 1890. Vol. 23. p. 16. 

(F. Y. McCray). 

Magazine of Western History. New York. 1890. Vol. 12. p. 24. 

(" Origin of U. T. C," by H. D. Teetor.) 
[Discourses on Special Occasions and Miscellaneous Papers. By 

Cornelius Van Santvoord. 

M. W. Dodd, New York. 1856. 12° 

Contains a chapter entitled " Uncle Tom's Cabin, and colonization.'"] 



TRANSLATIONS OF MRS. H. B. STOWE'S "UNCLE TOM'S CABIN." 

A list received from the British Museum. 

The starred editions are those which were in the Stowe Cabinet at the World's Fair. 

Uncle Tom"s Ca-Bin. — Translations. 

[Brother Thomas' Cabin, a stoiy by H. B. Stowe, an American 
Lady.] 2 vols. 

Armenian. Yenice. 1854. 12° 

Strejcek Tom, cili: Otroctvi ve svobodue Americe, 

Bohemian. Y Praze. 1853. 12° 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 3^9 

Stryc Tomas, aneb Obrazy ze zivota cerny cli otniku v Americe, z 
anglickeho pang H. B. S. (Much abridged.) 

Bohemian. V Brne. 1854. 8° 
Strycek Tom. Obraz ze zivota Americkelio. 

Bohemian. Y Praze. 1877. 8* 
Nove sbirky svazek 125 of Boleslavsky's " Divadelin Ochotnik." 
Onkel Tomas, eller Negerlivet i Amerikas Slavestater. Oversat fra 
den nordamerikanske original af Capt. Scliadtler. 

Danish. Ejhenhavn. 1853. 8° 
Onkel Tom's Hytte, eller Negerllv i de Amerikanske Slavesteter. 
Oversat af P. V. Grove. 

Danish. Kjhenhavn. 1856. 8° 

* De Negerhut. Naar den 20en Amerikaanschen druk, uit bet En- 

gelscb vertaald door C. M. Mensing. 2 Deel. 

Dutch. Haarlem. 1853. 8* 

* De Hut van Oom Tom. Naar bet Franscb door W. L. Ritter. 

Dutch. Batavia. 1853. S*' 

* De Neger but. Uit Engelscb Vei*taald door P. Munnicb. 

Dutch. SoeraMya {Java). 1853. 8® 
Seta Tumon Tupa, lybykaisesti Kerottu ja KannuUa kuvanksilla 
valaistu. (Abridged translation.) 

Finnish. Turussa. (Abo) 1850, obi. 4° 
De Hut van Onkel Tom, eene Slaven-Gescbiedenis. Naer bet En- 
gelscb. 3 Deel. 

Flemish. Gent. (1852.) 8° 

* La Cabane de TOncle Tom, ou les Noirs en AmSrique. Traduction 

par L. de Wailby et E. Texier. 

French. Paris. 1852. • 8** 

Troisieme edition. Paris. (1853.) 8° 

* Le Cabane de I'Oncle Tom, traduition complete par A. Micbiels, 

avec une biograpbie de I'auteur. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12'' 
. Nouvelle edition. Paris. 1887. 8" 

Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. ou sort des NSgres Esclaves. Traduction 
nouvelle par M. L. Casion. 2 tom. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12" 

* Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction complete par Ch. Romey et 

A. Rolet. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12° 

Le Case de I'Oncle Tom racont^e aux enfants par Arabella Palmer. 
Traduit par Alpbonse VioUet 

French. Paris. 1852. 8** 

Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par Victor Ratier. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12*' 

* La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction par Old Nick (i. e., P. B. 

Dauran Forgues) et A. Joanne. 

French. Paris. 1853. 8*' 

♦La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction faite a la demande de 
I'Auteur par Madame L. S. Belloc, avec une preface de Madame 

^' ^^'^'^^' French. Paris. 1853. 12" 

* Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduit par L. Pilatte 2 vols. 

French. Pans. 1852. 8" 



320 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S PAIR. 

* Nouvelle edition revue, et d'une introduction par George Sand. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
Another edition. 2 vols. Paris. 1862. 12° 

* Le Pere Tom, ou vie des negres en Amgrique. Traduction de La 

Bedolliere. 

French. Paris. 1853. 12° 
Nouvelle Edition, augmentge d'une notice de G. Sand. Illustrations, 
etc. 

French. Paris. (1859.) 4° 
La Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction de L. Enault. 

French. Paris. 1853. 8° 

One of a Beries called " Bibliotheqae des Chemis de Fer." 

Reprinted. Paris. 1864. 12° 
do Paris. 1865. 12° 

* L'Oncle Tom, racont^e aux Enfants par Mile. Rilliet de Constant. 
Reprinted. Paris. 1873. 12° 

do Paris. 1876. 12° 

do Paris. 1890. 12° 

Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Romance tirge de ce nom, jouge a I'Ambigu, 
paroles de E. Lecart. 

French. Paris. 1853. 4° 

* Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Drame en huit actes. Par MM. 

Dumanoir et D'Einnery. Repr§sent6 pour la premiere fois, ^ 
Paris sur le Theatre de I'Ambigu-Comique le 10 Janvier, 1853. 

French. Paris. 1853. 4° 

Contained in the " Theatre Contemporain Illustre." 80e serie. 

* L'Oncle Tom. Drame en cinq actes et neuf tableaux. Par M. E. 

Texier et L. de Wailly. Represents pour la premiere fois £L Paris, 
sur le TbSatre de la Gaite le 23 Janvier, 1853. 

French. Paris. 1853. 8° 

Contained in the "Bibliotheque Dramatique," torn. 49. 

Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Traduction revue par E. du Chatenet. 

French. Limoges. (1880.) 8° 
Le Case de I'Oncle Tom. Edition abrggSe et illustree. 

French. Paris. 1887. 8" 

* Onkel Tom. oder Sklavenleben in der Republik Amerika. 

German. Berlin. 1852. 8** 

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten Ameri- 

kas. 2 Tble. 

German. Berlin. 1852. 8° 

Onkel Tom's Hiitte, 30 Lief. 

German. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 

Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Uebersetzt von F. C. Nordestern. 6 Hfte. 

German. Wien. 1852. 8° 

Onkel Tom. Uebersetzt von W. E. Dragulin. 4 Bde. 

German. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 

* Sclaverei in dem Lande der Freiheit, etc. 4 Bde. 

German. Leipzig. 1852. 8° 

Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder die Geschichte eines christlichen Sclaven* 
II Bdchen, 1852-3. 4° 

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Eine Negergeschichte. 3 Bdchen. 

German. Berlin. 1852. 8° 

Bdch. A-% Jahrg. 5 of "Allgemeine Deutsch Volks Bibliothek," 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 321 

Oheim Tom's Hiitte oder das Leben bei den Niedrigen. Uebersetzt 
Yon H. R. Hutten. 

German. Boston. U. 8. 1853. 8° 

* Onkel Tom, oder Sehildemngen aus dem Leben in den Sklaven- 

staaten Nordamerikas. Nach der 35sten englischen Auflage von 
J. S. LoTve. 2 Bde. 

German. Eamhurg. 1853. 8° 

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Ein Roman aus dem Leben der Sklaven in 

Amerika. 2 Bde. 

German. Berlin. (1853.) 8° 

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder das Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten des 

freien Xordamerika. In deutscher Auffassungsweise fur 
deutsche Leser bearbeitet von Dr. Ungewitter. Dritte Ausgabe. 
Mit 6 Illustrationen. 

German. Wien. 1853. 8° 

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten Ameri- 

kas. Aus dem Englischen. Mit 6 Holzscbnitten. 3 Bde. 

German. Berlin. 1853. 8° 

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 

Amerika. Neunte Auflage. Nebst Portrait. 

German. Leipzig. 1853. 8° 
Bd. 1. of Neue-Volks Bibliothek herausgegeben von A. Schrader. 

Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Negerleben in den Sklavenstaaten von 
Nordamerika. Mit funfzig Illustrationen, Yierte Auflage. 

German. Leipzig. 1854. 8° 

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, nach dem Englisclien . . . fur die reifere 

Jugend bearbeitet von M. Gans. 

German. Pesth. (1853.) 8° 

* Onkel Tom's Hiitte, oder Leiden der Negersklaven in Amerika, 

German. Berlin, a.853. 16° 

* Onkel Tom's Scbicksale. Erzablung fur die Jugend, Fiir die 

deutsche Jugend bearbeitet von M, Schaster, 2 Bdch. 

German. Berlin. (1853.) 8° 

Onkel Tom's Hiitte. Erzahlung fur Kinder bearbeitet. Xeues Bil- 
der, etc. 

German. Nilrn'berg. (1854,) Obi, 4° 
Onkel Tom's Hiitte, fiir Kinder. Nach dem Englischen von A, Har- 
tel. 

Ger-man. Leipzig. (1854.) 16" 

Tamas BStya Kunyhoja, vagy, Neger elet a rabszolgatarto Amerikai 
allamokban, B. S. H. utan Angolbol, Trinyi J. 4 kotet. 

Hungarian. Pesten. 1853. 12° 

Tam^s Batya. Gymermekek szamara. Kidolgozta. M. Rokus. 

Hungarian. Pesten. 1856, 8° 

Tam^s Batya, vagy egy Szerecsen rabszolga tort^nete, H, B. Stowe 
utan irta Tatar Peter. (A versified abridgment.) 

Hungarian. Pest. 1857. 8° 

* Stric Tomaz all zivlenje zamorcov v Ameriki . . . Svobodno za 

Slovence zdelal J. B. 

Illyrian. Y Celoven. 1853. 8° 

Stric Tomova Koca, ali zivljenje zamozcov v robnih derzavah 
svobodne severne Amerike. Is memskega poslovenil F. Mala- 
vasic. 

Illyrian. Y LjuUjani. 1853. 8° 



322 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

* La Capanna dello Zio Tommaso; ossia la vita dei Negri in Amerika. 

Italian. Lugano. 1853. 8° 

* La Capanna dello Zio Tomasso, scene della Schiavitu dei negri in 

America, di Baldassar Mazzoni. 

Italian. Firenze. 1853. 

* La Capanna di Papa Tom. 

Italian. Napoli. 1853. 8° 

* La Capanna dello Zio Tom. narrato ai FanciuUi, di C. Grolli. 

Italian. Milano. 1868. 

* La Capanna dello Zio Tom. 

Italian. Milan. 1877. 
Chata Wuya Tomasza, czyli zycie niewolunikCw . . . Przettumaczyt 
F. Dydacki. 2 tom. 

Polish. Lwow. 1853. 8" 
Chatka Ojca Toma, czyli zycie murzynSw w stanach niewolniczych 
Ameryki P61nocn6j. 2 tom. 

Polish. Warszawa. 1865. 8* 

* A Cabana do Pai Thomas . . . traduzido por F. L. Alvares d'And- 

rada. (With plates.) 2 tom. 

Portuguese. Paris. 1853. 12** 

An edition published at Athens in 2 vols., 1860, 8° 

Romuic or Modern Greek. 

Khizhina dyadi Toma. 

Russian. St. Petersburg. 1858. 8** 

Khizhina dyadi Toma. 

Russian. Moscow. 1858. 8" 

Khizhina dyadi Toma. 

Russian. St. Petersburg. 1865. 8** 

Dyadya Tom. (Abridged by M. F. Butovich.) 

Russian. St. Petersburg. 1867. 8** 

Chicha-Tomina Koliba. ^ ^ ^^ 

Servian. Belgrade. 18o4. 8° 

La Cabana del Tio Tomas, o los Negros en America. 2 tom. 

Spanish. Mexico. 1853. 12" 

* La Cabana del Tio Tom . . . traducida al Castellano por A. A. 

Spanish. Paris, 1852, and Bogota, 1853. 8* 

La Cabana del tio Tomas . . . illustrada con cinco laminas flnas 

grabadas en acero. ^o-o oo 

Spanish. Barcelona. 18o3. 8" 

La Choza del Negro Tomas. Novela . . . traducida al Castellano. 

Spanish. Madrid. 1853. 8" 
La Choza de Tomas. Edicion illustrada con 26 grabados a parte del 

*®^*^' Spanish. Madrid. 1853. 4° 

La Choza de Tom . . . traducida por W. Ayguals de Izco. Segunda 

^^^^^^' Spanish. Madrid. 1853. 4'» 

La Cabana del Tio Tom. Version castellano pm- ^\fj^^^^^^^:^ ^l^^' 

Nyckeln till Onkel Toma Stuga. (Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin.) 

Sicedish. Stockholm. 18o3. lb 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 323 

Onkel Tom's Stuga. Bearbetad for Barn. (An abridgment for chil- 
dren.) 

Swedish. Stockholm. 1868. 16" 
Koliba lui Moshu Toma. 2 tom. 

Wallachian. J assy. 1853. 8" 
Bordelulu Unkiului Tom. 2 tom. 

Wallachian. J assy. 1853. 8° 

* Caban f 'Ewyrth Twm . . . gyda . . . gerfluniau gan G. Cruick- 

shank. Cyfieithiad H. Williams. 

Welsh. Llundain. 1853. 8" 
Another edition. Wrexham. (1880.) 8° 
. * Crynodeb o Gaban 'Newyrth Tom. (With a prefatory notice by 
W. Williams.) 

Welsh. Abertawy (1853.) 16° 

* Oaban f 'Ewythr Tomos, neu hanes caethwas Christ 'nogol. 

Crynodeb a waith H. B. 

Welsh. Caernarfon. (1860.) 12" 

* Cyflynir Fel arnydd o Barch I Awdures Caban Newyreth Tom. 

Gaw Y. Cyfiethydd. Cmyreig Y. Lefiad. Welsh. 

List prepared by Mr. J. P. Anderson, Clerk of Eeading Room, British Museum. 



CHAPTEK XX. 



EXHIBITS AXD raVEXTIOXS OE WOMEX. 

There is no record in ancient history of just T^-'lien the men 
of Gibeon took the women of their households into partner- 
ship as hewers of wood and drawers of water, but from the 
earliest days of most primitive peoples it seems to have been 
an accomplishment which women were allowed to monopolize 
without competition, in spite of the restless energy of man- 
kind. 

Therefore, in sending to the AYoman's Building six ex- 
quisitely carved panels of wood for decorative purposes we 
felt that we were but sending the lineal descendants of an 
ancient process, " revised, corrected, and with numerous addi- 
tions,'' as we say of reprints of old books, and because of this 
all the more truly marking progress. Their instant and 
hearty acceptance under the rules then governing that build- 
ing was equivalent to an award. At the close of the Fair we 
were asked to contribute them further toward the decoration 
of a Connecticut corner in what promised to be a permanent 
memorial building in Chicago to which women everywhere 
were to contribute something of interest or value. Eive out 
of the six panels we were able to give for this purpose, with the 
understanding that they should be returned to the Historical 
Society in our own State should the memorial building fail of 
erection. An expression of appreciative thanks for these gifts 
will be found in the last chapter in a letter from the president 
of the Xational Commission of Women. 



(324) 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



325 



1. WOOD CARVING FOR DECORATION OF WOMAN'S 
BUILDING. 

Miss Gertrude Bradley, 

Bridgeport, Panel, presented to Memorial Building. 

Miss Miriam Hill, 

Stonington, " " " " 

Miss Elizabetli B. Sheldon, 

New Haven, " " " " 

Miss Emma H. Yiets, 

New Britain, " " '• " 

Miss Sophia Tracy, 

Hartford, " " " " 

Mrs. J. E. Root, Hartford, Panel, returned to contributor. 



EXHIBITS INSTALLED IN THE WOMAN'S BUILDING, UNDER 
THE AUSPICES OF THE WOMAN'S BOARD. 



Fine Arts — Group 141. 
Miss Charlotte E. McLean, Hartford, 



Water color. 



China Painting — Group 91. 
Miss Clara M. Barnes, New Haven. 



Mrs. M. A. Frisbie, 
Miss Frances P. Hall, 
Miss Mary M. Smith, 



Hartford. 
New Haven. 
Washington. 



Fancy Work — Group 104. 
Mrs. Thomas Kerr, Bridgeport. 

Original Designs in Silver — Group 97. 
Miss E, W. Palmer, Stonington. 



Original Designs in Wall Paper — Group 149. 
Mrs. Jay F. Ripley, Hartford, 



Award. 



Original Work in Photography — Group 151, 
Mrs. Marie H. Kendall, Norfolk, 



Award. 



Inventions — Group 106. 
Mrs. Isabel H. Butler, Bridgeport, 

Mrs. W. A. Pilkington, Bridgeport. 



Award. 



326 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The wood-carving and the majority of these exhibits were 
not entered for competition, because at the time of their pre- 
sentation to the judges for the Woman's Building the fact 
that they were accepted for installation was considered equiva- 
lent to an award. 

A glance at the accompanying list of inventions patented 
by Connecticut Women within the space of one generation 
will show that there are about three times as many for general 
use as for feminine use alone ; twice as many for general use 
as for purely domestic purposes, and several exclusively for 
the convenience of men. One would hardly answer '^ A 
woman,'' if asked who invented a curry-comb, a mode of form- 
ing the air chamber in dental plates, step-ladders, cooking 
stoves, sleigh-bells, piano pedal attachments, still alarms, hitch- 
ii^g devices, surgical knives, dice boxes, and the check punch 
in use in banks throughout the civilized world. 

It is natural to expect a great deal from all classes of the 
population in the very heart of that region which is known as 
the birthplace of Yankee notions. Three-fourths of the me- 
chanical contrivances used in the construction of the buildings 
at the World's Eair came from Connecticut. In fact, the 
great constructor of it all, D. F. Bumham, can hark back to 
a Connecticut ancestor a generation or two ago. But one 
does not associate much of this peculiar inventive genius with 
women. One thing, however, is certain, that the original of 
many an invention made with jackknife and pine stick on 
winter evenings was watched with interest, and the young in- 
ventor's efforts fostered and encouraged, by a sympathetic 
mother at the family hearthstone. 

The following list of patents was compiled from the records 
in the United States Patent Office, at the instigation of the 
Woman's Board, as a part of the work in gathering statistics: 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



32T 



WOMAN INVENTORS OF CONNECTICUT. 



No. 


Name and Address. 


Title of Invention. 


Date. 




31,199 


Sarah Jane Wheeler, 












New Britain, 


Curry-comb, 


Jan. 


22, 


1861 


35,289 


Sarah A. Baldwin, 


Combination of sofa 










Waterbury, 


and bathing-tub, 


May 


20, 


1862 


36,388 


Sarah A. Baldwin, 


Door-plate and card 










Waterbury, 


receiver. 


Sept. 


9, 


1862 


44,039 


Evelyn Beecher, Plymouth, 
assignor to HenryBeech' 












er & Co., Waterbury, 


Basket, 


Aug. 


30, 


1864 


56,210 


Catherine A. Griswold, 


Skirt-supporting cor- 










Willimantic, 


sets. 


July 


10, 


1866 


61,825 


Catharine A. Griswold, 












Willimantic, 


Corsets, 


Feb. 


5, 


1867 


83,327 


Mrs. Nancy M. Selden, 












Chatham, 


Pie-tube, 


Oct. 


20, 


1868 


102,534 


Jane E. Oilman, Hartford, 


Work-holders, 


May 


3. 


1870 


107,479 


Jane E, Oilman, Hartford, 


Combined dress- 
bureaus and bath- 












tubs. 


Sept. 


20, 


1870 


111,429 


Mary Ann Boughton, 
Norwalk, 


Modes of forming the 
air chamber in den- 












tal plates. 


Jan. 


31, 


1871 


112,352 


Carrie Jessup, 












New Haven, 


Culinary vessels. 


Mar. 


7, 


1871 


113,842 


Mary Ann Boughton, 


. 










Bridgeport. 


Cooking stoves. 


Apr. 


18, 


1871 


116,585 


Catharine A. Griswold, 












Willimantic, 


Corsets, 


July 


4, 


1871 


120,995 


Mary M. J. 0' Sullivan, 












New Haven, 


Dinner-plate covers. 


Nov. 


14, 


1871 


123,287 


Emily M. Norton, 












Bridgeport, 


Step-ladders, 


Jan. 


30, 


1872 


128,412 


Harriet H, May, 












Birmingham, 


Bustles, 


June 25, 


1873 


128,813 


Charlotte B. Pollock, 












Norwich, 


Bustles, 


July 


9, 


1872 


130,801 


Lavinia H. Foy, 












New Haven, 


Cuff, 


Aug. 


27, 


1873 


133,962 


Elizabeth Balmforth, 












Danbury, 


Portable balcony. 


Dec. 


17, 


1872 



328 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



No. 


Fame aud Address. 


Title of Invention. 


Date. 




137,340 


Elizabeth N. Bradley, 


Wall or window 










Bridgeport, 


washer. 


April 


1, 


1873 


137,907 


Lavinia H. Foy, 












New Haven, 


Reversible cuff, 


April 15, 


1873 


145,653 


Cornelia Hitchcock, Mill- 
dale, assignor to her- 
self and William J. 












Clark, same place. 


Coffee-urns, 


Dec. 


16, 


1873 


147.259 


Ann Harrison, 












East Hampton, 


Sleigh-bells, 


Feb. 


10, 


1874 


148,477 


Mary E. Marcy, 












New Haven, 


Cosmetic compounds, 


Mar. 


10, 


1874 


150,777 


Elizabeth E. Norton, 












Bridgeport, 


Skirt elevators, 


May 


12, 


1874 


155,823 


Sarah W. Blake, 


Piano pedal attach- 










Waterbury, 


ments. 


Oct. 


13, 


1874 


161,123 


Delia Howland and James 
W. Howland, 












New Haven, 


Folding-tables, 


Mar. 


23, 


1875 


178,789 


Harriet H. May, 












Birmingham, 


Corsets, 


June 


13, 


1876 


191,175 


Sarah R. Raffel, Hartford, 


Traveling bags, 


May 


22, 


1877 


191,787 


Eliza L. Whit on, 












West Stafford, 


Stove polish. 


June 


12, 


1877 


197,463 


Lavinia H. Foy, 












New Haven, 


Corsets, 


Nov. 


27, 


1877 


200,234 


Ursula L. Webster, 


Adjustable patterns 










New Haven, 


for garments. 


Feb. 


12, 


1878 


200,384 


Lavinia H. Foy, 












New Haven, 


Corsets, 


Feb. 


19, 


1878 


212,343 


Catharine A. Adams, 












Milford, 


Kitchen cabinets, 


Feb. 


18, 


1879 


214,247 


Lavinia H. Foy, 












New Haven, 


Corsets, 


Apr. 


15, 


1879 


219,796 


Evelyn Beecher, 












New Haven, 


Still-alarms, 


Sept. 


23, 


1879 


229,225 


Sarah G. Young, Hartford 


Sofa-bed, 


June 


22, 


1880 


252,935 


Mary E. Field, New Haven 


, Corset, 


Jan. 


31, 


1882 


264,427 


Catharine Ann Adams, 












Milford, 


Corset bust and clasp. 


Sept. 


19, 


1882 


267,242 


Annie M. H. Moss, Monroe 


Dust-pan, 


Nov. 


7, 


1882 


274,984 


Mary E. Smith, 
Southbury, 


Lamp-supporting 
bracket for sewing- 












machines. 


Apr. 


3, 


1883 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



329 



No. 


Name and Address. 


Title of Invention. 


Date. 




306,484 


Leila C. Harrison, 












New Haven, 


Hitching device. 


Oct. 


H, 


1884 


316,414 


Emma J. Swartout, 


Machine for sewing 










Danbuiy, 


hat-tips, 


Apr. 


21, 


1885 


318,776 


Mary Mc Waters, Bethel, 


Corset attachment. 


May 


26; 


1885 


328,406 


Bridget O'Connor, 












Bridgeport, 


' Shirt, 


Feb. 


32, 


1887 


364,792 


Evelyn Beecher, 












New Haven, 


Rotary cutter. 


June 


14, 


1887 


384,674 


Mary F. Bishop, 


Means for operating 










Bridgeport, 


egg-beaters. 


June 


19, 


1888 


396,962 


Bela St. John, Farmington, 


, Abdominal supporter. 


Jan. 


29, 


1889 


397,570 


Clara M. South worth, 












Bridgeport, 


Under arm pad. 


Feb. 


12, 


1889 


398,511 


Eleanor E. Howe, 












Bridgeport, 


Body brace. 


Feb. 


26, 


1889 


404,081 


Drusilla M. Fuller, 


Device for holding 










Terryville, 


head gear. 


May 


28, 


1889 


420,651 


Jennie B. Fowler, 












Bridgeport, 


Nursing-nipple, 


Feb. 


4, 


1890 


420,766 


Emma H. Brown, 












Wethersfield, 


Hook and eye. 


Feb. 


4, 


1890 


429,100 


Ellie N. Sperry, 












Bridgeport, 


Check-punch, 


May 


27, 


1890 


429,169 


Minnie I. Durgy, Sherman, 


Skillet, 


June 


3, 


1890 


431,153 


Mathilde Schott, 












New Haven, 


Surgical knife. 


July 


1, 


1890 


431,325 


Marian L. Brewer, 












Hartford, 


Shutter-fastener, 


July 


1, 


1890 


435,635 


Mathilde Schott, 












New Haven, 


Dice and dice box. 


Sept. 


3, 


1890 


435.949 


Lizzie T. Potter, Hartford, 


, Belt-fastener, 


Sept. 


9, 


1890 


454,477 


Sarah K. Hibler, Stamford, 


Press board, 


June 


23, 


1891 


461,531 


Lizzie T. Potter, Hartford, 


Belt-fastener, 


Oct. 


20, 


1891 


462,965 


Catherine L. Darby, 












Stamford, 


Clothing-protector, 


Nov. 


10, 


1891 


463,900 


Caroline Hyde, 












Stonington, 


Artificial fruit. 


Nov. 


24, 


1891 


468,454 


Emma J. Weller, 












Waterbury, 


Seam-iron, 


Feb. 


9, 


1892 


471,926 


Emma A. Willard, 












Greenwich, 


Bodkin, 


Mar. 


29. 


1892 



23 



330 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

REISSUE. 

No. Name and Address. Title of Invention. Date. 

4,427 Catharine Allsop Griswold, Skirt-supporting cor- 

Willimantic, sets, June 20, 1871 

5,41^ Harriet H. May, 

Birmingham, Bustles, May 20, 1873 

5,876 Cornelia Hitch-cock, Mill- 
dale, assignor to herself 
and William J. Clark, 

same place, Coffee-urns, May 19, 1874 

6,448 Lavinia H. Foy, 

New Haven, Corsets, May 25, 1875 




■^""^ t . -*" 



CHAPTEE XXI. 
STATISTICS AXD IXDUSTEIAL CONDITION'S. 

Among the requests wMcli came from the Xational Com- 
mission of women to the State Boards none were more frequent 
and persistent than those which urged upon us the exhibition 
of statistics which should show in round numbers the relations 
of women to all labor, whether of the head or of the hand. 

AVe were assured that a united canvass embracing " Every 
people, every tribe, on this terrestrial ball,'' which could be 
reached, was to be made, and especially valuable would such 
statistics become if each State and Territory in our own country 
could but secure returns which were accurate enough to be 
used as a basis- of comparison with past and future like condi- 
tions. 

The amount of expense, as well as labor involved, together 
with the short time allowed us in which to work, made it im- 
possible to take up many of the lines of inquiry and research 
indicated. A haphazard collection of statistics would prove 
useless, extravagant, and misleading. Therefore, the Connec- 
ticut Board felt obliged to decline to enter upon any extended 
effort in a field wherein the United States Department of 
Labor with trained men and millions at its command could do 
so much more thorough work. But when, some months later, 
another circular was issued containing questions bearing 
directly ujDon the industrial conditions of women employed 
more especially in large manufacturing centers we felt com- 
pelled, in answer to this last most urgent appeal, to furnish as 
much detailed information as we could secure in the few 
nionths left us for effort. 

Connecticut industries had an international reputation. To 
have taken no part in a movement which was to reach the 
whole civilized world, and which, if the detail asked for was at 
all accurate and comprehensive, promised to become of such in- 

(331) 



332 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

trinsic value, would have been a great omission, and yet, with 
the last government report still in the hands of the printer, and 
with our State Labor Bureau unable to furnish any of the 
particular kind of information asked for, we felt that we had a 
most difficult task assigned us. There was but one way to ac- 
complish it satisfactorily, and that was to make it a personal 
matter upon the part of each member of the board. 

An individual canvass of every manufacturing interest was 
undertaken. For the largest manufacturing districts we were 
so fortunate as to secure, in addition to our own members, the 
invaluable help of Mrs. Amelia B. Hinman of the !N'ational 
Commission, to whose untiring zeal we owe much of the com- 
pleteness of our returns. The legislature was in session, and 
representatives and senators alike did good service in the 
cause. The village doctor and the clergyman were often 
pressed into service, and it is safe to say that in our search for 
information we left no stone unturned. When they were 
turned in no other way they were driven over, for when one 
follows the railway in Connecticut he finds it in truth a place 
of magnificent distances, and often the shortest way to the hill 
towns was to drive across country. 

Much of the work had to be done in February and March, 
and we had ample opportunity to discover that the conditions 
which, when the roads in all the colony were bad, gave to those 
in Hartford and its vicinity ^^ a certain evil pre-eminence,'' 
were in our day by no means confined to that neighborhood. 
The reason given by the historian that " the excellence of the 
soil was reflected in the bad character of the roads " may be 
of lasting comfort to the farmer, but to the collector of statis- 
tics, trying to make time on a mnter's day, the agricultural 
possibilities of the highways often seemed a trifle overdone. 

In no part of the work undertaken by the Connecticut 
Board did that special characteristic of women which someone 
has called ^^ sustained enthusiasm " prove so valuable, as in this 
united effort to secure as fully as possible every important de- 
tail of the industrial conditions under which the women labored 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 333 

who were engaged in gainful occnpations in Connecticut. We 
felt tliat if these conditions were better than those pre- 
vailing in other places the world should know it. If 
they were worse we should know it ourselves, and, therefore, 
the entire field was canvassed with such vigor and thoroughness 
that the statistical experts employed to collate and report upon 
the data secured gave to the Connecticut returns the honor 
of first place in value, France, that paradise of statistical fiends, 
ranking second. 

The material secured, together with various photographs, 
were, at the request of the committee in Chicago, left in the 
hands of the Commission for more complete tabulation and re- 
port, after which they were to be returned to our own labor 
bureau in Connecticut. The facts contained were embodied 
together with returns from other sources in a volume of statis- 
tical and narrative exhibits of great value, prepared at the re- 
quest of the Commission, by that eminent sociologist, Dr. E. R. 
L. Gould, but since the printing of the final reports by the 
JSTational Commission is not yet an accomplished fact, some- 
what of the ground covered in Connecticut is presented in this 
short history, much of it verified and made more complete 
through the courtesy of the Hon. Carroll D. Wright, Chief 
of the Government Department of Labor. An outline only is 
attempted here. Of the special information obtained regard- 
ing the purely industrial class the questions of numbers, of 
those owning homes, of the single, married, widowed, and 
divorced are alone considered. The whole question of wages 
is too involved and many sided, even in Connecticut, where so 
much is still done " by the people for the people " to be treated 
intelligently by a novice. 

However much we may covet for our own small State the 
distinction of having the best prevailing conditions for work- 
ing women, we cannot hope to alter suddenly the evils spring- 
ing from excess of supply over demand, nor can we alter the 
fact that the keen competition inseparable from the super- 
abundance of untrained labor has endless disadvantages for 
women. 



334 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The reproduction of tlie following circulars will explain 
tlie direction of some of our inquiries : 

EXTRACT FROM CIRCULAR. 

The industrial arts, among all primitive peoples, were almost 
exclusively invented and carried on by women. 

They originated the art of cooking and the preparation of food, 
including the grinding of grain and the making of bread; the curing 
of skins and furs and the shaping of them into garments; the in- 
vention and use of needles, and the twisting of various fibres into 
threads for sewing and knitting; the weaving of textile fabrics; the 
use of vegetable dyes; the art of basket-making; the modeling of 
clay into jars and vases for domestic use, and also their ornamenta- 
tion and decoration.. 

When these arts became profitable they were appropriated by 
men. It is desirable, therefore, that we show the chronological 
history of the origin, development, and progress of the industries 
carried on by women from the earliest time down to the present day. 

board of lady managers, 

World's Columbian Commission. 
Statistics of Woman's Wo7^Jc in the States. 
The president of the Board of Lady Managers believes that no 
exhibit that can be made by the women of the nation will be of 
greater interest or more profitable than a full record of what 
women are doing in all industrial lines. Hence, she desires that 
the ladies of each State and Territory shall prepare a chart giving 
full information as to the work of industrial women. 

In order to secure uniformity, we would suggest the following 
heads: 

Number of wage-earners, or self-supporting women. 
" employed in factories, stores, shops, and offices. 
" owning and controlling farms. 
" engaged in mining. 

" engaged in horticulture and floriculture. 
" engaged in the professions. 
*' engaged in domestic service. 
" of authors. 
" of teachers. 

" engaged in art work and designing. 
" engaged in literary work. 
" engaged in other lines. 

If this information could be plainly and beautifully engrossed 
upon a large chart and hung upon the walls of each State building, 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 335 

it would enable us to make a national summary that would not 
only be of present value, but would become historical. 

The following data show some of the results obtained: 

Female population of Connecticut in 1890, . . . 376,720 

No. 1. Number of females 10 years and over engaged in 

gainful OQCupations in Connecticut in 1890, . 71,380 
Number of females 14 years and over engaged in 

gainful occupations in Connecticut in 1890, 1,693 

Number of females 15 years and over engaged in 

gainful occupations in Connecticut in 1890, . 69,687 

No. 2. Number of women in professions, . . . 4,976 

No. 3. Number of women employed in domestic and per- 
sonal service, ...... 24,907 

No. 4. Number of women employed in manufacturing and 

mechanical industries, . ... . 35,804 

No. 5. Number of women employed in trade and transporta- 
tion, ....... 4,926 

No. 6. Number of Avomen farmers, planters, and overseers, 683 

Farm Owner sMp. 

Number of women owning or occupying farms as heads of 

families, 2,248 

Number of women as farm tenants, .... 73 

Number of women living on owned farms free of incumbrance, 1,762 

Number of women living on farms encumbered, . . 413 

Eome OwnersMp. 

Number of women heads of families, . . . . 28,923 
Number of women heads of families owning home in which 

they lived, 15,277 

Number of women, heads of families, who were tenants, . 13,646 

Number of homes free of encumbrance owned by women, . 10,125 

Number of homes encumbered owned by women, . . 5,152 

Mining. 
Number of women engaged in mining, .... 1 

Agriculture and Floriculture. 

Farmers, planters, and overseers, ..... 683 

Agricultural laborers, ...... 62 

Dairy women, ........ 12 

Nurseries. 

Owned and managed by women, ..... 4 

Wages paid women per day, 85 cents. 



336 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Seed Farms. 

Women employed, ..... 
Wages paid per day, 65 cents. 

Floricultii7'e. 

Whole number of establishments in Connecticut, 

Whole number owned and managed by women, 

Whole number women employed, . 

Wages paid women per day, 

Total wages per year in Connecticut, . 



85 



120 

5 

14 

. $1.00 

$4,200.00 



P7'ofessions. 

Architects, .... 

Clergy, ..... 
Dentists, ..... 
Lawyers, ..... 
Physicians and surgeons, 
Authors, ..... 
Teachers, ..... 
Professors, .... 

Artists and teachers of art, . 
Designers and draftsmen, 
Musicians and teachers of music, . 
Journalists, .... 

Actresses, . . .' . 



1 

26 

2 

1 

89 

153 

3,891 

14 

187 

11 

543 

140 

30 



OtJier Lines. 
Managers and showmen, .... 

Officials of government, .... 

Inventors, ...... 

Officials of banks and insurance and trust companies 
Manufacturing officials, .... 

Bookkeepers and accountants, 

Clerks and copyists, ..... 

Stenographers and typewriters. 

Telephone and telegraph operators. 

Packers and shippers, ..... 

Electric light and power company, employes, . 
Steam railway employes, .... 

Street railway employes, .... 

Commercial travelers, ..... 

Foremen and overseers, .... 

Porters and helpers in stores, 

Agents and collectors, .... 

Watchman or detective, .... 

Messengers and errand girls. 



8 

79 

165 

4 

2 

705 

1,247 

310 

281 

623 

56 

24 

2 

8 

17 

10 

73 

1 

21 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
Business. 



337 



Wholesale dry goods, . 


. 








1 


Dry goods, 








9 


Drugs and chemicals, 








14 


Wines and liquors, 








4 


Grocers, .... 








65 


Newspaper sellers, 








3 


Undertakers, 








3 


Livery and stable-keepers, . 








2 


Butcher, .... 








1 


Teamster, 








1 


Hucksters and peddlers, 








10 


Miscellaneous. 


Gold and silver workers, . . . ... . 176 


Lead and zinc workers. 






11 


Tinners and tin-makers, 






31 


Tool and cutlery, .... 






99 


Leather goods makers. 






34 


Gunsmiths, locksmiths, and bell-hangers, . 






67 


Electro platers, ..... 






38 


Engravers, . . . . 






13 


Machinists, ..... 






9 


Painters, glaziers, and varnishers, 






74 


Piano and organ-makers and tuners, 






41 


Holders, . 






2 


Model and pattern-makers. 


. 






2 


Paper-hangers, . 


. 






1 


Marble and stone-cutters, 


. 






2 


Potters, . 


, 






11 


Brick and tile-makers, . 


. 






1 


Blacksmiths, 


. 






3 


Carpenters and joiners, 


. 






2 


Engineer, not locomotive, 


. 






1 


Barbers and hairdressers. 
Janitors, . 


• 






42 
19 


Saloon-keepers, . 


. 






28 


Restaurant-keepers, 


. 






26 


Hotel-keepers, 


. 






50 


Saleswomen, 


. 






1,333 


Dressmakers, milliners, and 


seamstresses. 






8,451 


Tailoresses, 


. 






440 


Corset-makers, . 


. 






2,570 


Hat and cap-makers, . 


. 






1,352 


Cotton, woolen, and textile mill operatives, . 






13,057 


Rubber factory. 


. 


. 






1,229 



338 



COXXECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



Brass workers, ..... 

Clock and watch, .... 

Iron and steel workers, including molding. 
Paper mill operatives, . 
Printers, engravers, and bookbinders, 
Paper box-makers, .... 

Wooden box-makers, .... 

Powder and cartridge-makers, 
Housekeepers, ..... 

Boarding and lodginghouse-keepers, 

Nurses and other service, 

Servants, ...... 

Day laborers, ..... 

Ijaundresses, ..... 



1. Farmers, planters, and overseers, 

2. Musicians and teachers of music, 

3. Professors and teachers, 

4. Hotel and boardinghouse-keepers, 

5. Dressmakers, milliners, and seam- 

stresses, 

6. Tailoresses, 

7. Corset-makers, 

8. Textile mill operatives 

9. Rubber factor^'-, . 

10. Paper mills, 

11. Paper box-makers, 

12. Stewardesses, 

13. Servants, 



532 

558 
426 
646 
398 

1,064 

90 

292 

2,264 
515 

1.110 

18,833 

565 

1,375 



Sinofle. Married. Widwd. Divced. 

77 65 530 11 

459 44 31 8 

3,699 102 95 9 

64 143 340 18 



6,3.52 


1,008 


964 


127 


318 


42 


70 


10 


2,339 


119 


90 


22 


11,389 


1,180 


431 


57 


1,137 


49 


40 


3 


534 


69 


39 


4 


1,005 


34 


20 


5 


1,028 


315 


852 


69 



16,270 1,072 1,392 



99 



EXTRACT FROM CIRCULAR. 

women's oegaxizations. 

Not only has woman become an immense, although generally un- 
recognized, factor in the industrial world, but hers being essentially 
the arts of peace and progress, her best work is shown in the number- 
less charitable, reformatory, educational, and other beneficent in- 
stitutions which she has had the courage and the ideality to estab- 
lish for the alleviation of suffering, for the correction of many forms 
of social injustice and neglect, and for the reformation of long- 
established wrongs. These institutions exert a strong and steady 
influence for good, an influence which tends to decrease vice, to 
make useful citizens of the helpless or depraved, to elevate the 
standard of morality, and to increase the sum of human happiness; 
thus most effectively supplementing the best efforts and furthering 
the highest aims of all government. 

All organizations of Avomen must be impressed with the necessity 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 339 

of making an effective sliowing of the noble work which each is 
carrying on. 

The following circular was issued to secure facts as to 
tliose organizations: 

Office Boakd of Lady Managers, 
World's Columbian Commission. 

Your organization will greatly oblige the Board of Lady Managers 
of the Columbian Exposition, if you will answer the following ques- 
tions, and give any additional data that you deem of value in order 
to fully explain the aims, practical workings, or results of your 
association. This information is to be inserted in a catalogue of 
the organizations conducted by women, for the promotion of char- 
itable, philanthropic, intellectual, sanitary, hygienic, industrial, or 
social and moral reform movements. 

The Board of Lady Managers wishes to make this encyclopedia 
the most complete record of woman's work ever given to the public, 
and desires to impress every woman that no band of women is too 
large or too small to find a place in this historic record. If you will 
all help us we shall succeed in making this work a book of reference 
for the years to come, and shall be able to show the most wonderful 
advancement of women along all philanthropic and charitable lines, 
with their industrial and educational advantages. In view of this, 
may we ask a prompt and full reply? 

1. Name. 

2. Date of Organization. 

3. Names of Officers. 

4. Address of Headquarters and Corresponding Secretary. 

5. Number of Charter Members. 

6. Present Membership. 

7. What are the aims of your Society? 

8. Have you any educational features? If so, what are they? 

9. Source of income. 

10. Annual expenditures. 

11. How nearly self-supporting? 

12. Remarks. 

This special line of work has been placed by the president in care 
of the Superintendent of Industrial Department. Direct all letters to 

Mrs. Helen M. Barker. 



340 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



EXTRACT FROM ENCYCLOPEDIA OF WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS 

OF LADY MANAGERS 



Name. 



o 5 
<i-i'-0 

O 03 

II 



OflBcers. 



Headquarters. 






Ijiterary aud Social. 

1 The Thursday Cluh. 1883 

2 Review Club. 1890 

3 Conversational Club. 1890 

4 The Friday Club. 1884 

5 Woman's Club of Seymour. 1892 

6 Thursday Morning Club. 1889 

7 Monday Afternoon Club. 1886 

8 Waterbury Women's Club. 1889 

9 The Conversational Club. 1892 
10 Willimantic Woman's Club. 1891 



11 The Thursday Club. 1889 

12 Friday Afternoon Club. i 1890 

13 Saturday Morning Club, i 1881 

14 Woman's Work in the 1881 

Grange. 

15 Algae Reading Circle. 1890 



16 Fortnightly Columbian His- 1892 
tory Club. 



17 The English Literature 

Club. 

Industrial. 

18 Fair Hat Trimmers' Union. 



Miss Elizabeth W. Prince, Hartford, 

President. 28 Vernon St. 



Lottie Manning, President. 



Meriden. 



Mrs. J. R. Buck, President. Hartford. 

Miss Mary Bulkeley, Presi- Hartford. 

dent. 
Miss Sara Winthrop Smith, Seymour. 

President. I 

Miss S. J. Roby, President. Meriden. 

Miss Palmer, President. Hartford. 

! 
Miss E. L. Frisbie, Presi- Waterbury. 
dent. I 

Miss Elizabeth R. Abbott, Waterbury. 
President. { 

Miss Charrie A. Capen, Pres-; Willimantic. 
ident. 



South Norwalk. 
South Norwalk. 



Miss Edith 

ident. 
Miss E. H 

President. 
Miss May 

President. 

Mrs. Emma 
ident. 

Mrs. Curtis 
ident. 



Woolsey, Pres- New Haven, 

250 Church St. 
, Barnes, Vice-Southington. 

i 
K. Champion, New London, 26 

j Huntington St, 

I. Heath, Pres- Danbury, No. 9'* 
j Town Hill Av. 

1 

H. Bill, Pres- Bridgeport. 



1885 !Mrs. Ellen M. Foote, Pres-:Danbury. 
ident. 



19 Hat Trimmers' Mutual Aid 

Association. i 



20 Hat Trimmers' Association. 1885 



21 United Workers and Wo- 1887 

man's Exchange. { 

I 

22 Bridgeport Exchange for 1887 

Woman's Work. ! 



Mrs. Emma I. Heath, Pres- Danbury. 
ident. j 

Mrs. H. A. Crane, President. South Norwalk. 



jHartford, 
' 49 Pearl St. 



Miss Lewis, President. 

Mrs. Wm. Jewett, President. [Bridgeport. 



29 

16 
30 
32 

15 

26 

125 

12 

50 

6 
60 
27 

11 



1,800 
210 
400 
700 
200 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



341 



3 COMPILED FOR THE COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION BY THE BOARD 
CONNECTICUT. 



Aims. 



Source of 
Income. 



The intellectual advancement of 
its members and the develop 
men of a good literary style. 

To promote literary culture. 

Improvement in conversation. 

Study of history, literature, art, 
and music. 

Mutual improvement. The ad- 
vancement of women in all laud- 
able pursuits, etc. 

Study for mutual improvement 

Study of history — not general, but 

the selection of certain periods. 
Mutual improvement. To do 

good in the community 

elsewhere. 
Education and study of all topics 

of interest to women. 

To awaken to thought and action 
the women of the city, and cre- 
ate an organized center for the 
development thereof. 

Mental stimulus and conversa 
tional improvement. 

Literary and musical culture. 

To promote culture and social 

intercourse. 
The elevation and education of 

the rural community. 
To keep up with the learning and 

culture of the age by a systematic 

and elevated course of reading. 
Literary. 



To protect labor. 



Assessments 
and tines. 

Membership 
fees. 



Fees and 

fines. 
Membership 

fees. 

Membership 

fees. 
Membership 

fees. 
Membership 

fees. 

Membership 
fees. 

Membership 
fees. 



Membership 

fees. 
Membership 

fees. 

Membership 
I fees. 

Membership 
i fees. 

Membership 
' fees. 




Dues (self- 
supporting), 



To aid sick and disabled mem- Membership 

bers with benefits ranging from fees & dues, 

$3 to 15 per week for ten weeks. 
In the interest of employer andpues and 

employes. A business organi-; assessments. 

zation. i 
To help women to help them- 

selves. I 

To sell the work of women andiSubscriptions 
assist them to self-helpfulness. &com'sions. 



Remarks. 



Three lectures given during the 
year. 



Lectures given. 

Belongs to the General Federation 
of v\ omen's Clubs. Has marked 
educational features. 

Lectures given. 

Three lectures given annually. 

Belongs to General Federation of 
Clubs. Has four departments 
of work. 

Has studied parliamentary law 
for two years. Belongs to Gen- 
eral Federation. 

Belongs to General Federation of 
Clubs. 



300 Three hundred and thirty honor- 
ary members. Lectures. 

Under control of National 
Grange. 

Main feature — educational. 



$30 



47 



250 



2,843 
550 
396 



Composed of members of Hat 
Trimmers' Union and Mutual 
Aid Association. 

Belongs to Knights of Labor. 
Death benefit, §100. 



Started from a fund of 82,300 
raised by an entertainment. Be- 
longs to Knights of Labor. 
3,000 Pays a funeral benefit of SIOO. 
Does charitable work. Sent 
rSlOO to Johnstown sufferers. 
500jSelf-supportiDg. Has a reading- 
room and librarj', debating clubs, 
I choral unions, etc. 



342 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF 



Name. 



Q§) 




23 Woman's Exchange. 

24 Stamford Exchange for 

Woman's Work^ 

25 Sewing-school. 

26 Kitchen Garden. 

27 Seaside Institute. 

28 Connecticut Association of 

Working Girls' Clubs. 

29 Warner Club. 

30 Enterprise Club. 

31 Independence Club. 

32 Perseverence Club. 

33 Hope Club. 



34 Toung Women's Christian 

League. j 

35 Young Ladies' League of 

Meriden. 

36 City Club. 



37 Greeneville Girls' Club. 

(Branch of City Club). 

38 Help Each Other Club. 

39 Earnest Workers' Club. 

40 Young Women's Friendly' 

League. 

41 Working Girls' Club. 

42 Working Girls' Club. 

43 Perseverence Club. 



1888 
1885 



1887 



1890 



Headquarters. 






Mrs. Henry A. Whitman, Hartford. 

President. 
Mrs. C. F. Soshe, Corre- Stamford. 

spending Secretary. j 

Mrs. E. M. Parker, Pres- Bridgeport. 

ident. 
Mrs. H. H. Scribner, Pres- Bridgeport. 

ident. 
Controlled by Trustees. Bridgeport. 



Miss Jar vis, Chairman. 



jMiss Katherine McGrath, 
I President. 



1888 'Miss White, President. 



1891 

1888 
1888 
1882 
1890 
1885 



Brooklyn. 
Bridgeport. 



New Haven, 
87 TrumbuU St. 



iMiss Dotha Bushnell, Pres-'New Haven, 



ident. 
Miss M. T. Dana, President. 



Miss Jennie E. Andre"ws, 
President. 



1890 



1891 



1891 



944 Chapel St. 

New Haven, 
24 Grove St. 

Rockville. 



350 



Miss E. N. Eastman, Pres- New Britain, 
ident. j 

Mrs. Charles Young, Pres-; Meriden. 
ident. 

Mrs. Sidney L. Greer, Sec'y. Norwich. 
Mrs. Sidney L. Greer, Sec'y. Norwich. 
Miss Mary Dexter,President.jDanielson. 
Bridgeport, 
Miss I. M. Russell.President 



Miss C. B, Wheeler, Pres- 
ident. 



Miss Annie McElroy, Pres- 
ident. 



Waterbury, 
43 E. Main St. 

Stamford, 
Atlantic Sq. 



Miss A. J. Dates, President. New Britain, 
280 Arch St. 

Mrs. Mary E. Bragaw, Pres- New London, 
ident. I Union St. 



1,100 

30 
30 
25 
35 
50 
69 
85 
70 
79 
30 
70 
180 
108 
50 
30 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
CONNECTICUT. — CoNTmuED. 



343 




To help women to help them-SubscriptioD'=; 

selves. i (fccom'sions. 

To help women to help them- Subscriptions 

selves. &com'sions. 

To teach girls sewing and neat- Donations. 

ness. 
Teaches girls cooking and house-iDonations. 

work. 
For the welfare of women em- 

ployes. 



To strengthen, knit together, Club dues. 

and protect the interests of the 

Clubs. 
To become true and noble women 

Mutual enjoyment. 



To furnish pleasant rooms where 
its members can pass their even- 
ings. I 

To furnish pleasant rooms where 
its members can pass evenings. 

To gain by co-operation, oppor- 
tunities for the general improve- 
ment of members. 

To provide pleasant rooms where 
members can learn all ordinary 
occupations. 

To secure by co-operation, means 
of self -improvement, recreation, 
etc. 

To benefit self-supporting young 
women. 

For the industrial education and 
amusement of working girls. 

For the industrial education and 
amusement of working girls. 

Mutual improvement. 



Mutual improvement and social 
pleasure. 

To promote the social, mental, i 
and moral welfare of self-de- 
pendent girls. 

Mutual improvement and friend- 
ship. 

Mutual improvement and friend- 
ship. 

To provide headquarters for 
working girls, and to elevate 
them morally, socially, and 
physically. 



Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertain m'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertalnm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertain m'ts. 

Membership 

I dues and en- 

' tertainm'ts. 

jMembership 

j dues and en- 

I tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en 
tertainm'ts. 



$1,150 



100 

60 

160 

185 

280 
378 

100 

1,000 

1,200 

350 

250 



Was a branch of the United 
Workers until 1892. 



Attendance, 233. 
Attendance, 348. 

Fine building erected by Warner 
Bros. A good library therewith 
connected. 

Consists of thirteen clubs. 



Given rooms rent free in Seaside 
Institute. Aims to be self-sup- 
porting. 

Members are factory employes. 
Evening classes. Collecting a 
library. 

Promotion of higher sort of social 
life. Evening classes. 

Composed largely of working 
classes for intellectual improve- 
ment. 

Has a library. Evening classes. 



Lends a helping hand to oth- 
ers. Industrial and intellectual 
classes. 

Classes in German and short- 
hand. 

Under auspices of the United 
Workers. 

Under auspices of the United 
Workers. 

Educational and industrial 
classes. 

Composed of women employes of 
Warner Bros. Evening classes. 

Has rooms open every evening 
for working-women. Classes. 

Members engaged in all occupa- 
tions. Industrial and intellect- 
ual classes. 

Members mostly factory em- 
ployes. Evening classes. 

Educational and industrial 
classes. 



344 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF 



Name. 



o 5 

O sj 



PS) 



Officers. 



Headquarters. 



44 Girls' Evening Club. 



45 Lend-a-Hand Club. 

Philanthropic and 
Charitable. 

46 Girls' Friendly Society. 



47 City Mission Society. 



48 Women's Christian Asso- 

ciation. 

49 Conn. Woman's Christian 

Temperance Union. 

50 Non-partisan Woman's 

Christian Temp. Union. 

51 Woman's Relief Corps of 

Connecticut. 

52 Connecticut Indian Asso- 

ciation. 

53 Hartford Auxiliary of the 

American McCall Asso. 

54 Woman's Aux. to Young 

Men's Christian Asso. 

55 The Order of the Eastern 

Star. 

56 Woman's Aux. to Young 

Men's Christian Asso. 

57 Young Women's Christian 

Association. 

58 Order of the King's Daugh- 

ters of Connecticut. 

59 Good Will Club. 



60 Hartford Branch of Wo- 

man's Board of Missions. 

61 New Haven Branch of Wo- 

man's Board of Missions. 

62 Connecticut Branch Wo- 

man's Auxiliary to Board 
of Missions (Episcopal). 

63 Woman's Centenary Asso- 

ciation of Connecticut. 

64 Eastern Connecticut Branch 

of Woman's Board of 
Missions. 

65 Woman's Congregational 

Home Missionary Soc. 



1891 
1889 

1885 

1886 

1867 

1875 
1885 

1881 

1887 
1892 
1874 

1892 
1880 

1880 
1870 
1870 
1880 
1871 
1868 
1885 



Mrs. Wilmot, President. Bridgeport. 



Mrs. W. C. Lanman, Sec'y. Norwich 



Mrs. Jacob Knous, Sec'y. 



Mrs. George C, Merriam, 
President. 

Mrs. George Kellogg, Pres- 
ident. 

Mrs. S. B. Forbes, President. 

Mrs. H. W. Howell, Pres- 
ident. 

Harriet J. Bodge, Depart- 
ment President. 

Mrs. S. T. Kinnev, President. 



Mrs. Geo. M. Stone, Pres- 
ident. 

Mrs. Truman B. Smith, Pres- 
ident. 

Mrs. Hannah S. Harvey, 
Grand Matron. 

Mrs. H. I. Mygatt, Pres- 
ident. 
Mrs. J. N. Dana, President. 



Miss Katharine Gillette, 
State Secretary. 

Miss Mary Hall, President. 



Mrs. Chas. Jewell, President. 



Miss Susan E, Daggett, Pres- 
ident. 

Mrs. Samuel Colt, President. 



Miss Ella E. Manning, Pres- 
ident. 

Miss Emily S. Gilman, Pres- 
ident, 

Mrs. Jacob A. Biddle, Pres- 
ident. 



Hartford. 



Meriden, City 
I Mission Bldg. 

Hartford, 
58 Church St. 

Hartford. 

Putnam. 

Hartford. 

New Haven, 
1162 Chapel St. 

Hartford. 

Southington. 

Bridgeport, 
42 Madison Av. 

New Milford. 

New Haven, 
568 Chapel St. 

New Haven, 

9 Eld St. 

Hartford. 



Hartford. 

New Haven, 
77 Grove St. 

Hartford. 
Stamford. 
Norwich. 



Hartford, 
149 High St. 



30 



142 

250 

4,590 

85 

2,543 

855 

100 
2,000 

112 

9,000 
800 
800 

5,000 

250 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
CONNECTICUT. — Continued. 



345 



Aims. 



Source of 
Income. 






Eemarks. 



Mutual improvement and socia- 
bility. 

To help onward and upward, and 
to " lend a hand." 



Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 

Membership 
dues and en- 
tertainm'ts. 



To bind young women together Membership 

for mutual help, both secular fees, 

and religious 
Christian work among the neg- Endowment. 

lected classes outside the ordi 

nary ministrations of the church 
To aid young women temporari- Membership 

ly, morally, and religiously. fees and 

board 
Promotion of temperance and Dues, contri- 

prohibition of the liquor traffic, butions, etc 
Promotion of the cause of tem- Dues, contri- 

perance, butions, etc 

To assist needy Union veterans Per capita 

and their families. tax. 

To awaken and stimulate public Subscriptions 

sentiment to a just government- and contri 

al policy toward the Indians. butions. 
To aid the McAll Mission in Membership 

Paris, Prance. fees 

To co-operate in the religious and Membership 

secular work of the Y. M. C. A. fees. 
To give practical effect to the Charter mem- 

beneticent purposes of Freema- bers and 

sonry. dues 

To assist the Association in any Membership 

good work for young men. 
To aid self-supporting young wo 

men. 

To develop spiritual life. 



To promote the moral, intellect 

ual, and physical improvement 

of boys. 
To send female missionaries to 

foreign lands ; to educate and 

Christianize pagans. 
To spread a knowledge of the 

pure Gospel among women in 

heathen lands. 
To aid the work of missionary 

bishops ; to help missionaries — 

home and foreign. 
To promote the interests of the 

Universalist Church throughout 

the world. 
Collection of money for mission- 
ary purposes ; cultivation of 

missionary spirit. 
To aid all forms of home mis 

sionary work. 

23 



Subscriptions 
and contri 
butions. 

Membership 
fees. 

Donations. 



Dues, contri 
butions, etc. 

Dues, contri- 
butions, etc. 

Voluntary 
contribu- 
tions. 

Membership 
fees. 

Voluntary 
contribu- 
tions. 

Collections 
and gifts. 



For benefit of working-girls. 
For benefit of working-girls. 



Four branches. Under auspices 
of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church. 

},756 Hon. I. C. Lewis of Meriden pre- 
sented the society with a busi- 
ness block valued at $70,000. 
12,800 Owns property worth $60,000. 
Boarding-home accommodates 
sixty inmates. 
2,870 One hundred and forty-two local 
unions. 
175 Scientific temperance instruction. 

Forty-three corps in the State. 

2,500 Supports mission station and 
workers at Fort Hall, Idaho. 

800 



325 



300 

5,790 
12,160 
22,700 

3,500 
15,000 



Meets annually. Has twenty- 
eight subordinate chapters. 

Evening classes in vocal culture, 
stenography, etc. 

Classes in book-keeping, litera- 
ture, German, etc. Value of 
property, $45,000. 

Three counties organized. Sup- 
ports children's ward in hospit- 
al, sewing-school, etc. 

Owns a building worth more than 
$20,000. For boys from 8 to 21 
years. 

Congregational. Eighty -four 
auxiliaries. 

Congregational. One hundred 
and eighty-eight societies in four 
counties. 

Educates daughters of clergymen; 
provides scholarships in dioce- 
san, Indian, and colored schools. 



Thirty-seven auxiliary societies. 



Seventy-six auxiliaries. Congre- 
gational. 



346 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF 



Name. 



O e3 
aj.2 



Officers. 



Headquarters. 



66 Ladies Auxiliary of tlie 

Young Men's Chr. Asso. 

67 Hartford Orptian Asylum 



68 Widows' Society. 

69 Bridgeport Associated 

Charities. 

70 Union for Home Work. 



71 Catholic Ladies'Benevolent 

Association. 

72 Larrabee Fund Association 



73 Ladies' Aid Society of 

Gilead. 

74 Ladies'Benevolent Society. 

75 United Workers of Nor- 

wich. 



76 Rocknook Children's 

Home. 

77 Sheltering Arm. 

78 Cottage Hospital. 

79 Sisters of Mercy. 

80 St. Francis Orphan Asylum 

81 The Ezra Chappell Benev- 

olent Society. 

82 The Lewis Female Cent. 

Society. 

83 New Haven Orphan Asy- 

lum. 

84 Bridgeport Protestant Or- 

phan Asylum. 

85 Bridgeport Protestant Wid- 

ows' Society. 

86 First Church Home for 

Aged and Destitute Wo- 
men of New Haven. 

87 Ladies' Seaman's Friend 

Society. 

88 St. John's Sewing Circle. 

89 United Workers of New 

London. 



90 Day Nursery. 



1888 
1833 

1826 
1886 

1872 

1884 
1864 

1891 
1883 
1876 



1877 
1881 
1831 



Mrs. George Van Alstyne. 
President. 

Mrs. Chas. F. Howard, Pres- 
ident. 

Mrs. R. E. Day, President. 

Mrs. H. H. Pyle, President. 

Mrs. Samuel Colt, President. 

Mrs. C. O'Neill, President. 

Mrs. Jacob Knous, Pres- 
ident. 

Mrs. J. H. Buell, President, 
Mrs. Ed, Bugbee, President. 



Norwalk. 
Hartford. 



Hartford, No.lJO 
Washington St.! 

Bridgeport, I 

248 Main St. 

Hartford, 
239 Market St. 

Hartford, 

9 Pratt St. 
Hartford, 

426 Asylum St. 



Gilead. 
Wauregan. 



Miss Maria P. Gilman, Pres- Norwich, 
ident. . 



Mrs. Louisa G. Lane, Sec'y. Norwich. 

Mrs. K. H. Leavens, Pres- Norwich. 

ident. 
Mrs. H. R. Bond, President. New London. 

Sr. M. Rose Maher, Supe-PIartf ord. 
rioress. 



1862 Sr. M. Rose Maher, Supe- Hartford. 

rioress, \ 

1866 Mrs. Hannah Chappell, Pres-New London. 

ident. j 

1810 [Mrs. Lucretia Perry, Pres-|New London, 

ident. i 



1833 

1867 

1849 
1871 

1845 
1890 



Mrs. Edw. Sterling, Chair 
man Board of Managers, 

Mrs, Alex. Wheeler, Pres- 
ident. 

Miss Henrietta W. Chaplin, 
President. 



. {New Haven, 
J 610 Elm St. 

Bridgeport. 



Mrs. T. W. Robertson, Pres- 
ident. 
Mrs. John Moran, President 
1892 Miss Alice Chew, President. 



Miss Helen Wordin, Pres- 
ident. 



Bridgeport. 

New Haven, 
125 Wall St. 



New London. 

New London. 
New London. 



Bridgeport. 



136 

40 

9 
500 

254 

60 

28 

24 

18 

1,300 



4 

150 



270 
23 



36 

675 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
CONNECTICUT. —Continued. 



347 



Aims. 



Source of 
Income. 



P ft 

H 



Remarks. 



To assist the association in its 
work among young men. 

Care and support of children 
needing homes (not of necessity 
orphans). 

To relieve aged widows. 



Invested 
funds and 
subscript's. 

Legacies. 



Legacies, do- 
nations, etc, 



To remedy the evil of street beg- 
ging. Investigates the case of 
each applicant. 

To care for women and children Membership 
of the poor who are helped by fees and sub- 
being taught to help themselves, scriptions. 

Charity and benevolence. jMembership 

I dues. 

To distribute the income from the 

Larrabee fund to lame, deform 
ed, or maimed females of the 
town of Hartford. 

Benevolent purposes. Entertain 

I ments, etc, 

To extend help to the poor of the Fees and 
city and vicinity. ' i work. 

Promotion of practical benevo- Contributions 



lence. 



The care of destitute children. 

To care for the sick poor. 

To provide a home for the sick. 

To acquire all possible perfection 
in virtue, and to serve the sick, 
poor, and ignorant. 

Care and education of orphans. 

To aid the poor of New London. 

To relieve the necessities of the 
poor. j 

The care of orphans,half-orphans, 
and destitute children. j 

Care and education of orphans.- j 



To aid indigent widows in the' 

home and township. | 

To provide a comfortable home 

for aged and destitute women; 

belonging to the Center Church! 

and sister churches. 
To aid destitute seamen and their 

families. j 

Clothing of the poor. 
To secure united and consecutive^ 

efforts in benevolent work! 

among the needy. \ 

To care for the children of work-i 

ing-women during the day. j 



and dona- 
tions. 

Donations 
and board. 

Voluntary 
gifts. 

Patients pay, 
etc. 

City funds 
and contri- 
butions. 



Interest on 
fund. 

Bequest, con- 
tributions. 

Invested 
funds and 
public funds. 

Invested 
funds & sub- 
scriptions. 

Bequests and 
fees. 

Donations 
and board. 



Investments, 
etc. 

Donat'ns, etc. 

Contribu- 
tions, etc. 

Donations. 



$200 Endeavors to make the Associa- 
tion rooms attractive. 
15,000 



1,700 

3,535 Maintains kitchen garden, sew- 
ing-school, girls' evening club, 
I labor bureau, etc. 

6,000,Maintains a cooking-school, train- 
ing - school for housework, 
creche, and diet-kitchen. 



Beneficiaries receive small quar- 
terly allowances. Amount of 
fund, $21,000. 



100 



60 Helps in mission work. 

14,189 Maintains children's home. Shel- 
tering Arm, gifls' club, employ- 
ment bureau, district and alms- 
house visitations, etc. 
2,760| Under auspices of United Work- 

! ers. 
4,200 Under auspices of United Work- 
, I ers. 

200 Five beds. Soon to be supplant- 
ed by public hospital. 



....300 children. Costs about $100 
annually for each child. 



940| 

17,000 Accommodates one hundred and 
, forty children. 



2,645 Forty-eight inmates, 
board of trustees. 



Under a 



3,992 The Sterling Home was erected 
by this society in 1884. 
Twelve inmates. 



300 



85 
600 



Five hundred and fift3'-f our in at- 
tendance. 



348 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS OF 



Name. 


.2 
o « 


Officers. Headquarters. 

j 


h 


Reformatory. 








91 The Woman's Aid Society. 


1878 


Mrs. Chas. B. Smith, Pres- 
ident. 


Hartford. 
1 Pavilion St. 


350 


92 Home for the Friendless. 


1866 


Mrs. Wm. Hillhouse, Pres- 
ident. 


New Haven. 




Political. 




1 




93 Woman's Suffrage Asso. 

94 Political Equality Club. 


1889 


Mrs. Isabella B. Hooker, 
President. 

Mrs. Wilbur F. Rogers, Pres- 
ident. 


Hartford. 
Meriden. 


60 


.Esthetic. 










95 The Hartford Art Society. 


1877 


Mrs. Mary B. Cheney, Pres- Hartford, The 
Ident. Athenaeum. 


100 


Miscellaneous. 








96 Conn. State Board of Lady 

Managers. 


1892 


Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkelev Hartford, 
and Mrs. Geo. H. Knight, Lakeville. 
Presidents. | 


82 


97 Ladies' Narragansett Cy- 
cling Club. 


1892 


Miss Harriet Scott, Pres- 
ident. 


New London. 


11 



SUMMARY. 



Number of societies, 
Total membership, . 
Total annual expenses, 



97 

37,697 

$170,790 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 
CONNECTICUT. — Continued. 



349 



Aims. 


Source of 
Income. 


"3 a 


Kemarks. 






To assist, reclaim, and reform 
erring women. To aid friend- 
less women and provide a tem- 
porary home for them. 

To provide a temporary home for 
girls who have been led astray ; 
to give them employment and 
instruction. 


Subscriptions 
and collec- 
tions. 

Legacies and 
donations. 


1,200 


The inmates are fitted to honor- 
ably support themselves. 

A-lso provides a home for small 
children and infants Avith their 
mothers. Home for old ladies 
in connection. ■ 


To secure for women full rights 

of citizenship. 
To secure political equality to 

women. 


Membership 
fees, etc. 




Recently received a gift of S10,000 
from Mr. Isaac Lewis, Meriden. 


To establish and maintain an art 
school with a view to practical 
training in the various branches. 


Membership 
fees, tuition, 
etc. 


893 


Free-hand drawing, painting, me- 
chanical and industrial design- 
ing and decorative work taught. 
Art lectures given to the public. 


To assist the National Commis- 
sion in collecting statistics, and 
in preparing an exhibit of wo- 
man's work for the Columbian 
Exposition. 

To promote an interest in cycling 
among women. 


State appro- 
priation, 

$7,000. 




The resignation of Mrs. Morgan 
G. Bulkeley in December, 1892, 
made the election of a second 
President necessary. 


Dues and 
fines. 




For physical recreation. 



The great number of local societies makes it impossible to present them in 
detail. In Connecticut they are as follows : 



Local Missionary Societies, 
Local Unions of W. C. T. A., . 
Corps of Woman's Relief-Corps, 
Chapters Order Eastern Star, 
Indian Associations, 



400 

142 

43 

28 

11 



CHAPTEE XXII. 

FINAE'CIAL WOEK OF THE BOAED. 

The delightf ul courage of tlie man who had the wit to dis- 
cover and the frankness to own that " nothing is so fallacious as 
figures, except facts/' puts him at once upon a footing with 
Columbus and other fearless navigators and discoverers. 
Using the statement as a text, and a solemn warning as well, 
no attempt will be made in this chapter to prove in round num- 
bers that the expenditure of the appropriation given the 
Woman's Board of World's Fair Managers of Connecticut was 
the wisest, most conservative, or most far-reaching that could 
have been made. At the close of the Board work a detailed 
statement and itemized account, arranged in neat columns, 
and capable of proving either way, was submitted in due form 
to the treasurer of the Men's Board, and, upon being duly ap- 
proved and accepted, was' promptly filed away for future 
reference, since nothing seems more interesting to the anti- 
quarian than old accounts. If any one doubts this let him 
study the catalogue of any exhibition of Colonial or Eevolu- 
tionary relics, and he will discover that the Father of his 
Country even does not escape having the homely commonplace 
of his laundry bills audited and reaudited by successive ad- 
miring and curious generations. 

For the first time in its history the Congress of the United 
States appropriated a definite sum of money to be used exclu- 
sively by women for their own interests and advancement. 
Probably the same thing was true in the history of States, but 
in Connecticut our relations with the Men's Board, to whom 
we owed our appropriation, were so simple, straightforward, 
and business-like, that it is to be feared we failed to remember 
that we worked under unusual conditions. They certainly 
failed equally to remind us of the fact. 

(350) 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 35I 

The sum of five, out of tlie fifty tliousand dollars sub- 
scribed for Exposition purposes by tbe citizens of tbe State, was 
placed to our credit upon vote of the commission. An order 
upon tbe treasurer of tbe general fund, signed by tbe presi- 
dent of the Woman's Board, was sufiicient to cause the sum 
specified to be placed in the hands of our own treasurer, who, in 
turn, paid all bills upon the presentation of vouchers, which 
had been properly audited by a committee appointed for that 
purpose. 

Our method of work was very simple. The State contains 
eight counties, and two managers and two alternates were ap- 
pointed in each. They, in turn, divided the county into four 
divisions, each taking for her field of operation the section 
nearest her place of residence, thereby saving all unncessary 
expenditure of time and strength, as well as money. 

When an unusual amount of work developed in a county, 
as, for instance,' gaining statistics in a crowded manufacturing 
center, we engaged, at a definite salary, the best outside ser- 
vice we could secure, to lighten the difiiculties encountered. 
With one exception, that of our treasurer, whose work was 
very exacting, the members of the Woman's Board gave the 
most devoted and persistent effort to this common cause liter- 
ally " without money and without price.'' 

Unhampered by suggestions or restrictions, and sure of the 
most cordial support of the Men's Board, whenever we needed 
it, we used the utmost freedom in carrying forward our work 
by whatever steps commended themselves as a valuable means 
of advancement. 

The absolute harmony existing in our organization, whose 
members showed the most delightful spirit of enthusiastic co- 
operation from first to last, reduced the necessity for general 
meetings to the lowest possible number. We had no " chronic 
objector " to checkmate our best intentions, and though we 
may have lost the inspiration of battle, we gained in time, 
money, and enthusiasm by being able to confine our con- 



352 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

ferences exclusively to reports, comparisons, and details of 
future work. 

The following brief outline gives tlie main channels of ex- 
pense, as well as of work followed : 

The ChHdren's Building. 

The Woman's Dormitory Association. 

The entire expense of all exhibits sent out under the direc- 
tion of the Board. 

Collecting articles of artistic or historic interest for ex- 
hibition. 

Collecting statistics relating to labor, and to educational, 
philanthropic, religious, and social movements. 

Collecting and arrangement of an exhibit of literature. 

Collecting and printing of a book of short stories, poems, 
essays, and other articles. 

The decoration and furnishing of a room in the Woman's 
Building. 

Collecting wood carving for the library in the Woman's 
Building. 

The direction of the decorations and furnishing of the 
Connecticut State Building. 

The request for the sum of three hundred dollars as our 
share in the funds which was to be used in the construction of a 
house for little children upon the Exposition grounds found 
immediate response, the members of the Board contributing, 
or raising, two hundred and twenty-six of the three hundred 
dollars we were asked to guarantee. 

The disposal of shares of stock in the Woman's Dormitory 
Association also commended itself to us as well worth while. 
The various circulars sent us from headquarters, one of which 
is reproduced at the end of this chapter, promised a safe, as well 
as economical, way in which women of limited means could 
avail themselves of the wonderful advantages of the Exposi- 
tion. Two hundred and fifty shares of stock were apportioned 
to us, an amount nearly doubled later, in answer to eager ap- 
plications from women, mainly teachers, who were glad to avail 
themselves of what promised to be at least a safe starting point. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 353 

The exhibits sent out under the direction and at the ex- 
pense of the Board were very few. 

A greater expense was incurred in letting both artists and 
workers in every field know that the Board was willing to help 
them to the utmost in other ways than in actual exhibits. 
There were several reasons for this. Lack of sufficient space 
for a successful exhibition of articles was a very important one. 
The outlay devoted to gaining statistics was mainly the 
traveling expenses of the various members in their personal 
canvass. The results more than repaid us for the strenuous 
effort required, a history of which would prove a valuable 
object lesson in tact, courage, patience, and endurance. The 
exhibit of literature was the most costly, as it was the most 
valuable and enduring of all our exhibits. The cabinet in 
which Mrs. Stowe's books and silver were shown to the public 
was only secured after days of fruitless search among the wares 
of the best furnishers and decorators in 'New York. Standing 
apart from the general decoration of that most charming room, 
the library in the Woman's Building, it had to be in harmony 
with its surroundings, besides being perfectly adapted to the 
purpose for which it was secured. A beautiful edition of all 
Mrs. Stowe's books was especially brought out for us by her 
publishers, Houghton, Mifflin & Co., and besides these we 
spared no pains to have our general collection of literature com- 
plete. 

When we began collecting the work of writers of poems, 
short stories, and essays, it was proposed to spend but fifty dol- 
lars in the collection, using typewritten copies to insure con- 
formity with other work of the same kind exhibited by sister 
States, but the work grew and grew, not unlike a modem Jack's 
beanstalk, in the hands of the able woman having it in charge, 
until a full-fledged book, in an attractive cover, with a frontis- 
piece and the best of printer's ink within, claimed the Woman's 
Board as godmother. 

By gaining a copyright, or giving credit for all the articles 
contained, we were able, after presenting the book in directions 



354 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

which would enhance its value, to sell copies enough to cover a 
large share of the expense we had incurred in its production, 
besides adding a unique and valuable feature to our exhibit of 
literature-. 

The six beautifullj-carved panels of wood which were used 
as a part of the decorations of the library in the Woman's 
Building were nearly all paid for out of the appropriation. 
While the decoration and furnishing of the room known as the 
Connecticut Room was, and remains, one of the most satis- 
factory results of our work as a Board, its influence for the 
direct advancement of womankind outlasts, as we hoped it 
would, the fleeting enthusiasm of the AVorld's Eair. The col- 
lection of rare and historic articles, both for exhibition and for 
the furnishing of the Connecticut house, came under the head 
of expense of members, since that also was mainly traveling ex- 
penses incurred in going from place to place in the search for 
what was attractive or appropriate. The actual expense of 
furnishing in detail, together with the decorations of the house, 
which the Building Committee placed in the hands of a com- 
mittee from the Woman's Board did not, of course, come out 
of our appropriation, which was increased by an additional two 
thousand dollars when the State assumed the expense of con- 
ducting Exposition affairs. This additional sum enabled us 
to furnish the Connecticut Room, to print the Board book, and 
to gather the industrial statistics asked of us. The sale of the 
book, " Selections from the Writings of Connecticut Women," 
paid every expense connected with it except a part of the print- 
ing. At the close of the Pair the carved panels, which we sent 
to the Woman's Building, were, at the request of the Com- 
mittee at headquarters, presented as gifts to the Women's Mem- 
orial Building. For the same purpose the Connecticut Board, 
in a formal letter to Mrs. Palmer, presented a beautiful copy 
of the edition de luxe of the book " Selections from the Writ- 
ings of Connecticut Women," also a volume containing early 
compositions of Harriet Beecher Stowe, Banny Bern, and 
Lydia H. Sigourney, and other rare books. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 355 

That part of tli€ furniture whicli had been used in the 
Connecticut room in the Woman's Building, and which was 
suitable for gifts, was purchased by the president for a nominal 
sum and presented, in the name of the Board, to various libra- 
ries and historical societies. 

In the same way a legal transfer was made of the remain- 
ing copies of the Board book, which were afterward distributed 
to the larger libraries and to those of our own State. 

The collection of literature, together with the cabinet 
which held Mrs. Stowe's exhibit, was presented to the State 
Historical Society. 

Yery generously, the remainder of the furniture was pur- 
chased by ex-GrOvernor Morgan G. Bulkeley, for a third of 
its original value, the sum fixed upon by the committee in 
charge, and placed at the disposal of the members of the Board, 
who in turn purchased it for its historical value. 

The proceeds from these sales were placed in the hands of 
the treasurer of the Men's Board, and the Woman's Board had 
the delightful satisfaction of coming out on the right side of 
their balance sheet, with an unexpended sum to their credit. 
A general financial report only is herewith presented. 



356 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



.189 



Board of Lady Managers of Connecticut, 

To.„ : 

of 

For Traveling Expenses incurred in attending meeting of 



Dr. 



at. 



Members and Officers of the Board of Lady Managers will please fill 
out the above, giving name and P. O. address, place and date of meeting 
attended, and the amount of expenses incurred, and send the same to the 
Treasurer, 

MiBS Lucy P. Trowbridge, 210 Prospect Street, New Haven, Conn., 

who will send check for the amount. The check endorsed by the member, 
together with this statement, will be the Treasurer's voucher for the pay- 
ment of such expenses. 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 



357 



C5 

W 
o 



o 
> 

m 

P^ 



m 



358 



lONNECTICUT at the WORLD'S FAIR. 



The Board of Lady Managers op Connecticut. 

In account with Connecticut Board of World's Fair Managers. 



Received from Treasurer as per appropriations of main Board, $7,000.00 

'• " Subscriptions to Children's building, . . . 226.00 
" " Sales of book "Selections from the Writings of 

Connecticut Women," 135.33 

" " Sales of furniture Connecticut room, . . 103.00 



Total Receipts, 



. $7,464.33 



Disbursements. 

Paid for collection of books, cabinet, etc. , . 

Exhibit of literature for Library in Woman's Building 
List of Women Inventors of Connecticut, . 
Printing, . . . ' . 

Carving panels, framing photos, . 

Painting table top, 

Labor in gathering statistics. 
Decoration of Connecticut room and furniture. 
Expenses of Board of Managers, . 
Appropriation for Children's building, 
Expense of special exhibits, .... 

Total disbursements, 
Refunded to Treasurer of main Board, 



$227.65 

609.92 

5.00 

25.00 

99.75 

100.00 

895.57 

1,633.14 

3,091.79 

300.00 

13.94 



7,001.76 
462.57 



$7,464.33 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 359 

THE WOMAN'S DORMITORY ASSOCIATION 

OF THE 

COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 

Chicago, Illinois. 

Capital Stock, $160,000. 

Officers. 
President, Mrs. Matilda B. Carse. 
Secretary, Mrs. Helen M. Barker. 
Treasurer, Mr. Elbridge G. Keith. 

Directors. 

Mrs. Potter Palmer, Miss Frances Willard, 

Mrs. Matilda B. Carse, Mrs. Martha H. Ten Eyck, 

Mrs. Helen M. Barker, Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr. , 

Mrs. L. Brace Shattuck, Mrs. A. L. Chetlain, 

Mrs. James R. Doolittle, Jr., Mrs. Ben C. Truman, 

Mrs. Leander Stone, Mrs. George L. Dunlap, 

Mrs. Charles Henrotin, Mrs. James A. Mulligan. 

Office Board of Lady Managers, 

Chicago, 111. 

The Board of Lady Managers has been desirous to carry out the 
design of Congress in creating it, and the intent of the National 
Commission in prescribing its duties. ,The Commission said, in de- 
fining the duties of the Board: " The Board shall have general 
charge and management of all interests of women in connection with 
the Exposition." In conformity with this, Mrs. Palmer called a 
meeting of all the Lady Managers resident in Chicago to consider 
what could be done for the benefit of the great army of women that 
will visit Chicago during the Fair, especially those known as " in- 
dustrial women," " wage earners," and " working girls." It was 
felt that after reduced traveling rates had been secured, the next 
duty would be to procure for these women good, clean, safe homes 
at reasonable rates. Hence, it was resolved to take steps towards 
providing such homes. Mrs. Matilda B. Carse was appointed by this 
body to look the matter up and report to a second meeting. Mrs. 
Carse presented a plan, and, in harmony with her plan, an Associa- 
tion has been formed and incoi-porated, and is now ready for work. 
Its directors are well-known and reliable women of Chicago con- 
nected with the Board of Lady Managers. The treasurer is one of 
Chicago's most prominent bankers. 

Our plan, as set forth in the former circular, is to erect buildings 
adjacent to the Fair grounds, capable of sheltering 5,000 women, 
the rooms to be furnished with comfortable beds and toilet con- 



360 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

veniences. These dormitodes will be presided over by refined, 
matherly women, wbo will have a watchful care over unprotected 
girls who may come singly or in groups. 

In order to accomplish all this work we have formed a stock 
company, and will soon be ready to issue stock in shares of $10. 
These shares will be taken at any dormitory of this association in 
payment for lodging bills. Only two persons will be allowed to come 
at one time on a single share. These shares will be transferable, and 
if the face value is not used by the holder during her stay, it can be 
made over to another who can use the balance. After the ten dollars 
has been used, the share still stands on our books, credited to the 
holder, and she will be entitled to her pro rata share of the profits, 
if a surplus remains after the enterprise is closed. 

Our rate per day will not exceed forty cents to stockholders, and if 
the association finds it can isafely do so, the rate may be put at 
thirty-five cents, but this we cannot promise. Each person must 
engage her room at least one month before coming, in order to be 
sure of accommodation at that time, and, in making application for 
stock, must state what month and what part of that month she de- 
sires to come. 

The association finds it will be necessary to limit the number of 
guests to be entertained during each month, hence the first to apply 
for stock will have the choice of the month in which they will come, 
while those who follow later may be obliged to select another month 
when there are vacancies. 

Stockholders will be given' the preference over others. Non- 
holders of stock will be furnished lodgings whenever vacancies exist, 
but we may have to charge them a slightly higher rate. 

Application for stock can be made and money sent at once, and 
as soon as $25,000 is in the bank your certificate will be promptly 
forwarded. In the meantime, you will receive an official receipt by 
return mail that will insure your safety. 



ii 



CHAPTER XXIII. 
EESOLUTIOisrS AisTD LETTERS OF THANKS. 

The final meeting of the Woman's Board of Managers 
was held in Hartford, December 18, 1893, with an unusually 
full attendance of members. The World's Eair, to which we 
had given so many months of thought and work, walking by 
faith, had gladdened our sight at last with such a vision of 
loveliness that the remembrance of all exactions of time and 
strength faded into the background. We were glad and 
proud to have been even among the least of those who had con- 
tributed to such a marvelous result. We had worked so 
unitedly toward a common purpose that we found our- 
selves upon the footing of familiar friends, unwilling to go 
our separate ways without at least a handshake and an expres- 
sion of the hope that we might meet again. The delightful 
harmony of our Board had been unbroken from the first meet- 
ing to the last, and the resolutions of thanks, some of which ap- 
pear in this report, expressed the unanimous feeling of the 
members. 

We cannot close this report without expressing our individ- 
ual and collective thanks to the members of the Men's Board 
for the delightful consideration and courtesy which they 
showed to us at every opportunity. To the members of the 
Building Committee especially, and to the Treasurer, Mr. 
George H. Day, we owe more than can be conveyed in any 
formal expression of thanks. Of all the gracious things said 
of us nothing touched us so much as the compliment paid the 
Board on Connecticut Day by Senator Reed, whose untimely 
death came as a personal grief to each of us who had the 
privilege of knowing him : " The Pilgrim Fathers did not 
begin to be as proud of the Pilgrim Mothers, nor the Revolu- 
tionary Fathers of the Revolutionary Mothers, as our Men's 
Board are of our Women's Board in Connecticut." 
24 (361) 



362 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

Whatever success came to us in our work is due, next to 
the direct personal effort of committees, to that wise, far-see- 
ing, foundation work planned and carried out for several 
months by Mrs. Morgan G. Bulkeley, our first president. We 
all caught her enthusiasm and something of the high standard 
she set for our attainment. 

Especially was her successor under the greatest personal 
obligation to her from the first meeting to the last, for in every 
new plan for the f iui;herance of the Board work her advice and 
help were as unfailing as they were valuable. 

The following resolution, offered by Mrs. J. G. Gregory 
at the final meeting of the Board, December 18, 1893, puts 
into formal speech something of the personal feeling of warm 
appreciation with which the members of the Board remember 
Governor Bulkeley's unfailing consideration: 

Whereas, With the close of the official existence of the Board of 
Lady Managers for Connecticut, its members desire to place on 
record their appreciation of the generous aid and many thought- 
ful services rendered by ex-Governor Bulkeley; 

Whereas, We owe our existence as a Board to his appointment, 
and have availed ourselves of his wise counsel from the com- 
mencement, and found in him an ever-ready friend and generous 
supporter; and 

Whereas, W^e recognize the fact that our success as a Board has 
been largely promoted by his unostentatious help. 
Resolved, That we express to him our recognition of his kindly 

thoughtfulness toward us, and our gratitude for the material heir 

which he has given, and assure him that among the many agreeabl* 

experiences of our official life, none will be more pleasantly recalled 

than those connected with himself. 

Following the suggestion of the JSTational Board, each State 
Board adopted a distinctive badge of its own. The Connecti- 
cut B'^ird were fortunate in having a beautiful adaptation of 
tha fecate Seal given them by Mr. Franklin B. Farrel of An- 
sonia. 

A slender bar of gold, bearing the word " Connecticut '' 
on blue enamel, held suspended the badge, which followed in 
outline, and in most exquisite coloring, the State Seal and its 
motto. JSTothing that our most famous American silversmith 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 363 

sent to the World's Fair was more artistic in its way than the 
beautiful Connecticut badge. 

The formal thanks of the Board, expressed in the resolution 
offered by Mrs. E. T. Whitmore, gives a suggestion of the 
very informal amount of genuine pride and pleasure with 
which each member of the Board treasured and wore this 
charming gift : 

Resolved, That we, the members of the Board of Lady Managers 
of Connecticut, tender our most sincere thanks to Mr. Franklin B. 
Farrel of Ansonia for his gift of the beautiful State badge, which 
we highly prize as a souvenir, and are proud to wear for its own 
artistic beauty. 

At the last general meeting of the National Board of Lady 
Managers of the World's Columbian Exposition, held IvTovem- 
ber 6, 1893, this resolution, offered by Mrs. Julia B. Shattuck, 
was unanimously adopted: 

Wheeeas, The work of women in the World's Columbian Exposition 
has been most materially advanced by and through the co-opera- 
tion of the women's branch of all State and Territorial World's 
Fair Boards, therefore, 

Resolved, That the women's branches of these boards be cordially 
invited and earnestly requested, to present at as early a date as 
possible, full reports of their respective work to the President of 
the Board of Lady Managers. And, further, 

Resolved, That a special vote of thanks be tendered all State and 
Territorial Boards for their valuable assistance, without which the 
Board of Lady Managers feels its work could never have assumed 
the magnificent proportions of which they are so justly proud. 

Office of the President, 
BoAED OF Lady Managers World's Coluiubian Exposition, 

November 11, 1893. 
My Dear Mrs. Knight: 

Your letter of Nov. 6th, accompanying the report of the work of 
your Board, was duly received, and I hasten to reply in order to ex- 
press my sense of obligation to you, and to the ladies representing 
your State, for the co-operation which was received in our work. 

Even though the work which has been so spread before us for 
the past three years has brought no remuneration in dollars and 
cents, and has cost each one many days and nights of anxiety and 
labor, the result which stands before us to-day certainly compen- 
sates for all the expenditure of the past. 



364 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

The work which has been accomplished by your Board is or in- 
estimable value, and I wish to express, personally ami in the name 
of the Board, our appreciative thanks for the gifts which have been 
made to us from your State. The sight of these beautiful objects 
in our memorial building will vividly recall the pleasant associations 
surrounding them during their installation in the Woman's Build- 
ing the past summer. 

With renewed expressions of cordial regard, and Ifiudest wishes 
for the future, I am, my dear Mrs. Knight, as ever. 

Sincerely yours, 
BERTHA HONORl: PALMER, 

Pres't B. L. M. 
Mrs. Kate Brannon Knight, 

Connecticut Building, 

Jackson Park. 

The following letter from the secretary of the Board of 
Lady Managers, conveying the thanks of the National Board, 
and requesting a detailed report of State work, was, in turn, 
supplemented by circulars of the most urgent nature, con- 
taining lists of questions to be answered and asking for com- 
plete statistics and details : 

Office of the Secretary, 

Chicago, January, 1894. 
Dear Madam: 

In behalf of the Board of Lady Managers of the World's 
Columbian Commission, I desire to express to the ladies composing 
the State Board of Connecticut, our sincere appreciation of the 
valuable aid given by them to the advancement of women in the 
World's Columbian Exposition, and trust the result of their labor 
may help enrich the resources of their State and enlarge the op- 
portunities of its women. 

We would ask that a complete report of the work of your Board 
be sent to this office for future reference and record. 

Very truly yours, 

SUSAN G. COOKE, 

Secretary. 

A few extracts from one of these circulars will serve to 
show the thoroughness with which the historians proposed to 
do their work : 

In your report please state: — 

1. All of the facts concerning the exhibit of women's work from 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 365 

your State at the Exposition. You are not limited as to the number 
of words. 

It is very necessary that you make mention, however briefly, of 
exhibits in every department of work and every line of work ex- 
hibited. You can send the data that you have in hand now. Omit 
nothing because your data may be imperfect. 

You will see the propriety of having Connecticut properly repre- 
sented. We want to do justice to your efforts and to those of the 
women of your State in the exhibit at the Exposition. Your report 
is urgently needed for the history as well as for the digest. 

I have not mentioned many of the subjects that you should treat 
in your report, only those you are most likely to forget. 

The President of the Women's Board of Connecticut had 
already presented at headquarters an outline of the most im- 
portant parts of the work done in that State, but recognizing 
the value of a national report which should embody compara- 
tive results, questions were answered, photographs sent, and 
the fullest possible detail was most willingly prepared for 
official publication. Besides this history a digest of all re- 
ports from States was also in process of preparation at Chicago, 
from which it will be seen that the impetus gained during the 
existence of the fair, which tempted every one to do even 
simple things in a large and effective way, inevitably carried 
the zealous collector of data over into the midst of a rather 
plentiful harvest. 

The results, although specialists had sifted, assorted,, and 
eliminated a portion of the subject matter, amounted to eight 
large packing cases of unedited material, all of which was sent 
as a slight token of remembrance to what might well be an 
astonished Congress. Evidently, a few other States besides 
Connecticut felt somewhat responsible for the World's Fair. 

Unfortunately, or otherwise, statistical literature, even of 
the most attractive kind, cannot always count a special ap- 
propriation for printing among its birthrights. 

The Congress of the United States, in some of its work- 
ings, is not unlike the mills of the gods. It grinds slowly. 
Probably, if some process had been discovered to grind this 



366 CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 

especial grist " exceeding small " before it reached that legis- 
lative body, tbere might have been some hope of speedy pub- 
lication. But the whole cannot be printed at present. The 
parts, therefore, however valuable they may seem to those 
interested, must also wait, as did the official history of the Civil 
War, until they are needed for permanent records. Fortu- 
nately for the Connecticut data, the State appropriation for 
Exposition purjDoses outlasted the immediate needs of that oc- 
casion. 

At the last meeting of the Board of World's Fair managers 
of Connecticut, a comniittee was appointed to finish the re- 
maining work of both boards. This committee, composed of 
the Hon. Leverett Brainard of the National Commission, Mr. 
Greorge H. Day, the treasurer of the Board, the Hon. Morris 
W. Seymour, counsel for the Board, and Mrs. George H. 
Knight, president of the Board of Lady Managers, considered 
one of their imperative duties to be the preparation and pub- 
lication of a comprehensive history of the methods us^d and 
results obtained in accomplishing the ends for which the Con- 
necticut Board was created, 'namely, " For the purpose of ex- 
hibiting the resources, products, and general development of 
the State of Connecticut at the World's Columbian Exposition 
in 1893." 

We had been able to show the world that as a State we had 
within our borders the three things which make a nation great 
and prosperous, " a fertile soil, busy workshops, and easy con- 
veyance for men and goods from place to place." It remained 
for us to show to our public-spirited citizens, whose generosity 
had made the first steps in Exposition matters possible, that in 
bringing about this result it had only been necessary to make 
use once more of the familiar pursuits of Connecticut people. 

The following letter of thanks sent by the president of 
the l^ational Commission to the Woman's Board of Connecti- 
cut, closed officially a relationship that had been cordial, har- 
monious, and, we trust, mutually beneficial, and though, keep- 
ing in mind the progress we were expected to make, we have 
done our best, hampered as we are by unavoidable limitations, 



CONNECTICUT AT THE WORLD'S FAIR. 367 

to follow the advice of the ancient philosopher and " look at 
things as a man, as a human being, as a citizen, as a mortal.'' 
Still, there is a delightfully familiar and unprogressive satis- 
faction in the fact that, after all, in closing this report, a woman 
will have the last word! 

Chicago, Illinois, 

February 14, 1894. 
My dear Mrs. Knight: 

The World's Columbian Exposition having passed into history 
and through its wonderful record become indissolubly associated 
with all intellectual and artistic thought and progress, I feel it to 
be my duty, as well as my pleasure, to express the deep obligation 
under which the Board of Lady Managers rests for the effective 
co-operation so cordially given it by the Connecticut State Board. 

It is impossible for me to adequately express my appreciation 
of the beautiful room furnished by your Board. The decorations of 
the walls and ceiling were successful in design and extremely well 
executed: the color scheme was most attractive and the furnishing 
both charming and appropriate, all of which rendered the Connect- 
icut Room one of the most attractive in our Building and a very 
creditable exhibit to the young lady who planned it. 

I must not omit to mention especially the remarkable work ac- 
complished by your Board in gathering data of the industrial occu- 
pations of the women of joar State. I thoroughly appreciate the 
labor involved and the diflSculty encountered in securing such a 
comprenensive report. It will be gratifying to you to know that 
government statistical experts, who have examined our statistics, 
pronounced those sent from Connecticut most complete and valuable. 
With renewed thanks for the many kindnesses received from 
your Board and for your ready and sympathetic promotion of all 
of our plans, believe me to be, my dear Mrs. Knight, with assurance 
of high consideration and esteem, 

Most cordially yours, 
BERTHA HONORf: PALMER, 

President Board of Lady Managers. 

World's ColumUan Exposition. 
To Mrs. George H. Knight, 

President Connecticut State Board, 
Lakeville, Conn. 







mmm 



